test 2
Suppose that you are attempting to value an income-producing property using the direct capitalization approach. Using data from comparable properties, you have determined the overall capitalization rate to be 7.5%. If the projected first-year net operating income (NOI) for the subject property is $135,500, what is the indicated value of the subject using direct capitalization?
$1,806,666.67
Given the following information, determine the value of having an additional bathroom. Assume that the comparable properties are similar in all other attributes besides those listed in the table below.
$10,000
Suppose that an appraiser has come to the following conclusions in evaluating the subject property. Due to the dramatic shift in the perceived safety of the neighborhood, values of any residential properties in the area of the subject property have fallen by $10,000, on average. Due to the subject property's age, physical deterioration to the building accounts for an estimate of $50,000 in lost value. An evaluation of the floor plan reveals that it is quite obsolete relative to current homebuyer preferences. This has a detrimental effect on the value of the property that is estimated to be approximately $15,000. Based on your understanding of adjustments related to accrued depreciation, which of the following pertains to the adjustment for external obsolescence?
$10,000
Given the following information, calculate the effective gross income: property: 4 office units, contract rents per unit: $2,500 per month; vacancy and collection losses: 15%; operating expenses: $42,000; capital expenditures: 10%.
$102,000
Suppose that examination of a pro forma reveals that the fifth-year net operating income (NOI) for an income-producing property that you are analyzing is $913,058 (you can assume that this cash flow occurs at the end of the year). If you estimate the projected rental growth rate for the property to be 3% per year, determine the projected sale price of the property at the end of year 5 if the going-out capitalization rate is 8%.
$11,755,622
Using the following information, determine the net operating income (NOI) for the first year of operations of the subject property assuming "below-line" treatment of capital expenditures. number of apartments: 15 market rent (per month): 1,000 vacancy and collection losses: 10% of PGI operating expenses: 5% of EGI capital expenditures: 10% of EGI
$153,900
given the following information, determine the final appraisal value of the subject property. market conditions: -0.50% (per month) lot size: $25,000 (per acre) effective age (years): $1,000 (per year) living area (sq. ft): $45 (per sq. ft.) bath: $1,250 (per bath) bedrooms: $3,000 (per bedroom)
$272,640
Suppose that an income-producing property is expected to yield cash flows for the owner of $150,000 in each of the next five years, with cash flows being received at the end of each period. If the opportunity cost of investment is 8% annually and the property can be sold for $1,250,000 at the end of the fifth year, determine the value of the property today.
$1,449,635.50
The risk of bankruptcy tends to travel with the risk of foreclosure since both can result from financial distress. Known popularly by its section in the Federal Bankruptcy Code, which of the following types of bankruptcy is a court-supervised workout for a troubled business?
chapter 11 bankruptcy
Known popularly by its section in the Federal Bankruptcy Code, which of the following types of bankruptcy is a court-supervised workout for a troubled household?
chapter 13 bankruptcy
Based on your understanding of the relation between the various types of bankruptcy and the foreclosure process, which of the following types of bankruptcy would you expect to be least harmful to a lender's mortgage interest?
chapter 7 bankruptcy
Certain mortgage loans contain a due-on-sale clause, which gives the lender the right to terminate the loan at sale of the property. Which of the following types of loans is the most likely to contain a due-on-sale clause?
conventional home loan
When a borrower defaults on the payment requirements of a loan, there are several options that the lender has at its disposal. When the lender allows the borrower simply to convey the property to the lender rather than pursue a court-supervised process of terminating all of the borrower's claims of ownership of the property, this is commonly referred to as
deed in lieu of foreclosure
For most mortgage loans on commercial real estate, the right of prepayment is constrained through a prepayment penalty. Which of the following types of prepayment penalties requires a borrower to provide the lender with some combination of U.S. Treasury securities that will serve to replace the cash flows of the loan being paid off?
defeasance prepayment penalty
Assume that an individual has just lost his job and has been consistently late paying his bills. The bank recognizes deterioration in the individual's credit score and has notified him that he must pay his home equity line of credit in full. The mortgage clause that makes this possible is known as the
demand clause
Net operating income is similar to which of the following measures of cash flow in corporate finance?
earnings before deductions for interest, depreciation, income taxes, and amortization (EBIDTA)
Several techniques can be used to obtain an indication of land value. The cost approach to valuation would most likely be used for which of the following properties?
educational facility
Because the mortgage conveys a complex claim for a long period of time, clauses are included in anticipation of possible future complications. Which of the following clauses requires a borrower to make monthly deposits into an account in order to pay obligations such as property taxes, community association fees, or causality insurance premiums?
escrow clause
Most real estate loans have a definite term to maturity, stated in years. The majority of home loans will typically have a term to maturity between
fifteen and thirty years
The sequence of adjustments to the transaction price of a comparable property would make no difference if all adjustments were dollar adjustments. However, if percentage adjustments are involved then the sequence does matter. In making adjustments to a comparable property to arrive at a final adjusted sales price, the proper sequence for the following adjustments would be
financing terms, market conditions, location.
Accrued depreciation is the difference between the current market value of a building and the total cost to reproduce it new. One reason for this difference is related to changes in tastes, preferences, technical innovations, or market standards. This is commonly referred to as
functional obsolescence
Suppose that an appraiser has just completed her analysis using the cost approach to valuation. She has determined that the market value of the subject property is $400,000. If the added value of the site was $80,000 and accrued depreciation amounted to $50,000, what was the reproduction cost of the building?
$370,000
Assume you have been hired to appraise a local hospital. Your best estimate of the reproduction (or replacement) cost of the building is $3,700,000. However, upon evaluating the use of land in the local area, you have deemed the value of the site to be worth an additional $800,000. If the building has depreciated by $500,000 over its lifetime and there are no further depreciation losses due to external or functional obsolescence, what is the indicated value of the hospital using the cost approach?
$4,000,000
Given the following information, calculate the net operating income assuming below-line treatment of capital expenditures: property: 4 office units, contract rents per unit: $2,500 per month; vacancy and collection losses: 15%; operating expenses: $42,000; capital expenditures: 10%.
$60,000
Suppose that an income-producing property is expected to yield cash flows for the owner of $10,000 in each of the next five years, with cash flows being received at the end of each period. If the opportunity cost of investment is 12% annually and the property can be sold for $100,000 at the end of the fifth year, determine the value of the property today.
$92,790.45
Analysis of a subject property's pro forma reveals that its fifth-year net operating income (NOI) is projected to be $100,282 (you can assume that this cash flow occurs at the end of the year). If you estimate the projected rental growth rate for the property to be 3% per year and the going-out capitalization rate in year 5 to be 10%, determine the net sale proceeds the current owner of the property would receive if he were to sell the property at the end of year 5 and incur selling expenses that amounted to $58,300.
$974,610
Which of the following would be categorized as a cause of external obsolescence?
increased traffic flow due to more intensive use in the local area
At the conclusion of the traditional sales comparison approach to valuation, the appraiser evaluates and reconciles the final adjusted sale prices into a single value for the subject property. This single value is commonly referred to as
indicated value
Real estate appraisers generally distinguish among the concepts of market value, investment value, and transaction value. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of market value?
it is an estimate of the most probably selling price of a property in a competitive market.
In using transaction data to determine the current value of the subject property, it is important to recognize that general market conditions may have changed since a particular transaction occurred. Property A sold 18 months ago for $235,000 and Property B sold 12 months ago for $215,000. If the two properties are priced today at $239,500 and $222,300, respectively, what is the average monthly rate of increase that can be used to adjust comparable prices for changes in market conditions?
0.19%
In certain states, such as the state of Florida, the transfer of title to the lender does not occur until the borrower defaults. These states are referred to as
lien theory states
Suppose that we observe two comparable properties that have each sold twice within the past two years. Property A sold 24 months ago for $350,000 and Property B sold 18 months ago for $325,000. If the two properties were sold today at $375,000 and $340,000, respectively, estimate the change in market conditions (percentage change in price) per month, assuming we equally weight the two properties in our analysis.
0.28%
Given the following information, calculate the effective gross income multiplier: sale price: $2,500,000; effective gross income: $340,000; operating expenses: $100,000; capital expenditures: $36,000.
7.35
Given the following information, calculate the appropriate going-in cap rate using general constant-growth formula: overall market discount rate, 12%; constant growth rate projection: 3% per year; sale price: $1,950,000; net operating income: $390,000; potential gross income: $520,000.
9%
A significant number of mortgage loans use adjustable interest rates, in which the interest rate of the loan is tied to an index rate that fluctuates over time. For income-producing property, the most common index rate is the
london interbank offered rate (LIBOR)
In real estate markets, a transaction occurs only when the investment value of the buyer exceeds the investment value of the seller. The buyer's investment value is the ________ that he or she would be willing to pay for a particular property, while the seller's investment value is the _______ that he or she would be willing to accept.
maximum; minimum
Three highly similar and competitive income-producing properties within two blocks of the subject property have sold this month. All three offer essentially the same amenities and services as the subject property. The sale prices and estimated first-year NOI for each of the comparable properties are as follows: a sale price: $500,000 NOI: $55,000 b sale price: $420,000 NOI: $50,400 c sale price: $475,000 NOI: $53,400 Using the information provided, calculate the overall capitalization rate by direct market extraction assuming each property is equally comparable to the subject.
11.4%
Standard mortgage loans require monthly payments typically composed of two components: interest and principal repayments. When scheduled mortgage payments are insufficient to pay all of the accumulating interest, causing some interest to be added to the outstanding balance after each payment shortfall, the loan is said to be
negatively amortizing
As part of the data analysis step in the appraisal process, it is necessary to consider the highest and best use of the property in question. In regards to determining highest and best use, all of the following statements are true except
no financial limits are considered when determining the property's best use.
When using discounted cash flow analysis for valuation, an appraiser will prepare a cash flow forecast, often referred to as a
pro forma
The cap rate is an important metric that investors use to analyze the state of commercial real estate markets. When interpreting cap rate movements, an increase in cap rates over time would indicate that
property values have decreased.
The cost approach to valuation assumes the market value of a new building is similar to the cost of constructing it today. Which of the following terms refers to the expenditure required to construct a building of equal utility using modern construction techniques, materials, and design that eliminates outdated aspects of the structure?
replacement cost
Which of these is most likely to be regarded as a capital expenditure rather than an operating expense?
roof replacement
When a borrower defaults on a mortgage loan, his or her credit record will be adversely affected. While borrowers can recover from this reduction in their credit score, if a default goes into the borrower's records it will remain for
seven years
Even after a property goes into foreclosure, it is still possible for the borrower to reclaim the property as long as he or she produces the outstanding mortgage balance and all foreclosure costs incurred to that point. In a state such as Florida, this right may even extend beyond the date of the foreclosure sale. When this occurs, this right is more commonly referred to as
statutory redemption
Most adjustable rate mortgage (ARM) loans have been marketed with a temporarily reduced interest rate commonly referred to as a
teaser rate
When using discounted cash flow analysis for valuation, the appraiser must estimate the sale price at the end of the expected holding period. This price (assuming selling expenses have yet to be accounted for) is referred to as the property's
terminal value
Given the following information, what adjustment would need to be made to account for the lot size difference between the subject property and comparable property?
the price of the comparable property must be adjusted upward by $750
While there is no specific number of comparables that is required for every appraisal assignment, how many comparable sales are considered adequate as long as the properties are very similar to the subject property?
three
Four highly similar and competitive income-producing properties located in close proximity to the subject property have sold this month. All four offer essentially the same amenities and services as the subject property. The sale prices and estimated first-year NOI for each of the comparable properties are as follows: a sale price: $1,450,000 NOI: $155,000 b sale price: $1,100,000 NOI: $135,400 c sale price: $1,250,000 NOI: 143,4000 d sale price: $1,500,000 NOI: $169,000
11.43% ???
Given the following information, calculate the appropriate going-in cap rate using mortgage-equity rate analysis; mortgage financing, 75%; typical debt financing cap rate: 10%; sale price: $1,950,000; before tax cash flow (BTCF): $390,000.
12.5%
Added to the index of the adjustable rate is a margin, which is the lender's markup. For standard adjustable rate mortgage (ARM) loans, the average industry margin has been stable at approximately
275 basis points
It is possible to have a secured real estate loan without a mortgage through the use of a contract for deed. In contrast to the standard real estate sale, which of the following events occurs after the closing when dealing with a contract for deed?
title to the property passes to the buyer
The process of converting periodic income into a value estimate is referred to as income capitalization. Income capitalization models can generally be categorized as either direct capitalization models or discounted cash flow models. Which of the following statements best describes the direct capitalization method?
value estimates are based on a multiple of expected first-year net operating income
Foreclosure is considered the ultimate recourse of the lender because it allows the lender to bring about sale of the property to recover the outstanding indebtedness. All of the following statements regarding foreclosure are true except
when a lender forecloses on a property, it extinguishes all superior liens, bringing about a free and clear sale of the property
Real estate professionals have long supported strict standards of ethics and practice. Followed by all states and federal regulatory agencies, which of the following imposes ethical obligations and minimum standards that must be followed by all real estate professionals providing formal estimates of market value?
Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP)
If a homeowner in mortgage distress owes more than the value of the home and is unable to make the loan manageable by refinancing or modifying the mortgage, the next recourse often is a short sale of the property. All of the following statements are true regarding a short sale except
a short sale relieves the seller of an other outstanding obligations on the home, such as owner association fees or a second mortgage
In a mortgage loan, the borrower always creates two documents: a note and a mortgage. Which of the following pieces of information is provided in the mortgage?
an unambiguous description of the property that is being pledged as collateral for the loan
While it is often sufficient to rely on informal methods of estimating the market value of real estate assets, the complexity and large dollar value of many real estate decisions dictate that formal estimates based on methodical collection and analysis of relevant market data should be utilized. The unbiased written estimate of the market value of a property is commonly referred to as a(n)
appraisal.
Most appraisers adhere to an "above-line" treatment of capital expenditures. This implies which of the following?
capital expenditures are subtracted in the calculation of net operating income
