Test 2- HW questions

The concentrations of which two ions are highest outside the cell? 1. K+ and Cl− 2. Na+ and Cl− 3. K+ and protein anions (A−) 4.Na+ and protein anions (A−)

2. Na+ and Cl−

What prevents the Na+ and K+ gradients from dissipating? 1. H+-K+ ATPase 2. Na+-K+ ATPase 3. Na+ and K+ leaks 4. Na+ cotransporter

2. Na+-K+ ATPase

Which of the following statements about synapses is FALSE? 1. Communication at chemical synapses is slower than at electrical synapses. 2. Neurotransmitters can move from one cell to another through gap junctions at an electrical synapse. 3. Electrical synapses can be gated. 4. Communication across electrical synapses is bi-directional. 5. Most synapses in the nervous system are chemical synapses.

2. Neurotransmitters can move from one cell to another through gap junctions at an electrical synapse.

Why is the brain so sensitive to reductions in blood flow? 1. to prevent the swelling of the meninges; third spacing 2. The brain does not store glucose and oxygen. 3. to maintain proprioception 4. Increased carbon dioxide leads to a loss of consciousness.

2. The brain does not store glucose and oxygen.

Why does regeneration of the action potential occur in one direction, rather than in two directions? 1. The activation gates of voltage-gated Na+‎ channels close in the node, or segment, that has just depolarized. 2. The inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+‎ channels close in the node, or segment, that has just fired an action potential. 3. The activation gates of voltage-gated K+‎ channels open in the node, or segment, that has just depolarized. 4. The inactivation gates of voltage-gated K+‎ channels close in the node, or segment, that has just fired an action potential.

2. The inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+‎ channels close in the node, or segment, that has just fired an action potential.

In the absence of an active chloride transporter in the plasma membrane, chloride acts to ________ membrane potential by resisting any change in membrane potential. 1. hyperpolarize 2. stabilize 3. depolarize 4. alter 5. modify

2. stabilize

What type of interneuron is receiving the feeling of paresthesia from Sarah's thigh? 1. somatic motor 2. somatic sensory 3. visceral sensory 4. visceral motor

2. somatic sensory

If a brain aneurysm is found in a patient, generally __________ is the only and best treatment. 1. psychiatric treatment 2. surgery 3. observation to see if the aneurysm gets larger 4. medication

2. surgery

When calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal, 1. the inside of the receiving neuron becomes more positive. 2. they cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron. 3. they cause an action potential in the sending neuron. 4. the inside of the receiving neuron becomes more negative. 5. neurotransmitter molecules are quickly removed from the synaptic cleft.

2. they cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron.

Hydrogen ions cannot permeate the blood-brain barrier. True False

false

diaphoresis

sweating

Sodium and potassium ions can diffuse across the plasma membranes of all cells because of the presence of what type of channel? 1. Ligand-gated channels 2. Leak channels 3. Voltage-gated channels 4. Sodium-potassium ATPases

2. Leak channels

Why are amino acid neurotransmitters NOT considered biogenic amines? 1. Biogenic amines still contain an amine group, but are no longer amino acids. 2. Amino acids used to make biogenic amines are not used for anything else. 3. Biogenic amines may be taken up by non-conducting cells, while amino acids are not. 4. Amino acids are excitatory only, while biogenic amines are not. 5. Amino acids lose their activity when stored, while biogenic amines do not.

1. Biogenic amines still contain an amine group, but are no longer amino acids.

In which type of axon will velocity of action potential conduction be the fastest? 1. Myelinated axons with the largest diameter 2. Unmyelinated axons of the shortest length 3. Unmyelinated axons with the largest diameter 4. Myelinated axons with the smallest diameters

1. Myelinated axons with the largest diameter

A neuron has one axon with 10 axon collaterals. Each collateral branch synapses on __________. This is an example of __________. 1. 10 different post-synaptic neurons; divergence 2. 10 different post-synaptic neurons; convergence 3. the same post-synaptic neuron; divergence

1. 10 different post-synaptic neurons; divergence

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the cervical section of the spinal cord? 1. 8 2. 5 3. 1 4. 12

1. 8

Which statement below best describes why action potentials travel in only one direction? 1. They have a refractory period. 2. Only sodium- and potassium-gated channels are found on the axon. 3. They have myelinated axons. 4. The diameter of the axon explains this. 5. all-or-none principle explains this.

1. They have a refractory period.

The main cause for a sudden vascular occlusion is __________. 1. a blood clot 2. bacteria in the bloodstream 3. arteriosclerosis 4. headache

1. a blood clot

Which of the following best describes a voltage-gated sodium ion channel? View Available Hint(s) 1. a protein embedded in the cell membrane of a neuron 2. a protein embedded in the membrane of the nucleus of a neuron 3. a lipid found within the mitochondria of a neuron 4. a lipid found within the cell membrane of a neuron

1. a protein embedded in the cell membrane of a neuron

What type of glial cells plays a critical role in maintaining extracellular potassium levels? 1. astrocytes 2. ependymal cells 3. micoglia 4. oligodendrocytes 5. Schwann cells

1. astrocytes

On what portion of the neuron do action potentials propagate? 1. axon 2. cell body 3. soma 4. dendrite 5. nucleus

1. axon

In which region of the brain do cranial nerves III-X originate? 1. brain stem 2. cerebral hemisphere 3. diencephalon 4.cerebellum

1. brain stem

A stroke, or ___________, is the __________ leading cause of death in the United States. 1. cerebrovascular accident (CVA); third 2. seizure; third 3. seizure; second 4. cerebrovascular accident (CVA); fourth

1. cerebrovascular accident (CVA); third

Which cellular component directs the movement of vesicles from the soma to the axon terminal? 1. cytoskeleton 2. plasma membrane 3. cytoplasm 4. nucleus

1. cytoskeleton

Which of the following correctly pairs the peripheral nerve with its nerve plexus? 1. fibular (peroneal) nerve (sacral plexus) 2. ilioinguinal nerve (brachial plexus) 3. posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (lumbar plexus) 4. axillary nerve (cervical plexus)

1. fibular (peroneal) nerve (sacral plexus)

Which area of the brain is the integration center for neural and endocrine controls? 1. hypothalamus 2. cerebellum 3. basal nuclei 4. thalamus 5. corpus callosum

1. hypothalamus

Axoaxonic synapses are responsible for ________ the extent of neurotransmitter released at the synapse. 1. modulating 2. decreasing 3. increasing 4. enhancing 5. inhibiting

1. modulating

Which of the following types of neurotransmitters is packed in specialized vesicles called dense core vesicles? 1. neuropeptides 2. amino acids 3. purines 4. biogenic amines

1. neuropeptides

The type of receptor activated in Sarah's skin to initiate the sensation of pain is a _______. 1. nociceceptor 2. photoreceptor 3. thermoreceptor 4. mechanoreceptor

1. nociceceptor

Let's consider a scenario in which the resting membrane potential changes from −70 mV to +70 mV, but the concentrations of all ions in the intracellular and extracellular fluids are unchanged. Predict how this change in membrane potential affects the movement of Na+. The electrical gradient for Na+ would tend to move Na+ __________ while the chemical gradient for Na+ would tend to move Na+ __________. 1. out; in 2. in; in 3. out; out 4. in; out

1. out; in

When a researcher applies the Nernst equation, the measured resting membrane potential best approximates the equilibrium potential for __________. 1. potassium 2. all the ions together 3. sodium 4. chloride

1. potassium

Which of the following would increase the likelihood of an action potential being generated in a postsynaptic cell? 1. presynaptic excitation at an excitatory synapse 2. opening of potassium channels on the postsynaptic cell 3. opening of chloride channels on a postsynaptic cell that actively transports chloride ions out of the cell 4. opening of chloride channels on a postsynaptic cell with no active transport of chloride ions 5. presynaptic inhibition at an excitatory synapse

1. presynaptic excitation at an excitatory synapse

Neurotransmitters can be reused through the process of ________, where neurotransmitters are transported back across the presynaptic membrane. 1. reuptake 2. recycling 3. resynthesis 4. receptor binding 5. regeneration

1. reuptake

If tetrodotoxin is applied to a neuron, __________ sodium ions can enter the neuron. 1. some 2. more than usual the amount of 3. the same amount 4. no

1. some

If by using some radiological technique, a person is found to have a partial occlusion in one of the larger blood vessels in the brain, that person may receive a surgically implanted __________. It is used to keep the blood vessel open. 1. stent 2. pacemaker 3. shunt 4. electrode

1. stent

If a blood clot is blocking off a blood vessel, the physician may give __________, which is a thrombolytic agent (breaks down clots). 1. tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) 2. heparin 3. warfarin 4. aspirin

1. tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)

The two classifications for a stroke are __________ or __________. 1. vascular occlusion; vascular hemorrhage 2. seizure; vascular hemorrhage 3. vascular occlusion; seizure 4. infarct; seizure

1. vascular occlusion; vascular hemorrhage

When voltage-dependent calcium channels open, calcium moves out of the cell. True False

False

On average, the resting membrane potential is -70 mV. What does the sign and magnitude of this value tell you? 1. The outside surface of the plasma membrane is much more negatively charged than the inside surface. 2. The inside surface of the plasma membrane is much more negatively charged than the outside surface. 3. There is no electrical potential difference between the inside and the outside surfaces of the plasma membrane. 4. The inside surface of the plasma membrane is much more positively charged than the outside surface.

2. The inside surface of the plasma membrane is much more negatively charged than the outside surface.

Which of the following describes why Dr. Westwood experienced paralysis? 1. The tetrodotoxin caused the muscles in Dr. Westwood's body to contract and then prevented them from relaxing. 2. The tetrodotoxin prevented the motor neurons from sending signals to skeletal muscle. 3. The tetrodotoxin prevented the ability of sensory neurons to generate action potentials. 4. The tetrodotoxin stimulated the motor neurons to send multiple signals to the muscles.

2. The tetrodotoxin prevented the motor neurons from sending signals to skeletal muscle.

Youre interviewing a patient who has recently had a stroke. You ask him to state his name and house address. He has no response. You write down your question and have him read it. His reply is yesterday morrow soon. What type of aphasia is your patient displaying? 1. global 2. Wernickes 3. anomic 4. Brocas 5. isolation

2. Wernickes

As part of the neurological exam, the physician placed her hands on the side of Mary's head and asked her to rotate her head against resistance. The neurologist then pressed down on Mary's shoulders while Mary was asked to shrug. Which of Mary's cranial nerves is being evaluated with this exam? 1. XII (hypoglossal) 2. XI (accessory) 3. VIII (vestibulocochlear) 4. VI (abducens)

2. XI (accessory)

A person at risk for forming blood clots in the brain may be placed on a(n) __________ like aspirin. 1. seizure medication 2. anticoagulant 3. tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) 4. tranquilizer

2. anticoagulant

Opening of __________ channels leads to an __________. 1. calcium; IPSP 2. chloride; IPSP 3. sodium; IPSP 4. potassium; EPSP

2. chloride; IPSP

What area of the brain connects the left and right sides of the brain? 1. blood-brain barrier 2. corpus callosum 3. projection fibers 4. astrocytes 5. association fibers

2. corpus callosum

An action potential is self-regenerating because __________. 1. repolarizing currents established by the efflux of Na+‎ flow down the axon and trigger an action potential at the next segment 2. depolarizing currents established by the influx of Na+‎ flow down the axon and trigger an action potential at the next segment 3. depolarizing currents established by the influx of K+‎ flow down the axon and trigger an action potential at the next segment 4. repolarizing currents established by the efflux of K+‎ flow down the axon and trigger an action potential at the next segment

2. depolarizing currents established by the influx of Na+‎ flow down the axon and trigger an action potential at the next segment

What happens to the resting membrane potential of -70 mV when potassium channels open? 1. membrane stabilization 2. hyperpolarization 3. returns to -70 mV 4. repolarization 5. depolarization

2. hyperpolarization

A suprathreshold stimulus is more likely to generate multiple action potentials because __________. 1. it generates larger action potentials 2. it can generate another action potential during the relative refractory period 3. it generates another action potential before the refractory period takes place 4. it can generate another action potential during the absolute refractory period

2. it can generate another action potential during the relative refractory period

When a patient has a stroke and suffers some immediate neurological deficits, these deficits __________ with time. 1. will never change 2. may increase or decrease 3. will always get better 4. will always get worse

2. may increase or decrease

A molecule that carries information across a synaptic cleft is a 1. sending neuron. 2. neurotransmitter. 3. synapse. 4. receiving neuron. 5. synaptic cleft.

2. neurotransmitter.

Synaptic vesicles store 1. potassium. 2. neurotransmitter. 3. calcium. 4. sodium. 5. enzymes that degrade neurotransmitter.

2. neurotransmitter.

Which of the following enhances the conduction velocity of neurons in the central nervous system? 1. Schwann cell 2. oligodendrocyte 3. ependymal cell 4. astrocyte 5. microglia

2. oligodendrocyte

Rapid eye movement (REM) is called paradoxical sleep because 1. electroencephalogram activity can change quite extensively during REM sleep. 2. people are more likely to awaken spontaneously during REM sleep when arousal threshold is highest. 3. people are less likely to awaken spontaneously during REM sleep when arousal threshold is lowest. 4. electroencephalogram activity reverts toward that observed in an awake, alert person. 5. electroencephalogram activity is quite different from slow-wave sleep.

2. people are more likely to awaken spontaneously during REM sleep when arousal threshold is highest.

The ability of the nervous system to adapt anatomically and functionally to changes in its activity is called 1. consolidation. 2. plasticity. 3. parallel processing. 4. sensitization. 5. habituation.

2. plasticity.

Which of the following represents the five components of a reflex arc in the correct sequence? 1. sensory receptor, integration center, afferent neuron, efferent neuron, effector organ 2. sensory receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector organ 3. integration center, sensory receptor, afferent neuron, efferent neuron, effector organ 4. effector organ, sensory receptor, efferent neuron, afferent neuron, effector organ 5. sensory receptor, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, effector organ

2. sensory receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector organ

The __________ is one of the mechanisms that assist a neuron to reestablish the resting membrane potential after an action potential. 1. voltage-gated potassium channels 2. sodium/potassium pump 3. voltage-gated sodium channels 4. chloride channels

2. sodium/potassium pump

The absolute refractory period is due to actions involving the __________ returning to the status of their resting membrane potential state (being reset). 1. voltage-gated potassium channels 2. voltage-gated sodium channels 3. ligand-gated channels 4. chloride channels

2. voltage-gated sodium channels

After recovering, Dr. Westwood decided to learn more about neurotoxins. In conducting his research, he learned about a toxin called batrachotoxin (BTX). BTX also binds to voltage-gated sodium ion channels. Dr. Westwood reviewed experiments with neurons exposed to BTX, which showed that after depolarizing, the membrane potential remained positive for an extended length of time. Repolarization of these neurons was often extremely delayed. Which of the following could help explain this result? 1. BTX opens voltage-gated potassium channels. 2. BTX prevents voltage-gated sodium ion channels from opening. 3. BTX prevents voltage-gated sodium ion channels from inactivating. 4. BTX causes a delay in the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels

3. BTX prevents voltage-gated sodium ion channels from inactivating.

What type of conduction takes place in unmyelinated axons? 1. Electrical conduction 2. Synaptic transmission 3. Continuous conduction 4. Saltatory conduction

3. Continuous conduction

Three presynaptic neurons (A, B, and C) generate excitatory potentials on a single post-synaptic neuron (X). Neurons A, B, and C each cause a 5mV depolarization at the axon hillock. Based on this information, which of the following is true? 1. Because neurons A, B, and C all generate a 5mV depolarization at the axon hillock, they must all generate the same-sized graded potential at their individual synapses. 2. Neurons A, B, and C activate voltage-gated Na+ channels on the soma or dendrites of Neuron X. 3. Neurons A, B, and C release neurotransmitters that open ligand-gated Na+ channels on Neuron X. 4. Neurons A, B, and C generate action potentials on Neuron X.

3. Neurons A, B, and C release neurotransmitters that open ligand-gated Na+ channels on Neuron X.

The resting membrane potential depends on two factors that influence the magnitude and direction of Na+ and K+ diffusion across the plasma membrane. Identify these two factors. 1. The presence of concentration gradients and voltage-gated channels 2. The presence of concentration gradients and Na+-K+ pumps 3. The presence of concentration gradients and leak channels 4. The presence of a resting membrane potential and leak channels

3. The presence of concentration gradients and leak channels

Why are species that have tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin not susceptible to the toxin? 1. The toxin is in an inactive chemical form in the organism's body that carries the toxin. The toxin only activates when it gets into another organism's body. 2. The toxin never leaks from the organs, containing the toxins, into other areas of the organism's body. 3. The voltage-gated sodium channels, in species that have tetrodotoxin, are different. 4. Man is the only species with voltage-gated sodium channels.

3. The voltage-gated sodium channels, in species that have tetrodotoxin, are different.

The plasma membrane is much more permeable to K+ than to Na+. Why? 1. Ligand-gated cation channels favor a greater influx of Na+ than K+. 2. The Na+-K+ pumps transport more K+ into cells than Na+ out of cells. 3. There are many more K+ leak channels than Na+ leak channels in the plasma membrane. 4. There are many more voltage-gated K+ channels than voltage-gated Na+ channels.

3. There are many more K+ leak channels than Na+ leak channels in the plasma membrane.

Which of the following is an example of spatial summation? 1. A neuron sends out information through collaterals to several target cells. 2. An action potential occurs at the same time as a graded potential, and they sum. 3. Two stimuli from two sources produce graded potentials on the same neuron at the same time such that the two potentials sum. 4. Two rapid stimuli from the same source produce graded potentials on the neurons that sum. 5. Two action potentials occur at the same time and sum.

3. Two stimuli from two sources produce graded potentials on the same neuron at the same time such that the two potentials sum.

All of Mary's symptoms were related to cranial nerve functions associated with the head and neck region. Which is the only cranial nerve that extends beyond the head and neck to the thorax and abdomen? 1. VIII (vestibulocochlear) 2. XII (hypoglossal) 3. X (vagus) 4. IX (glossopharyngeal)

3. X (vagus)

During presynaptic inhibition, the release of a neurotransmitter from the modulating neuron causes which of the following? 1. a hyperpolarization of the neuron it is modulating 2. an EPSP on the postsynaptic cell 3. a decrease in calcium entry into the axon terminal of the neuron it is modulating 4. an increase in neurotransmitter release from the neuron it is modulating 5. an IPSP on the postsynaptic cell

3. a decrease in calcium entry into the axon terminal of the neuron it is modulating

Which of the following associations is NOT correct? 1. somatic nervous system; regulates skeletal muscle contraction 2. afferent branch of the PNS; sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons 3. enteric nervous system; regulates the gastrointestinal tract 4. ANS; visceral motor branch of the PNS

3. afferent branch of the PNS; sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons

As the amplitude of the excitatory postsynaptic potential increases above threshold, the time between each action potential will ________, thereby increasing the ________ of the action potentials. 1. increase : frequency 2. increase : amplitude 3. decrease : frequency 4. decrease : amplitude 5. not be altered : amplitude

3. decrease : frequency

Since tetrodotoxin blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, it would directly alter the __________ stage in a neuron action potential. 1. repolarization 2. absolute-refractory period 3. depolarization 4. resting membrane potential

3. depolarization

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of slow-wave sleep? 1. increased parasympathetic activity 2. decreased muscle tone 3. elaborate and intense dreams 4. decreased brain activity 5. snoring

3. elaborate and intense dreams

This area of the brain is often referred to as the control center because it plays an important role in regulating homeostasis. It is involved in hunger, thirst, thermoregulation, and many other important homeostatic measures. 1. cerebral cortex 2. cerebellum 3. hypothalamus 4. limbic system 5. thalamus

3. hypothalamus

When neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron, 1. the receiving neuron becomes more positive inside. 2. the receiving neuron becomes more negative inside. 3. ion channels in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron open. 4. vesicles in the synaptic terminal fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron. 5. ion channels in the plasma membrane of the sending neuron open.

3. ion channels in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron open.

Which cranial nerve controls eye movements, papillary reflex, accommodation reflex, and proprioception? 1. trochlear 2. abducens 3. oculomotor 4. trigeminal 5. glossopharyngeal

3. oculomotor

Which of the following cell types are responsible for the improvement that you see in Mary's MRI following one of her episodes? 1. Schwann cells 2. sensory neurons 3. oligodendrocytes 4. motor neurons

3. oligodendrocytes

Depolarization of the neuron occurs when ______. 1. positively charged sodium ions rush out of the neuron 2.negatively charged chloride ions rush into the neuron 3. positively charged sodium ions rush into the neuron 4. positively charged potassium ions rush into the neuron

3. positively charged sodium ions rush into the neuron

Neuron depolarization is due to __________; repolarization is due to __________. 1. potassium ion influx into the neuron; potassium efflux out of the neuron 2. potassium ion influx into the neuron; sodium ion efflux out of the neuron 3. sodium ion influx into the neuron; potassium efflux out of the cell 4. sodium ion influx into the neuron; sodium efflux out of the neuron

3. sodium ion influx into the neuron; potassium efflux out of the cell

The small space between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron is the 1. synaptic terminal. 2. vesicle. 3. synaptic cleft. 4. neurotransmitter. 5. calcium channel.

3. synaptic cleft.

Mary has experienced symptoms and effects associated with many parts of the human nervous system. Which of the following parts of her nervous system DOES NOT appear to show any effects? 1. somatic nervous system within the motor division 2.central nervous system 3.autonomic nervous system (ANS) within the motor division 4.sensory division of the peripheral nervous system

3.autonomic nervous system (ANS) within the motor division

What changes occur to voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels at the peak of depolarization? 1. Inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+‎ channels close, while inactivation gates of voltage-gated K+‎ channels open. 2. Activation gates of voltage-gated Na+‎ channels close, while inactivation gates of voltage-gated K+‎ channels open. 3. Activation gates of voltage-gated Na+‎ channels close, while activation gates of voltage-gated K+‎ channels open. 4. Inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+‎ channels close, while activation gates of voltage-gated K+‎ channels open.

4. Inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+‎ channels close, while activation gates of voltage-gated K+‎ channels open.

Ions are unequally distributed across the plasma membrane of all cells. This ion distribution creates an electrical potential difference across the membrane. What is the name given to this potential difference? 1. Positive membrane potential 2. Threshold potential 3. Action potential 4. Resting membrane potential (RMP)

4. Resting membrane potential (RMP)

What is the function of the myelin sheath? 1. The myelin sheath increases the insulation along the entire length of the axon. 2. The myelin sheath decreases the speed of action potential conduction from the initial segment to the axon terminals. 3. The myelin sheath decreases the resistance of the axonal membrane to the flow of charge. 4. The myelin sheath increases the speed of action potential conduction from the initial segment to the axon terminals.

4. The myelin sheath increases the speed of action potential conduction from the initial segment to the axon terminals.

If a stroke is hemorrhagic, then __________ should not be given, since it will worsen the condition. 1. a seizure medication 2. platelets 3. clotting factors 4. an anticoagulant

4. an anticoagulant

Which of the following is a descending tract? 1. lateral spinothalamic tract 2. spinotectal tract 3. anterior spinothalamic tract 4. anterior pyramidal tract 5. dorsal columns

4. anterior pyramidal tract

Graded potentials __________ all-or-none; they __________ use the action potential voltage-gated channels. 1. respond; use 2. are; use 3. are not; use 4. are not; do not

4. are not; do not

Which of the following degrades certain neurotransmitters? 1. oligodendrocyte 2. Schwann cell 3. microglia 4. astrocyte 5. ependymal cell

4. astrocyte

In a neuron, where are voltage-gated calcium channels located? 1. dendrites 2. axon hillock 3. soma 4. axon terminal 5. axon

4. axon terminal

Fast EPSPs are produced at which of the following types of receptor? 1. nicotinic cholinergic only 2. alpha-adrenergic only 3. AMPA receptors only 4. both nicotinic cholinergic and AMPA receptors 5. both nicotinic cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors

4. both nicotinic cholinergic and AMPA receptors

Harriet is studying for a history test by verbally repeating important dates about the French Revolution. Which type of memory is she trying to develop? 1. nonassociative memory 2. associative memory 3. procedural memory 4. declarative memory

4. declarative memory

Once a membrane potential has been developed, the force that drives a particular ion across the membrane is its 1. electrogenic pump. 2. concentration gradient. 3. chemical gradient. 4. electrochemical gradient. 5. electrical gradient.

4. electrochemical gradient.

Which cells make up the blood-brain barrier? 1. epithelial cells 2. astrocytes 3. Schwann cells 4. endothelial

4. endothelial

Which of the following substances requires mediated transport to cross the blood-brain barrier? 1. hydrogen ions 2. carbon dioxide 3. oxygen 4. glucose 5. ethanol

4. glucose

In which organs is the tetrodotoxin concentrated in the blowfish? 1. heart and lung 2. gills and eyes 3. intestines 4. liver and gonads

4. liver and gonads

When a neuron is at rest, the cytoplasmic (inside) side of the cell is ______. 1. uncharged 2. positively charged relative to the outside of the cell 3. neutral relative to the outside of the cell 4. negatively charged relative to the outside of the cell

4. negatively charged relative to the outside of the cell

The binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptor at an inhibitory synapse can lead to the ________ of ________ channels. 1. opening : sodium 2. opening : calcium 3. closing : chloride 4. opening : potassium 5. closure : potassium

4. opening : potassium

What portion of the nervous system provides communication between peripheral organs and the brain and spinal cord? 1. afferent nervous system 2. efferent nervous system 3. central nervous system 4. peripheral nervous system 5. somatic nervous system

4. peripheral nervous system

The three meninges from neural tissue to bone are 1. arachnoid mater, pia mater, and dura mater. 2. pia mater, dura mater, and arachnoid mater. 3. dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid mater. 4. pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater. 5. dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

4. pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater.

Based on the anatomical location of the blisters, which of Sarah's peripheral nerves is affected by this disease process? 1. tibial branch of the sciatic nerve 2. fibular branch of the sciatic nerve 3. obturator nerve 4. posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

4. posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

The central nervous system, which is composed of the brain and spinal cord, receives and processes information from both the external environment, known as __________ information and, the internal environment, which refers to __________ information. 1. special : somatic 2. peripheral : somatic 3. somatic : autonomic 4. sensory : visceral 5. somatic : visceral

4. sensory : visceral

The virus causing Sarah's health problems lies dormant in the dorsal root ganglion of cranial and spinal nerves. What cellular structure of the neuron would be found in the ganglion? 1. axolemma 2. Schwann cell 3. axon 4. soma (cell body)

4. soma (cell body)

When a weak stimulus is applied in rapid succession, it will often reach threshold due to 1. spatial summation. 2. voltage potential. 3. inhibitory summation. 4. temporal summation. 5. excitatory summation.

4. temporal summation.

Convergence in neurophysiology refers to which of the following? 1. the summation of graded potentials to determine whether or not an action potential will be generated 2. the presence of EPSPs and IPSPs on a neuron at the same time 3. the level of depolarization required to generate an action potential 4. the communication of several neurons to one postsynaptic cell 5. the arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal

4. the communication of several neurons to one postsynaptic cell

Which of the following has NOT been proposed as a function of sleep? 1. to enhance immune function 2. to facilitate long-term memory 3. to conserve energy 4. to clear short-term memory 5. mental practicing while dreaming

4. to clear short-term memory

One possible early warning sign for stroke, particularly the obstructive type, is the occasional occurrence of __________. 1. chest pain 2. blueness around the finger nails 3. neck pain 4. transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

4. transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

Information gathered about our internal environment (i.e., fullness of the stomach, blood pressure, etc.) is called ________ information. 1. somatic 2. sensory 3. afferent 4. visceral 5. efferent

4. visceral

Once a neuron has reached threshold voltage, the depolarization is a result of the opening of a __________. 1. leak channel 2. ligand-gated channel 3. pressure-gated channel 4. voltage-gated channel

4. voltage-gated channel

Which of the following is the correct term for the movement of an electrical charge across a membrane? 1. capacitance 2. resistance 3. transistor 4. potential difference 5. current

5. current

At the resting membrane potential, the electrochemical gradient for sodium across the membrane is such that the net flux for sodium movement is directed ________, thereby causing the cell's membrane potential to become more ________. 1. outward : negative 2. outward : positive 3. at equilibrium : positive 4. inward : negative 5. inward : positive

5. inward : positive

What is the function of gray matter in the CNS? 1. to carry information in tracts from the peripheral nervous system to the CNS 2. to speed up nerve transmission 3. to communicate between the different lobes of the brain 4. signals the brain centers to produce dopamine 5. neural integration and synaptic communication

5. neural integration and synaptic communication

If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside, 1. the receiving neuron immediately generates an action potential. 2. the receiving neuron is more likely to generate an action potential. 3. the sending neuron becomes more positive inside. 4. the sending neuron becomes more negative inside. 5. the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential.

5. the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential.

Which cranial nerve controls the muscles for chewing? 1. abducens 2. oculomotor 3. trochlear 4. glossopharyngeal 5. trigeminal

5. trigeminal

All that we learn is put into memory. True False

false

An action potential is triggered if the membrane potential at the axon hillock is depolarized to threshold. True False

False

At the resting membrane potential, a cell is at equilibrium. True False

False

The primary determinant of the resting membrane potential

K+ permeability

Double the number of closed channels for K+

Largely unchanged

Double the size of the cell, without adding channels

Largely unchanged

bradycardia

Low heart rate (< 60bpm)

hypoventilating

Low rate of breathing or volume of breathing

Decrease the concentration of Na+ outside the cell by half

More negative

Double the number of K+ leak channels

More negative

Double the concentration of K+ outside the cell

More positive

Triple the number of Na+ leak channels

More positive

Although it plays a role, it is not a primary determinant of the resting membrane potential

Na+ permeability

Membrane potential of −90 mV

The point at which there is no net movement of K+ into or out of the cell

Membrane potential of −70 mV

The resting membrane potential of the cell:

oxygen saturation

a measure of how much oxygen the blood is carrying as a percentage of the maximum it could carry .

cyanotic

blue or purple coloration of skin

motor dysfunction

difficulty moving

paresthesias

numbness or tingling sensation

Stress can come in the form of exercise, changes in the environment, and injury. True False

true

The cerebral cortex carries out the highest level of neural processing. True False

true

gastric lavage

washing out of stomach ("stomach pump")