Test 2- Chapter 8 Notes

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the level of significance or criterion for a hypothesis test

alpha

A state meant that directly contradicts a null hypothesis by stating that the actual value of a population parameter is less than, greater then or not equal to the value stated in the null hypothesis

alternative hypothesis

type II error is symbolized by

beta

what can you decrease to increase power

beta error, population standard deviation and standard error

A method for testing a claim or hypothesis about a parameter in a population, using data measured in a sample

hypothesis testing

what can you do to increase power

increase effect size, sample size and alpha

to increase power you should ___ effect size, ____ size and _____; decrease ____, _____ and _____

increase; sample; alpha; beta; population standard deviation; standard error

if d is above .8 then effect size is

large

a criterion of judgment upon which a decision is made regarding the value stated in a null hypothesis

level of significance

the p value of a sample outcome is compared to the _____

level of significance

if d is between .2 and .8 then effect size is

medium

when a null hypothesis is retained, a result is

not significant

a statement about a population parameter, such as the population mean, that is assumed to be true

null hypothesis

sample means obtained beyond the critical value will result in a decision to reject the ____

null hypothesis

in hypothesis testing, an effect is insignificant when we retain the ____; an effect is significant when we ___ the null hypothesis

null hypothesis; reject

the ____ is compared to the critical values of a hypothesis test to make a decision

obtained value

the value of a test statistic

obtained value

hypothesis tests where the alternative hypothesis is stated as greater than or less than a value stated in the null hypothesis

one tailed tests

a statistical procedure used to test hypotheses concerning the mean in a single population with known variance

one- independent sample z test

the probability of obtaining a sample outcome, given that the value stated in the null hypothesis is true

p value

the __ in hypothesis testing is the probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis

power

the probability that a randomly selected sample will show that the null hypothesis is false when the null hypothesis is indeed false

power

when the obtained value exceeds a critical value, we decided to ___ the null hypothesis

reject

the region beyond a critical value in a hypothesis test

rejection region

when the value of a test statistic is in the ___ we decide to reject the null hypothesis

rejection region

when a null hypothesis is rejected a result is ____

significant

if d is less than .2 than effect size is

small

the level of significance criterion is based on the probability of obtaining a ___ measured in a sample of the value stated in the null hypothesis were ___

statistic; true

a decision made concerning a value stated in the null hypothesis

statistical significance

a mathematical formula that allows researchers to determine the likelihood of obtaining sample outcomes if the null hypothesis were true

test statistic

the value of the ___ is used to make a decision regarding the null hypothesis

test statistic

hypothesis tests where the alternative hypothesis is stated as not equal to

two tailed tests

the probability of rejecting a null hypothesis that is actually true

type I error

the probability of retaining a null hypothesis that is actually false

type II error

occurs with one tailed test, where the researcher decides to retain the null hypothesis because the rejection region was located in the wrong tail

type III error

an inferential statistic used to determine the number of standard deviations in a standard normal distribution that a sample mean deviates from the population mean stated in the null hypothesis

z statistic

what are the four steps of hypothesis testing

1. state the hypothesis 2. set the criteria for a decision 3. compute the test statistic 4. make a decision

a measure of effect size in terms of the number of standard deviations that mean scores shifted above or below the population mean stated by the null hypothesis

Cohen's D

standard rules for identifying small, medium and large effects based on typical findings in behavioral research

Cohen's effect size conventions

Researchers directly control for the probability of committing ___ error

Type I

a cutoff value that defines the boundaries beyond which less than 5% of sample means can be obtained if the null hypothesis is true

critical value

the difference between a sample mean and the population mean stated in the null hypothesis

effect

the larger the value of D the large the ___

effect in the population

a statistical measure of the size of an effect in a population

effect size


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