TEST 1 COMBINED ABNORMAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Explain what a therapeutic allegiance is

therapist needs to believe in the technique and communication to client in empowering way

What are the features of adjustment disorder unspecified

A residual category that applies to people not classified in one of the other subtypes

what is critical thinking?

Adoption of a questioning attitude and careful scrutiny of claims and arguments in the light of evidence.

What are information processing models

Like a computer, input, manipulation, storage, retrieval, and output of information

How is treatment approached for generalized anxiety disorder?

MEDICATION (impacts GABA) + COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY = BEST EFFECTS. -Heart of CBT will be relaxation techniques. Progressive body relaxation aids in controlling physical response of tension and being aware of it. Substitute calming thoughts and behavioral reactions in place of anxiety. Challenge maladaptive thoughts of worry. Try to give better perspective on reality vs the worrisome reality they create.

are psychological disorders always illnesses?

"Psychological disorders" are simply social judgements, not illnesses in SOME cases.

explain how screening for risk factors helps prevent PTSD. include risk factors. what are they looking for and what can they provide for it?

(Prior trauma, history of childhood sexual abuse, lack of social supports, hyperarousal bc higher heart rate which is the best predictor). If show should be provided additional care. -Looking for loss of resources as result of trauma (things or people). Can intervene in some of these risk factors by providing for basic needs/ social support

what is the treatment for hoarding disorder?

*Medications* can be used to help w amygdala/prefrontal/gaba. *Exposure* is what changes behavior, meds bring down response level. *CBT *changes disorder, meds dont.

how to treat body dysmorphic disorder

*Treat with exposure*- intentionally revealing the deficit in public. *Response prevention* treatment is also good, prevent mirror checking/grooming. Cognitive restructuring is also good for treatment, replace maladaptive thoughts w adaptive thoughts

According to the DSM, how many negative alterations in cognitions/mood symptoms must be present to be diagnosed with PTSD? List all 7 symptoms

- must demonstrate 2 or more symptoms 1. Inability to remember an important aspect of the traumatic event 2. Persistent/exaggerated negative beliefs or expectations about self/others/world 3. Persistent, distorted cognitions about cause/consequences of trauma that lead to individual to blame self/others 4. Persistent negative emotional state 5. Markedly diminished interest or participation in significant activities 6. Feelings of detachment/estrangement from others 7. Persistent inability to experience positive emotions

What happens if one does/not have unconditional positive regard?

- need to be healthy/happy -problems arise from conditional love. > conditions of self worth, cant accept your whole self

what was the belief in witchcraft? what time period was this? who was accused and how

-Church officials believed the witched made pacts with the devil. would give sink (pure but dead) or float (witch and killed) test if suspected as a witch -renisance, mostly women accused if behaviored abnormally or made someone mad (mostly)

What makes the biological response worse with panic disorder? Why?

-First biological response then think about it cognitively, which makes the biological response worse. -Thinking about it intensifies it or enlongates it. Misattributions and misperceptions of underlying causes/reactions, think dying because of biological response "i cant handle it." Now thoughts become a trigger, so avoid areas/activities that resulted in panic attack thoughts.

Why do big breaths help panic disorder?

-Helps to do big breaths to make C02 get out of body rather than a bunch of short breaths. (Diaphramic breathing). -Can also do 3/5/7 breathing. Breath in 3 counts, hold 5, breath out for 7, which decreases fight or flight response.

explain in vivo vs imaginal gradual exposure. what is a type of gradual exposure technique?

-In Vito exposure = live exposure happening in real life, this is the most effective. -Imaginable exposure is imagining it happening, can be effective. -Systematic desensitization is a gradual exposure technique

How is exposure therapy conducted? What does this help develop? What does it allow them to acknowledge and avoid?

-In therapy do exposure repetitively to panic inducing things to deal w it in safe environment -helps develop coping responses. -Learn to adknowledge physiological symptoms, try to avoid ruminating on sensations/feelings, figure out trigger of anxiety, find a healthy distraction and find ways to reduce the subject of your anxiety.

Explain 3 aspects of the cognitive perspective on the roots of anxiety(social and other)/phobias

-May have geneitc predisposition. 1. Over sensitive to threatening cues> 2. over interpret danger> perceive danger in non threatening situations. 3. self defeating thoughts and irrational beleifs. In social anxiety people are hypersensitive to others judgement/rejection. People w phobic disorders overpredict danger/how much fear or anxiety they will have when they are exposed to cues in the future (i could never do this, overpredict anxiety and physical pain! VS when actually get there, this isn't so bad).

How many symptoms must be shown to be diagnosed w acute stress disorder? What are the 5 categories of symptoms

9 or more symptoms 1. Intrusion 2. Negative mood 3. Dissociation 4. Avoidance 5. Arousal

what is the amygdala in control of, what predisposition causes anxiety/phobias? what is the neural process of the fear response to non threatening stimuli? what does the prefrontal cortex do? what genetic predisposition in the prefrontal cortex effects anxiety/phobias? what possible treatment is there for this process?

-amygdala = fear, as well as memory and emotion -Genetic predisposition makes amygdala have heightened reactivity to fearful stimuli. 1. Amygdala activates, scary thing! > 2. Prefrontal cortex rationalizes things, makes sense of what just happened, if have genetic predisposing the prefrontal cortex continues to see it as a threat even if its not. -Treatment could be to reinterpret stimuli as non threatening.

What is the learning perspective on phobias and social anxiety?

-both are acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning.

what dissociative symptoms are present in PTSD? Define each.

-depersonalization - feeling detached from self -derealization - world feels distant/unreal/distorted

What is stress? what 4 things contribute to it?

-environmental stressors 1. prenatal trauma 2. childhood sexual or physical abuse 3. family conflict 4. significant life change

What are two examples of immoral behaviors performed in mental institutions

-exposed people intentionally to hepatitis, which kills you, without concent -had institutions made for 4,000 with 6,000

According to the DSM, to be diagnosed with acute stress disorder what in what 4 situations must they be exposed to

-exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation through 1. Direct experience 2. Witnessing in person (occur to others, TV dosnt count) 3. Learning that the ACCIDENTAL event occurred to close family/friend 4. Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of event (police/first responders)

According to the DSM, to be diagnosed with PTSD what in what 4 situations must they be exposed to

-exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation through (has to be accident/unnatural cause, very violent) 1. Direct experience 2. Witnessing in person (occur to others, TV dosnt count) 3. Learning that the ACCIDENTAL event occurred to close family/friend 4. Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of event (police/first responders)

what is the focus of the cognitive models? key questions?

-faulty thinking underlying abnormal behavior -what styles of thinking characterize people with particular types of psychological disorders? -how can beleifs, thoughts and interpretations effect disorder development

What is the biological perspective for phobias/social anxiety?

-genetics -amygdala x prefrontal cortex -evolution - prepared conditioning

what are key questions for teh biopsychosocial perspective?

-how might genetic or other factors predispose individuals to disorders when stressed? -how do bio, psycho, and sociocultural factors interact in development of complex patterns of abnormal behavior

What are elements of the biological/genetic predisposition for panic disorder?

-inherited a sensitive fight/flight response - low levels of GABA in brain. -serotonin plays a role because SSRIs can decrease anxiety symptoms. -hypersensitivity to having C02 in blood > result in panic attack

What do many people do to treat their social phobia without a doctor? What is the lifetime prevalence? Average age of onset, what % have it by what age?

-many self medicate w social phobias. -Lifetime prevalence is 5%. -Average age of onset is 15. 80% of people have it by 20.

In what professional setting is unconditional positive regard used? What else must be utilized?

-mimicked in therapeutic settings, also need to be genuine and show empathy. Trying to understand how they felt, not because you experienced it once before.

According to the DSM, how many persistent avoidance of stimuli connected to trauma symptoms must be present to be diagnosed with PTSD? List 2 symptoms

-must demonstrate 1 or both symptoms 1. Efforts to avoid distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings about or closely associated w trauma 2. Avoidance of external reminders that arouse distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings

According to the DSM, how many intrusive symptoms must be present to be diagnosed with PTSD? List all 4 symptoms

-must demonstrate 1 or more symptom 1. Memories 2. Dreams 3. Dissociative reactions (flashbacks) 4. Intense or prolonged psychological distress or marked physiological reactions in response to cues

According to the DSM, how many marked alterations in arousal and reactivity symptoms must be present to be diagnosed with PTSD? List all 6 symptoms

-must demonstrate two or more 1. Irritable behavior and angry outbursts (toward people/objects) 2. Reckless or self destructive behavior 3. Hypervigilance 4. Problems with concentration 5. Exaggerated startle response 6. Sleep disturbance

describe how unusualness defines abnormal behavior

-not experienced by many. needs to be more than uncommon

examples of clinical compulsive behavior patterns

-rechecking ones work time and time again -rechecking the doors or gas jets before leaving home -constantly washing ones hands to keep them clean and germ free

List the DSM 5 criteria for Panic Disorder. Include time period associated w diagnosis and number of criteria they must meet. List the 3 criteria. What is there a presence OR absence of?

-recurrent unexpected panic attacks -at least one of the attacks has been followed by at least 1 month of one or more of the following: 1. Persistent concern about having additional panic attacks 2. Worry about the implications of the attack or its consequences 3. A significant change win behavior related to the attacks -presence or absence of agoraphobia

describe how social deviance defines abnormal behavior

-relative to cultures, in some cultures certain behaviors are normative. example is talking to self w bluetooth set on phone, if put earbuds in those w schizophrenia could normalize self talk outloud.

examples of clinical obsessive thought patterns

-thinking that your hands are still dirty after washing repeatedly -dificulty thinking about loved one being killed or hurt -repeatedly thinking door is unlocked -worrying that gas in house wasnt turned off -repeatedly thinking that you have done horrible things to loved ones

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): what does the process involve/treat, what can be relieved and how quickly? Why do they think it works, what matters?

-treatment for PTSD involving thinking about the experience while looking at target object tracking w eyes. -Shock of traumatic experience can be relieved. After testing EMDR on vets with PTSD single session can provide relief. Leads to decrease in nightmares and flashbacks that are intrusive. -is in essence exposure therapy while being distracted by eye movement, which allows one to not put up defense mechanisms (cant overthink). dont have to be trained but should be

what are key questions in the sociocultural perspective?

-what relationships exist between social class status and risks of psychological disorders? -are there gender or ethnic group differences in various disorders? -how are these explained? -what are the effects of stigmatization of people who are labeled mentally ill?

what models are included in the psychological perspective?

1 psychodynamic models 2 learning models 3 humanistic models 4 cognitive models

What are the 2 symptoms for the category of dissociative symptoms in the DSM pertaining to acute stress disorder?

1. Altered sense of reality and ones surroundings or self 2. Inability to remember an important aspect of the traumatic event

What are 5 common features of traumatic stress disorder?

1. Avoidance behavior 2. Reexperiencing the trauma 3. Emotional distress, negative thoughts, and impaired functioning 4.heightened arousal 5. Emotional numbing

What are 5 treatment approaches for PTSD?

1. Cognitive behavioral therapy 2. Prolonged exposure 3. Antidepressant medication 4. Propranolol and exposure 5. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

What are 2 factors related to the event that are predictive of PTSD in trauma survivors?

1. Degree of exposure to trauma- observed VS primary victum 2. Severity of trauma

What are the 2 symptoms for the category of avoidance symptoms in the DSM pertaining to acute stress disorder?

1. Efforts to avoid distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings about or closely associated with the traumatic event 2. Efforts to avoid external reminders that bring up distressing memories, thoughts or feelings

DSM generalized anxiety disorder criteria

1. Excessive anxiety/worry more days than not for at least 6 months 2. Difficult to control worry 3. 3 or more of 6 1. Restlessness 2. Being easily fatigued 3, difficulty concentrating, mind going blank 4. Irritability 5. Muscle tension 6. Sleep disturbance

Social anxiety disorder has what 6 symptoms

1. Fear/anxiety for one or more social situations, feels exposed to possible scrutiny 2. Fear that anxiety symptoms will be negatively evaluated leading to rejection/offending others 3. Almost always provoke fear/anxiety 4 social situations avoided or endured w intense fear/anxiety 5. Out of proportion to actual threat 6. Persists 6 months or more

With agoraphobia, besides situations causing anxiety, what are 5 symptoms in the DSM

1. Fears or avoids situations due to thinking escape will be difficult or help unavailable if have panic/incapacitating/embarrassing symptoms 2. The situations almost always provoke fear or anxiety 3. Situations are actively avoided, require having a partner present, or are endured with intense fear/anxiety 4. Fear/anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger 5. The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, lasts for 6 + months or more

In the biological perspective, what are 4 ways genetics are viewed

1. Genes *dont dictate behavioral outcomes* 2. Genetic factors *create a predisposition* or likelihood, *not a certainty*, that certain behaviors or disorders will develop 3. *Mutligenic determinism affects psychological disorders* 4. *Genetic factors and environmental influence interact* with each other *in shaping personalities and determining vulnerability* to a range of psychological disorders

What are 7 factors related to the person or social environment that are predictive of PTSD in trauma survivors

1. History of childhood sexual abuse increases liklihood of developing PTSD because brain is restructured in hippocampus/memory 2. Genetic predispositions or vulnerability 3. Lack of social support (imp w elderly) 4. Lack of active coping responses in dealing w trauma stressor 5. Feeling shame 6. Detachment or dissociation shortly following trauma, feeling numb 7. Prior psychiatric history of any kind- brain predisposed for this response

What are two theories/models in the cognitive model?

1. Information processing models 2. Social cognitive theories

what are 7 key features of critical thinking?

1. Maintain a skeptical attitude. 2. Consider the definitions of terms. 3. Weigh the assumptions arguments are based. 4. correlation is not causation. 5. Consider the kinds of evidence on which conclusions are based. 6. Do not oversimplify. 7. Do not overgeneralize

Specific phobias have what 5 symptoms

1. Marked fear or anxiety 2.almost always provides immediate fear 3. Phobic object/situation is avoided/endured w intense fear/anxiety 4. Out of proportion to actual danger 5. Fear/anxiety/avoidance is persistent, lasting 6 months or more

How many symptoms must be displayed to be clinically treated for panic attacks? List the 13 specifiers

1. Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate 2. Sweating 3. Trembling or shaking 4. Sensations or shortness of breath or smothering 5. Feelings of choking 6. Chest pain or discomfort 7. Nausea or abdominal distress 8. Feeling dizzy, unsteady, light-headed, or faint 9. Chills or heat sensations 10. Paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensations) 11. Derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalizations (being detached from oneself) 12. Fear of losing control or "going crazy" 13. Fear of dying

What are the 3 anxiety disorders?

1. Panic disorder 2. Phobic disorders 3. Generalized anxiety disorder

What do people with adjustment disorders have difficulties with? List 5

1. Relationships/ maintaining them, 2. Avoidance 3. Increased arousal/sensitivity 4. Personal distress 5. Decreased function

What are 4 ways to prevent PTSD

1. Screening for risk factors 2. debriefing 3. mental health first aid 4. preventing fear response with drug intervention

According to Aaron Beck what are the 4 types of cognitive distortions/ errors?

1. Selective abstraction 2. Over generalization 3. Magnification 4. Absolutist thinking

What are 3 appropriate treatments for panic disorders? Briefly describe each. Include basic combo of types of therapy used

1. Self monitoring (log of panic attacks to determine triggering situational stimuli 2. Exposure (gradual exposure to panic inducing situations, engages in self relaxation/rational to tolerate changes in bodily sensations. > learn sensations are not dangerous. 3. Development of coping responses (interrupts cycle of overreacting to anxiety cues/sensations in panic attacks- cog based. Focus on breathing/relaxation.) -utilizes combination of medication and cognitive behavioral therapy

What are the 5 symptoms for the category of arousal symptoms in the DSM pertaining to acute stress disorder?

1. Sleep disturbance 2. Irritable behavior and angry outbursts 3. Hyper vigilance (on guard) 4. Problems with concentration 5. Exaggerated startle response (takes little to scare)

What are 3 types of phobic disorders? Do all phobia onset at the same age?

1. Specific phobia 2. Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) 3. Agoraphobia -age of onset differs for each phobia.

What is the theoretical perspective for panic disorder?

1. Trigger stimulus (thoughts/images) 2. Perceived threats 3. Apprehensions (anxiety) 4. Physiological sensations- heart palpitations/sweating 5. Interpretation of physical sensation as catastrophic (im having a heart attack/am going to die) 6. Cycle continues beginning at perceived threats

List the 9 social determinate of mental health/risk of it (see drawing page too for help remembering)

1. Under or unemployment 2. Food insecurity 3. Poor access to/quality of healthcare 4. Low/ unequal education 5. Low SES/ income inequality 6. Poor neighborhoods 7. Social exclusion/isolation 8. Adverse early life experiences

what are the 3 steps to the diathesis stress model (see drawing for more info on process)

1. diathesis > 2. Stress (env) > 3. development of disorder

what are two ways to see if abnormal behavior is diagnostic?

1. distressed? 2. negative impact on functioning

in the biopsychosocial perspective what are the biological aspects?

1. genetic predisposition 2. neurochemistry 3. effect of medications 4. immune response 5. HPA axis 6. fight-flight response 7. psychological responses

in the biopsychosocial perspective, what are the psychological aspects?

1. learning 2. emotions 3. thinking 4. attitudes 5. memory 6. perceptions 7. beliefs 8. stress management strategies

what are the 5 obsessive compulsive and related disorders?

1. obsessive compulsive disorder 2. body dysmorphic disorder 3. hoarding disorder 4. trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder) 5. excoriation (skin picking) disorder

What are the DSM criteria for obsessive compulsive disorder?

1. pre sence of obsession, compulsions, or both 2. obs/comp are time consuming or cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning

in the biopsychosocial perspective what are the social aspects?

1. social support 2. family background 3. interpersonal relationships 4. cultural traditions 5. medical care 6. SES 7. poverty 8. physical exercise 9. biofeedback

what are 3 learning based approaches to helping with phobias?

1. systematic desensitization 2. gradual exposure 3. flooding

how to define abnormal behavior (6)

1. unusualness 2. social deviance 3. faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality 4. significant personal distress 5. maladaptive or self defeating behavior 6. dangerousness

what are the 3 disadvantages to the DSM?

1.*stigma* - Always have a problem with stigmas when labeling people w psychiatric diagnosis bc saying something is "wrong". Why calling it abnormal or a disorder when half of people have a disorder at some point in their life. 2. *Sanism* - as mentally ill Negative stereotyping of people who are identified. thinking theres an ideal way to be where there isnt 3. *social constructs* - All disorders are created predominantly by white males so is culturally based in western culture.

what are the 8 aspects of the community mental health movement?

1.emotional 2. financial 3. social 4. spiritial 5. occupational 6. physical 7. intellecutal 8. environmental

How many people feel that social phobias impair their life/jobs?

100% feel it impairs their life/jobs

what are the 6 advantages of the DSM

1• You can match a person's symptoms to a diagnosis 2• Predicts course of disorder 3• Informs treatment 4• Allows the client to access needed services 5• 3rd party payment 6• Method of communicating between clinicians > accuracy/awareness

what did a 2005 study on traditionally ethnically disadvantaged groups show in terms of the rate of psychological disorders, severity of disorders when present, and pros/cons of the disadvantaged group

2005 study showed that traditionally disadvantaged groups had significantly lower rates of psychological disorders than caucasions. BUT when they did have psychological disorders they were more severe and lasted longer. Found there are some protective factors in these cultures of disadvantaged groups but when had disorder didn't have access to treatment.

What is the duration of acute stress disorder?

3 days (can begin right away but 3 days is clinically required max of onset) to 1 month after trauma

What are the basic components of albert ellis's cognitive theory?

A (activating event) > B (belief) > C (emotional consequence)

Define an adustment disorder (3 parts)

A *maladaptive reaction* to an *identified stressor*, characterized by *impaired functioning or emotional distress that exceeds what would normally be expected.*

What are the features of adjustment disorder with mixed anxiety and depressed mood

A combination of anxiety and depression

Define hysteria

A condition characterized by paralysis or numbness that cannot be explained by any underlying physical cause

Describe the type of anxiety experienced in panic attacks and panic disorder

A type of anxiety disorder characterized by repeated episodes of intense anxiety or panic.

What are the ABCs of cognitive therapy, specifically cognitive restructuring and rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)? what can this change?

A= activating event; B= Beliefs; C = Consequences (hypervicilance of own anxiety/judgement w social anxiety) > If can change beliefs can change consequences.

What is negative reinforcement?

AVERSIVE Take away chore they dont like -Increase behavior because its reinforcment.

What is positive punishment

AVERSIVE spanking, decreases behavior because its punishment

what is the medical model?

Abnormal behavior can be classified according to their distinctive causes and symptoms -can use without having bio cause

what is the The Biological Perspective

Abnormal behavior is the result of underlying biological defects or abnormalities.

Define a psychological disorder

Abnormal behavior pattern that involves a disturbance of psychological functioning or behavior.

Define abnormal pyschology

Abnormal behavior pattern that involves a disturbance of psychological functioning or behavior. Studies cause/treatment.

define hoarding disorder

Accumulation of and need to retain unnecessary and seemingly useless possessions, causing personal distress or making it difficult to maintain a safe, habitable living space.

explain how mental health first aid helps prevent PTSD

Addressing peoples needs in the moment, making them feel safe, provide social support IF THEY WANT IT not forced.

what did Contemporary Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior allow for? does it have to have this cause to be treated like this?

Allowed for use of modern medical model- biological cause. Can take abnormal behavior and classify by causes and symptoms in order to help w treatment and medication. -Dosnt HAVE to have biological cause to treat w this model.

Define anxiety

An emotional state characterized by physiological arousal, unpleasant feelings of tension, and a sense of apprehension or foreboding.

What is the overarching symptom of generalized anxiety disorder? How difficult is it to treat? What are its roots? What is baseline? What is it commonly co morbid with? Onset?

Anxiety about everything. Really hard to treat. It is worry + physical symptoms. It is biological, baseline is generally more anxious. Generalized anxiety disorder is commonly comorbid w other disorders (depression, ocd, agoraphobia). Onset is mid teens to early twenties.

What is anxiety

Anxiety is anticipation of a threat (future oriented).

describe The Reform Movement and define Moral Therapy

Argued that those w abnormal behavior should be treated humanely and cared for. Moral therapy relaxed support in safe environment

what is the DSM based on?

Based on Medical Model •Abnormal behaviors are symptoms of disorders •Does not assume all abnormal behaviors are due to biology

What is behavior therapy? What does it work for?

Behavior Therapy WORKS =. Reinforcement works • Anxiety disorders, phobias, depression, sexual dysfunction • Parenting skills, educational settings...on and on

in the medieval times what were the beliefs

Belief in supernatural causes (due to church promotion) = abnormal behaviors were a sign of possession by evil spirits or the devil (treatment = exorcism)

What do SSRIs do?

Block re uptake to make more serotonin available for binding

What are the features of adjustment disorder with mixed disturbance of emotion and conduct

Both emotional disturbance, such as depression or anxiety, and conduct disturbance

Asylums, when and where did they appear? who were they for and how were they treated?

By the late 15th and early 16th centuries, asylums, or madhouses, began to crop up throughout Europe. -Asylums were for the mentally disturbed AND those w abnormal behavior. Mostly housed not cared for. Wealthy could pay to see them.

Describe classical conditioning and explain how it is used to treat PTSD

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: unconditioned stimulus = meat powder; unconditioned response = salivate ; conditioned stimulus = bell; conditioned response = salivation.

what kind of distress is displayed in hoarding disorder and why?

Can but dosnt have to cause personal distress. Causes distress for other people. Experience pleasure from hoarding, not distressing. Living space may become unsafe. When have to get rid of something/have something taken away > causes extreme personal distress/anger. -line to draw is the environment is unsafe.

Once treated successful will PTSD symptoms vanish?

Can re experience PTSD symptoms (spontaneously recover fear response) when thought were over it.

What can be indicative of developing social phobia?

Childhood shyness can be indicative of developing social phobia

in social anxiety what 3 perspectives interact?

Cognitive pieces interact w biological and learning aspects. -I cant deal with this, i cant handle it.

what is cognitive restructuring?

Cognitive restructuring is where look at irrational thoughts and replace or challenge them w rational alternative. In cognitive therapy we are specifically saying, are your thoughts accurate, what evidence is there? What alternative views are there? Am i under estimating my ability to cope with it/what's the worst that can happen if my beliefs are right? What actions can i take to change the consequences of the event? -If practice effectively something enough times in enough ways feel more confident/feels more genuine and natural.

Albert Ellis- in his view what was the problem? How to solve it? What does the conflict depend on?

Cognitive theorists -The event itself isn't the problem is the interpretation of the event. Beliefs/ judgements are automatic. If can intervene w belief may be able to change the emotional consequence. How long or in how many ways it hurts you depends on belief, emotional consequence will depend on belief.

What are cognitive therapists interested in? What influences the way you experience something? What are they interested in about this

Cognitive therapists are interest in how our thoughts impact our behavior. Expectations/attitudes influence the way you experience something. Interested in how innacurate perceptions affect one's experiences

Why do people get depression?

Depression results from errors in thinking/cog distortions.

how is the DSM written?

Descriptive, not explanatory •What, not why -will classify disorders by symptoms

examples of non clinical obsessions

Common non clinical obsessions: checking, obsessive thoughts about jumping out of building (not suicidal bc intention isn't to escape suffering/life).

What is the learning theoretical perspective on OCD

Compulsive behaviors are negatively reinforced by relief of anxiety engendered by obsessional thoughts

What is a conditioned stimulus?

Conditioned

Define compulsions

DOING-repetitive behaviors or mental acts the individual feels driven to perform AND the behaviors are aimed at preventing or reducing the anxiety -Compulsive behaviors are maladaptive responses to obsessive thinking/worrying.

what about the evolution of our understanding makes reliability of diagnosis difficult? are kids easy to treat? why diagnose someone

Diagnosis evolve over time for people and turn into something else. Can be hard to diagnose kids, especially w bipolar (supposedly need to be older to develop). Also sometimes diagnose as one thing in order to get meds paid for by insurance for another problem.

Why diagnose?

Diagnosis gets them the services they need (insurance company's require diagnosis to pay for things). Also helpful because its validating (other times people over identify with it) and a clear path for treatment.

how are disorders classified in DSM

Dimensional Component Mild → Moderate → Severe → Very Severe -classified on continuum

What is an unconditioned stimulus

Dont have to condition

Can body dysmorphic disorder be relieved by removing the problem? What do them spend too much of? how do they view life differently?

Dosnt necesarily go away if "remove" physical defect. May think it still dosnt look good and keep wanting to get it redone. Spend too much time and money on changing, and even if change still feel like its wrong. Suicidal/wont go out in public/avoid mirrors.

what is the most effective treatment for OCD?

EXPOSURE + RESPONSE PREVENTION -Most effective is exposure then add response prevention. Clients are put into situations that cause anxiety then are prevented from do ign anything about it. -Other type of treatment is SSRIs some people respond and some dont

What are the DSM criteria for an adjustment disorder?

Emotional/ behavioral symptoms *develop in response to an identifiable stressor or stressors within 3 months of the onset of the stressor(s)* plus *either or both (1) marked distress that is out of proportion to the severity or intensity of the stressor*, even when external context and cultural factors that might influence symptom severity and presentation are taken into account and/or *(2) significant impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning.*

What are epigenetics?

Epigenetics examines how environmental factors influence genetic expression

Describe the type of anxiety experienced in anxiety disorders

Excessive or maladaptive anxiety

can one get acute stress disorder or ptsd from electronic devices?

Exposure to events by videos will not cause PTSD, will help w exposure unless not ready to cope w yet. -only counts if exposure is work related

What is the biggest factor in why people get better? How are therapeutic factors, alliance, allegiance, and model/technique ranked?

Extra therapeutic factors = 87% Therapeutic factors 13% Therapeutic alliance 8% Therapeutic allegiance 4% Therapy model or technique 1%

Define cognitions

Faulty beliefs, the thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and attitudes that accompany and may underlie abnormal behavior

What is fear

Fear is anxiety experienced in response to a threat.

what is a good treatment for phobias?

For specific phobias NEED exposure, medication can help those processes because reduces fear response- antidepressants

how did the community mental health movement reduce number institutionalized? what does treatment depend on?

Have those who are able to live in community live there with continued care in safe environments, someone to check in with them/ group home/ day centers/ case workers to make sure have basic needs. Their treatment should depend on the level of care they require, not more or less support than needed.

what does freud say is the root of OCD?

Freud says obsessions represent a leakage of urges. Impossible to prove because hard to target unconsciousness.

whats the general treatment for phobias? give an example of fear stimulus hierarchy including a fear of spiders. what is this an example of?

General treatment for phobic disorder is exposure. Example: expose them to spiders so that its less scary at first then more as progress. worse = 10, spider crawling on you can cant see it on ears, eyes, face. 9. Spider on back 2. Picture of actual spider 1. Cartoon of cute spider. -example of systematic desensitization: fear stimulus hierarchy

Flooding: what is it, explain techniques. what is not utilized?

Go straight to the scariest possible situation, prevent from escaping until fight or flight response subsides. No relaxation techniques utilized. -Eventually after flooded removes fear and treats phobia by showing that they can handle it and the stimulus isn't as bad as they expected. Virtual reality flooding only works if it really feels real. -Typically, people have heightened fight or flight experiences then eventually resides.

where are there higher rates of scizophrenia?

Higher rates of schizophrenia in communities under stress.

what are the Origins of the Medical Model: In "Ill Humor"

Hippocrates was the first to suggest physiological cause for abnormal behavior. Similar to modern concept of chemical imbalance. Says may be a biological cause for abnormal beh. Know 3 contributions. 1. sanguine (blood) 2. choleric (yellow bile) 3. phlegmatic (phlegm) 4. malancholic (black bile)

what is teh biopychosocial perspective

How psych, bio, and social come together to influence the predisposition, sensitivity, and treatment of psychological disorders.

Why is behavior therapy not enough?

Humans are more complex than just the behaviors we observe • Subjective experience matters - people respond differently to situations

Is hypnosis valid? How was hypnosis used early in history? What did this suggest about the roots of the disorder? Why was this treatment used?

Hypnosis- not a real thing. Heightened state of suggestibility (have to be willing) This guy found that if you hypnotize people who have hysteria can suggest Dont have hysteria or do > suggests not a biological root if can suggest the Symptoms to be there or not. No treatments for hysteria at this time but Hypnosis.

Describe each aspect of id, ego, and superego

ID = inner child; EGO = reality principal, delayed gratification; SUPEREGO = society, telling cultural standards and morals

What are the 4 symptoms for the category of intrusion symptoms in the DSM pertaining to acute stress disorder?

INTRUSION 1. Memories (unwanted timing) 2. Dreams (of trauma) 3. Dissociative reactions (flashbacks) 4. Intense or prolonged psychological distress/physiological reactions in response to cues (things associate w trauma)

What happens if any one part id, ego, or superego takes control? What happens if someone has an under developed superego? What does this result in?

If any one part of dynamic balance is taking control then results in hysteria according to freud. If hurting people w/o regrets have under developed superego. When ego is underdeveloped ID takes over resulting in psychosis (loss of touch w reality and difficultly controlling life).

how does ethnicity come into play in a therapeutic setting? What does difference =? what matters a lot? what relationship is this looking at?

If therapist looks like you will connect w them more and they will understand your perspective more (cultural sensitivity), if not may not feel connected. Difference does not equal deficit. Race, ethnicity, and religion matter a lot. Looks at interplay between individual and culture.

How does escaping effect flooding and exposure therapy?

If they escape it reinforces bad behavior, if force to stay then cant sustain a biological response that long and are intervening in response to stimuli as fearful/ I cant handle this.

What does adjustment disorder onset?

In late childhood/early adulthood

define reliability.

In psychological assessment, the consistency of a measure or diagnostic instrument or system. -consistency in diagnosis

What is positive reinforcement?

Increase behavior because its reinforcment. -give money/candy

What are social cognitive theories? How can the social world influence life? How can it make people feel?

Interested in the ways social information is encoded -The way you interpret social circumstances can influence our mood. If we always assume people are rejecting you then long term makes you feel horrible.

explain how debriefing effects PTSD

Its bad when people make it mandetory to talk after traumatic event. it is bad because healthy to avoid thinking about and talking about experience.

What could the root of social anxiety be?

Learning perspective: classical/operant conditioning. Get anxiety from observing parents be upset/anxious in social situation so those situations become the fearful stimulus. -not as much support as for w social anxiety -more support if add in context of biological predisposition > leads to shyness, which is what social anxiety disorder is viewed as (lowers threshold) + conditioning + avoidance = social anxiety reinforced

Learning perspective on generalized anxiety disorder

Learning. Learn to be anxious across many situations/everything. Applied to all of life, tend to have general themes like health or finances.

What is agoraphobia? List the 5 situations it pertains to

Marked fear or anxiety about two (or more) of the following five situations: 1. Using public transportation 2. Being in open spaces 3. Being in enclosed places ( shapes, theaters) 4. Standing in line or being in a crowd 5. Being outside of the home alone

What is the Psychodynamic View on Normality and Abnormality

Mental health is a function of the dynamic balance among the psychic structures of id, ego, and superego.

according to the biological perspective, what are people most and less likely to have phobias towards?

More likely to develop a phobia for snakes/bees/heights/creepy crawlers than guns and knifes because they are more recent additions.

if you have a family history of a disorder does it mean you will have it?

Most disorders are an interaction between genes and environment. But just because one has a family history does not mean they will have it for sure. Depends on ENVIRONMENT

How did freud come to develop his psychoanalytic therapy? And what is that therapy

No treatments for hysteria at this time but Hypnosis. From this freud developed psychoanalytic therapy (psychological Approach like talking thru problems).

Is it more normal to show just obsessions? or just compulsions? or both?

Normally have both obsessive and compulsive components.

Explain how use antidepressant mediaction therapy for PTSD

Not meant for long term treatment, just supposed to help w coping/functioning

Would cognitive therapy work for schizophrenia? Why? Eating disorders? Which type of person responds best? Do cog therapists make it easy or hard in therapeutic settings for the patient?

Not useful to talk about cog distortions w schizophrenia becuase they are delusional (firmly held false beliefs). Some utility with eating disorders. -People who are intellectual enjoy this becuase can turn feelings into thoughts. -Cog therapists give a lot of homework.

What is an example of observational learning with violence? What disorders are a result of observational learning? Why is it important to know this for parents? What cant you transmit?

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING: bobo doll study. Possible that some anxiety disorders are a result of observational learning. Important that parents with anxiety learn how to avoid modeling it for their kids. Can transmit phobias/ threats to kids.

What is operant conditioning?

OPERANT CONDITIONING: reinforcement increases a behavior and punishment decreases a behavior. POS = add; NEG = take something away. Positive punishment is ineffective but you ARE reinforcing behavior becuase adding something which comes across as giving them attention and some kids like ANY attention they can get so increase behavior.

do people experience OCD obsessions and compulsions regularly? What is OCD related to diagnostically?

Obsessions and compulsions are time-consuming, take over an hour a day. Can be related to tic disorders and GAD.

How long must the disturbance last for it to be diagnosed as PTSD

One month after trauma

What percentage of people who develop severe/traumatic stress disorder? What percentage develop moderate stress disorders? What percentage of women have had a traumatic even in the past year? Men?

Only 1.3% of those experiencing trauma develop severe stress disorder and 2% develope moderate out of 50% of women having a traumatic event per year and 60% of males.

What is the prevalence of panic disorder by gender in a)the past year b)lifetime. Are men and women equally diagnosed with the disorder?

PAST YEAR- Males =10% / Females = 30% LIFETIME- Males = 35% / Females = 65% -Panic disorder is missed often in men because men are not encouraged to talk about their vulnerabilities. -Panic disorder affects about two times as many women as men.

people from lower income groups experience what more often in comparison to high SES? what is the reasoning? does race matter in liklihood of hospitalization?

People from lower income groups are more likely to be institutionalized long term for problem than people in higher SES (more resources > can take care of you and pay for resources). Low income any race are more likely to be hospitalized.

How is it biologically adaptive to be anxious/phobias/have social anxiety? talk about how we have prepared conditioning for these.

People who are really anxious probably had ancestors that survived because they were more cautious. Prepared conditioning is especially associated w specific phobias such as snakes, heights, enclosed spaces. This may explain why certain phobias are more prevalent. -may also explain social anxiety because we instantly judge if someone is friend or foe/attractive. So we are prepared to have social anxiety disorder because strangers may be a threat to you or your offspring.

What is the symptom for the category of negative mood symptoms in the DSM pertaining to acute stress disorder?

Persistent inability to experience positive emotions

Define body dysmorphic disorder

Preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated physical defect in appearance causing individuals to feel they are ugly or even disfigured.

Biological perspective on generalized anxiety disorder

Probably starts with biological predisposition. Dont have a clear biological model but its reasonable to expect *irregularities with neural transmitters/gaba/serotonin. If gaba is healthy level thing inhibits fear response. Amygdala (deals w fear) and frontal lobe (rationalizes overactivated amygdala, responds w worry instead of shutting down response) could be off. *When treating often intervene w cognitive piece/behavioral.

whats the problem that lead to Deinstitutionalization?

Problem of not actually treating people. Moral therapy movement > maybe cant fix people > just house them. Mental institutions = housed but never released whether needed to be institutionalized or not.

What is the problem with using medication for treating panic disorder?

Problem w just using medication is they attribute all changes to meds not behaviors. None of antidepressants meds are meant to be long term so this isn't good

What do reinforcement and punishment do?

Reinforcement increases behavior and punishment decreases behaviors

Explain what a therapeutic alliance is

Relationship w client (two way). Positive emotions and mutual affection/commitment to help client

talk about how reliability is important clinically. how is this tricky? how do skills come into play? how does the client have an effect?

Reliability- If two different clinicians come up w same diagnosis its reliable. This is tricky because there is a lot of variability in peoples understanding of diagnostics. Have different levels of skill in diagnostics, also only can diagnose based on what client has told you.

Explain how use prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD

Repeat situation in head or real life - In ideal circumstance exposing people to controlled version of trauma, but this can be difficult to do with severity of some traumatic experiences

What are the features of adjustment disorder with depressed mood

Sadness, crying, and feelings of hopelessness

What are two components of humanistic models? Why is it by?

Self actualization and unconditional positive regard -carl rogers

What conditions are explained by biology?

Some conditions can be entirely explained by biology. Hysteria is an example of this, was common in freuds time (not so much now), it is a condition that mostly women had.

How is social anxiety similar/different from agoraphobia?

Sometimes social anxiety looks a lot like agoraphobia when stay at home to avoid people, but *in social anxiety are feared of being judged*. -Or they will have certain environments/people they are ok w but they are limited.

When they surveyed women through the lense of the sociocultural perspective what did they find? What was the problem? Does this apply to all women

Surveyed woman and found that they were significantly unhappy with their life. She said maybe the problem isn't teh women its the idea that they are expected to be fulfilled based on taking care of their family. Cant say every woman will be happy with this life.

What is delayed expression in PTSD

Symptoms dont develop fully until 6 months after trauma

define systematic desensitization in terms of its two parts.

Systematic desensitization has two parts. *Fear stimulus hierarchy* = see example above, making a hierarchy of things that would cause you fear. will do *relaxation* techniques while exposing to fear stimulus hierarchy, move on when have controlled response to stimulus.

Define Obsessions

THINKING -intrusive thoughts, urges, images AND attempts to neutralize or suppress them -intrusive > anxiety

What develops after acute stress disorder and how?

TSD develops after acute stress disorder dosnt resolve - one month

What is negative punishment

Take away car, decreases behavior because its punishment

what are the pros of flooding?

Taking to most intense situation first off. This is a good technique becuase it is fully effective, includes cognitive therapy, and dosnt take as much time.

What is the definition of the sociocultural perspective

The causes of abnormal behavior may be found in the failures of society rather than in the person.

define validity.

The degree to which a test or diagnostic system measures the traits or constructs it means to measure.

What is the expression of genes controlled by? What do twin studies show about what's involved in a disorder? What if the identical twins are raised separately? What period is especially influential and why?

The expression of your genes is controlled by env (whether gene turns on or off) throughout entire life. Twin studies (identicAL = 100% same genetic material) show us how much genetics are involved in a disorder. Even if identical twins are raised separately they shared the environment of the womb. During pregnancy influences changes the expression of genes. Teratogens exposure.

What theoretical perspective helps treat/understand PTSD? Explain cause in terms of that perspective

The learning perspective -classical conditioning > *US* = trauma > *UR* = fear response, fight or flight. > *CS* = the setting/cues of light or sounds which occurred in trauma > *CR* = re experience of fear response

in the diathesis-stress model what contributes to the onset of a disorder? what does the idea center around as far as when the onset will occur?

The less of a predisposition there is the more it takes to have the disorder begin. Idea of having a high or low threshold for a disorder and the stressors that interact to either activate the disorder because they have reached the threshold or never have it.

what is the demonological model? if not mentally doing well where would they be sent?

The notion of supernatural causes of abnormal behavior, or demonology, was prominent in Western society until the Age of Enlightenment. -if not mentally doing well sent to health temple where focus on food, sleep, physical activity. if dont get better considered incurable and stoned till leave

In the DSM what can panic attacks not be due to?

The panic attacks are not due to -the direct physiologic effects of a substance -or a general medical condition -the panic attacks are not better accounted for by another mental disorder

How is the progressive body relaxation technique utilized and how does it help?

The progressive body relaxation technique is done in session and recorded then given to patient to take home, key is practice. Eventually have cue controlled relaxation (play tone/cue at beginning of progressive body relaxation). Good for generalized anxiety disorder and phobias. -Have them relax then wait until ready for exposure to phobia through fear stimulus hierarchy so body wont respond w so much fear.

Does the social causation model or downward drift model show societal influence better

The social causation model has more validity in seeing a societal influence.

With acute stress disorder what symptom is especially influential in what way?

The stronger the dissociation symptoms or more persistent they are around the time of trauma > the greater the chance of developing PTSD.

Define self actualization

The tendency to strive to become all that one is capable of being.

What is there an interaction between in the sociocultural perspective? What can some psychological disorders be rooted in?

There is an interaction between teh individual and the environment. Some psychological disorders are rooted in problem of environment. Can be rooted in poverty, injustice, family, ignorance, jobs (extra therapeutic factors). -Psychological problems may be rooted in the ills of society

With humanistic models is it just about behavior?

There's more to people than there behavior with humanistic models.

Albert Ellis: what can the conflicting belief be about

This can be about childhood experiences but its the repetition of thinking "its my fault" or "if only i could be better at this" that creates a pattern of being upset. He dosnt care so much about root of problem, dont really need to know, becuase no matter what can intervene in belief and try to stop automatic response. This takes effort

What is the sociocultural perspective on the root of abnormal behavior and who came up with it? What is the problem?

This perspective (Betty Friedan) thinks that a lot of the root cause of abnormal behavior can be found in the failures of society. The problem is society not the person.

How is classical conditioning used to treat PTSD

To treat PTSD expose to unconditioned stimulus without being paired w conditioned stimulus (threat to life) > reduces anxiety response

Is the typical response to trauma to develop a traumatic stress disorder?

Traumatic experiences can lead to developing these disorder but not always. The typical response to trauma is resilience.

what are they trying to reduce with the community mental healtah movement? what does release without followup lead to? what do we not have enough of? can mentally ill get jobs?

Trying to reduce number of homeless in need (which is a problem now). Release without follow up care leads to inability to continue functioning independently. Dont have enough community based Mental health. Many cant hold jobs due to symptoms.

Explain how use eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for PTSD

Used for high blood pressure and reduces blood pressure/inhibits heart rate > decreases fight or flight response. Though doing this can eliminate fear response while being exposed to traumatic stimuli. -This disconnects the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response

how can one institute validity in treatment? how is this helpful?

Validity- being able to compare what a client says to observing them its helpful because their interpretation may be inaccurate, which influences her belief and emotional reaction to the situation.

Define unconditional positive regard

Valuing other people as having basic worth regardless of their behavior at a particular time.

How is blood phobia adaptive?

Vasovagal response is to faint, which is adaptive because it lowers respiration and blood loss. If seem dead people won't hurt you more.

What are the features of adjustment disorder with disturbance of conduct

Violation of the rights of others or of social norms appropriate for ones age; samples include vandalism, missing school, fighting, reckless driving

is there good reliability/validity for all disorders?

We have good reliability and validity for many disorders, but not for others like dissociative identity disorder/ cultural disorders

Why are cognitive therapies so effective? What can they look at and how? What does this result in? Why do western cultures respond well to this

When we evaluate cog therapies they are very effective, looks really effective becuase its easy to study empirically. Can study how many self defeating thoughts did you have after an activating event, over time did you have less cog distortions. Make a lot of sense to people, especially in western cultures, becuase the therapist communicates this is why you feel bad and this is what you can do.

What is the limitation of cognitive therapies

When we evaluate cog therapies they are very effective, looks really effective becuase its easy to study. Can study how many self defeating thoughts did you have after an activating event, over time did you have less cog distortions. Make a lot of sense to people, especially in western cultures, becuase the therapist communicates this is why you feel bad and this is what you can do.

What are the features of adjustment disorder with anxiety

Worrying, nervousness, and jitters (or in children, fear of separation from primary attachment figures)

In the sociocultural perspective how were women with abnormal behavior delt with? Why is it that they show these symptoms

Would see woman with severe chronic pain and tell her to take excercise, get sleep and rest, and adequate social contact (non biological interventions). Then they would say that they cant because dont have cultural support to engage in coping behaviors becuase have to take care of husband and kids, so cant improve chronic pain.

what is diathesis?

a predisposition or vulnerability that is inherited to develop a disorder

describe how maladaptive or self defeating behavior defines abnormal behavior

behavior that leads to unhappiness. if initially say want monogomous relationship but always cheat > can say focus on monogomy and rid or cheating or accept monogomy dosnt work for them

Social causation model- what is believed in relation to psych disorders/ what stressor induces what?

belief that social stressors like poverty account for greater risk in the severity of psychological disorders. It is the social stressors of environment that cause or exacerbate the disorder. People from lower income groups are more likely to be institutionalized long term for problem than people in higher SES (more resources > can take care of you and pay for resources). Low income any race are more likely to be hospitalized.

what is the Cultural Bases of Abnormal Behavior

deemed abnormal in another. Behavior that is normal in one culture may be

What does exposure therapy do to the brain w fears? how does this change how the stimulus is viewed/brain networking? is it effective/how long can it take? what are they waiting for how often with this therapy?`

exposure therapy makes new connections when realize worst fears dont hold true. Begins to see stimulus as harmless because changing connections between amygdala and prefrontal cortex connecting feathers and fear. Its very effective can take an entire day if necessary or in some cases shorter. Have to wait for anxiety response to reduce at every stage

what is group therapy especially good for? why? (two things)

group therapy is particularly good for social anxiety because it is exposure. -We find that the combination of drug therapy and psychotherapy is most effective, particularly for social anxiety - antidepressants

key factors in PTSD

hyper arousal is #1 then dissociation

explain how preventing fear response with drug intervention helps prevent PTSD

if prevented PTSD by giving people propranenole and prevent hyper responsiveness/ arousal its Dangerous bc need fight or flight response. Takes away some of humanity. -Good for treatment bad for prevention.

describe how faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality defines abnormal behavior

in some culture its acceptable to talk to the dead or god so its not necesarrily abnormal. includes *halucinations* things others dont see and *delusions* firmly held false beliefs

what does exposure treatment do?

interrupt cognition and reinterpret stimulus as non threatening/can tolerate anxiety of it/anxiety isn't as bad as expected.

is OCD common?

it is very uncommon

what is the focus of the learning models? key questions?

learning experiences that shape the development of abnormal behavior -how are abnormal patterns of behavior learned? -what role does the environment play in explaining abnormal behavior

What is the cognitive distortion selective abstraction

only paying attention to the bad and not the good. Overgeneralization

what models are included in the biological perspective? whats the focus of this model?

medical model is included, focused on biological underpinnings of abnormal behavior

Cognitive perspective on generalized anxiety disorder

oversensitive to cues. -Amygdala (deals w fear) and frontal lobe (rationalizes overactivated amygdala, responds w worry instead of shutting down response) could be off. *When treating often intervene w cognitive piece/behavioral.

in the sociocultural perspective, what is the downward drift hypothesis?

problem behaviors lead people to drift downward in SES. says people who already have preexisting disorders are more likely to drift down in SES. First symptom is cog disruptions which make it hard to hold down a job.

in the demonological model what is trephination

release of evil demons through hole punctured in skull

Explain how use cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD

repeating conditioned experience with stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus (trauma). -Experience the cue WITHOUT trauma. If cant expose them have them talk about it over and over start to finish. -helps decrease fear response.

what is the focus of the humanistic models? key questions?

roadblocks that hinder self awareness and self acceptance -how do a person emotional problems reflect a distorted self image? -what roadblocks were encountered in path towards self acceptance/ realization.

What does freud say about generalized anxiety disorder?

says generalized anxiety is sexual and aggressive urges leaking into conscious awareness and generalized anxiety is how cope w it. -Zero evidence.

what is the sociocultural perspective?

social ills, such as poverty, racism, and prolonged unemployment, contributing to the development of abnormal behavior -relationships among abnormal behavior and ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic level

describe how dangerousness defines abnormal behavior

speeding is dangerous but still normal. important to not include social judgements just real safety. -important factor- are they functioning, even if its scary to others, or not

What is the cognitive distortion called magnification

taking a small thing and blowing it up huge.

how does diathesis relate to the development of the disorder

the stronger the diathesis the less stress is necessary to produce the disorder

What is the cognitive distortion of overgeneralization?

this one bad thing happened therefore all bad things will happen.

what is the focus of the psychodynamic models? key questions?

unconscious conflicts and motives underlying abnormal behavior -how do particular symptoms represent unconscious conflicts? childhood roots of problem?

what are key questions in the medical model

what role is played by neurotransmitters in abnormal behavior? by genetics? by brain abnormalities?

what % are diagnosed w abnormal behavior over lifetime? are stats accuratly representing population?

why call disorders abnormal if almost 50% have a disorder in their lifetime? these stats are not accurately representing the population, also only targets english speakers. underestimating % because not showing immigrants who are under great stress due to transition and not knowing english.

Learning Models: behaviorism: what does this include? What is it based on?

• Classical Conditioning • Operant Conditioning • Observational Learning - Social-Cognitive Theory -Everything we do and why we do it is learning. Little albert conditioning to be scared of white fluffy things.

What are the strengths of the psychodynamic models?list 4

• Concept of unconscious • Children have urges and drives • Inner conflict • Early relationships can be important- attachments are influential for future

What are the weaknesses of the psychodynamic models? Describe 3

• Mostly untestable- No standard for what better looks like or if you are getting better with psychoanalytic therapy used in present context • Too much emphasis on sex and aggression • Based on sexist, classist, racist understanding of the world- not updated

According to the DSM what are 3 things that can not be present to be diagnosed with adjustment disorder

•The stress-related disturbance does not meet criteria for another mental disorder and is not merely an exacerbation of a preexisting mental disorder •The symptoms do not represent normal bereavement •After the termination of the stressor (or its consequences), the symptoms persist for no longer than an additional 6 months