Test 2 Quizes

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

. The central executive and the phonological loop b. The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad c. The phonological loop and long-term memory d. The central executive and long-term memory (d)

Which of the following statements is true of police lineups?

A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event. b. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares people in the lineup to each other. c. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness will make a relative judgment about all the suspects they saw. d. A simultaneous lineup decreases the chance of falsely identifying an innocent person as the perpetrator. (a)

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?

a. For his history course, Bruce is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered. b. Trevor is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology. c. Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up. d. Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day. (c)

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

a. Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory. b. Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events. c. People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing. d. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing. (d)

Katie and Inez are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00 - 11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Inez will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

a. State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one-hour class period. b. Inez will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect. c. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect. d. Katie and Inez should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis). (c)

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

a. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated. b. strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated. c. strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated. d. uninvolved in memory consolidation. (a)

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves

a. the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall. b. the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information. c. the same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly. d. different groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information. (b)

Which of the following sets of results shows evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task?

a. 30 % : 30% : 30% correct b. 20% : 50 % : 70% correct c. 80% : 40% : 30% correct d. 70% : 40% : 60% correct (c)

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

a. A build-up and release of proactive interference b. A partial-report procedure c. The cocktail party phenomenon d. The phonological similarity effect (a)

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?

a. Autobiographical memories are highly accurate from as early as 3 months of age. b. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content. c. It is not possible to have an autobiographical memory that has only semantic or episodic content but not both. d. When autobiographical memories are impaired, the episodic content contained within them will cause a blockage of access to related semantic content. (b)

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?

a. Graduating from college at age 22 b. Marrying at age 60 c. Having a child at age 45 d. Retiring from work at age 40 (a)

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

a. I remember seeing a volcano erupt in Hawaii last summer. b. I remember "volcano" was the first word on the list Juan read to me. c. I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes. d. I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt. (c)

Which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory?

a. I remember that more than 33% of U.S. drivers have admitted to using a cell phone when driving. b. I remember that experiments have shown that talking on cell phones can impair driving ability. c. I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability. d. None of the above (a, b, and c are all examples of semantic memory) (c)

Which of the following would most likely be a detailed long-term memory?

a. I was talking to that girl just before class. b. I just sat down. c. I talked to my cousin Amelia on the phone six months ago. d. I was talking to that boy three months ago. (a)

________ memories are those that we are not aware of.

a. Implicit b. Explicit c. Declarative d. All of the above (a)

____ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past.

a. Pragmatic inference b. Retroactive interference c. Feature integration d. Reminiscent memory (b)

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

a. Repetition priming b. Classical conditioning c. Procedural memory d. Semantic memory (d)

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

a. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory b. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory c. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with iconic memory d. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer (b)

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that

a. STM has a limited capacity. b. STM and LTM are independent components of memory. c. information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds. d. information in STM must be rehearsed to transfer into LTM. (c)

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

a. Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen b. Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit c. Trying to remember a map of the area d. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned (d)

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect

a. a failure of memory consolidation. b. Korsakoff's syndrome. c. temporary post-traumatic stress disorder. d. disrupted long-term potentiation. (a)

Kieran found that studying for his Spanish exam made it more difficult to remember some of the vocabulary words he had just studied for his French exam earlier in the day. This is an example of

a. a life-narrative confusion. b. a simultaneous presentation effect. c. retroactive interference. d. memory-trace replacement. (c)

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

a. before the event. b. during the event. c. after the event. d. all of the above (c)

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably

a. both rely most heavily on a semantic coding mechanism. b. are caused by different mechanisms that act independently. c. are caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other. d. represent different aspects of the same mechanism. (b)

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ____ of a list.

a. both the first and last words b. the first words c. the middle words d. the last words (a)

Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created

a. by the person whose memory will be tested. b. using visual images. c. by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective. d. by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective. (a)

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the

a. cognitive hypothesis. b. life-narrative hypothesis. c. narrative rehearsal hypothesis. d. reminiscence hypothesis. (c)

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a(n) _______ process in STM.

a. control b. coding c. iconic d. automatic (a)

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ____ is crucial for the formation of LTMs

a. deep processing b. synaptic consolidation c. the hippocampus d. vitamin B1 (c)

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

a. delayed response coding b. the STM recency effect c. the phonological loop d. the visuospatial sketch pad (d)

Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours and are making many mistakes. You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing

a. disinhibition. b. retroactive inhibition. c. the self-reference effect. d. release from proactive interference. (d)

In the movie Groundhog Day, Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again. With each "passing" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of

a. distributed practice. b. mental time travel. c. reconsolidation. d. repetition priming. (d)

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they

a. do not require attention. b. are difficult to modify. c. may differ from one task to another. d. are performed without conscious awareness. (c)

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called

a. elaborative rehearsal. b. personal semantic memory. c. episodic-based processing. d. transfer-appropriate processing. (d)

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of _____ on memory.

a. encoding specificity b. source misattributions c. repeated rehearsal of distinctive names d. schemas (b)

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

a. misinformation b. constructive c. source d. event-specific (b)

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the

a. multiple trace hypothesis. b. spacing effect. c. generation effect. d. cued recall effect. (c)

Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill's memory is declining over the course of the week because other information she encounters is "competing" with that which she memorized on Monday. This process is called

a. episodic buffering. b. chunking. c. anterograde amnesia. d. proactive interference. (d)

If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has _____ memory.

a. exceptional short-term b. normal short-term c. an absence of sensory d. poor short-term (d)

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

a. fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories. b. memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus. c. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed. d. memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred. (c)

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to get rid of the recency effect is to

a. have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list. b. have participants say "la, la, la" while studying the list. c. have participants see the words on a screen, rather than hear them. d. present the list more slowly. (a)

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the _____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

a. hippocampus b. amygdala c. occipital lobe d. prefrontal cortex (d)

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI

a. if the MPI is consistent with social stereotypes. b. if they believe the postevent information is correct. c. only if the MPI is presented immediately after viewing the event. d. even if they are told to ignore the postevent information. (d)

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ____ memory does not depend on conscious memory.

a. implicit and procedural b. declarative and non-declarative c. semantic and episodic d. personal semantic and remote (a)

Elementary school students in the U.S. are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of

a. implicit memory. b. elaborative rehearsal. c. a self-reference effect. d. repetition priming. (b)

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup,

a. increasing the number of fillers from 5 to 7 actually decreases the rate of false positive identifications. b. increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects. c. decreasing the number of fillers from 6 to 3 actually increases the rate of false positive identifications. d. increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of erroneous identification of innocent people. (b)

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests

a. intact procedural memory but defective semantic memory. b. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory. c. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. d. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. (d)

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects

a. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. b. intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory. c. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. d. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory. (c)

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that

a. it is enhanced by the self-reference effect. b. people use it strategically to enhance memory for events. c. we are not conscious we are using it. d. it always leads to episodic memory for events. (c)

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

a. it is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in a lineup. b. despite public misconception, eyewitnesses are usually very accurate when selecting a perpetrator from a lineup. c. when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong. d. highly confident eyewitnesses are usually accurate. (c)

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

a. larger electrical impulses in the synapse. b. an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons. c. the growth of new dendrites in neurons. d. increased firing in the neurons. (d)

STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two)

a. letters. b. words. c. sentences. d. meaningful units. (d)

The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with

a. long-term potentiation. b. changes in specialized areas of the brain. c. changes at the synapse. d. both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation. (d)

The primary effect of chunking is to

a. maximize the recency effect. b. develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information. c. increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound. d. increase the efficiency of short-term memory. (d)

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and

a. people's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy). b. rehearsal cannot account for them. c. extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate. d. they are permanent and resist forgetting. (c)

The predominant type of coding in LTM is

a. phonological. b. visual. c. concrete. d. semantic. (d)

Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND

a. pointing to the word "no" for each word that is a noun and "yes" for each word that is not a noun? b. pointing to the word "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun? c. saying "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun? d. saying "no" for each word that is a noun and "yes" for each word that is not a noun? (b)

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a(n) ____ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified.

a. precued b. immediate c. simultaneous d. sequential (c)

When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds her 20-year-old wedding photo album. As she flips through the pictures, she starts to cry joyful tears. Seeing the photos and rekindling the emotions of her wedding day most likely activated her

a. prefrontal cortex. b. thalamus. c. medial temporal lobe. d. amygdala. (d)

Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to

a. proactive interference. b. a recency effect. c. a release from proactive interference. d. your overloading the phonological loop. (a)

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories.

a. recent episodic b. remote semantic c. recent and remote episodic d. recent and remote semantic (c)

According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of

a. remote, semantic memories. b. remote, episodic memories. c. remote procedural memories. d. state-dependent memories. (b)

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

a. repeated reproduction. b. narrative rehearsal. c. cryptomnesia. d. repeated recall. (c)

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because

a. saying "la, la, la" forces participants to use visual encoding. b. elaborative rehearsal helps transfer information into LTM. c. talking makes the longer words seem even longer. d. saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop. (d)

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory.

a. schemas b. confabulation c. scripts d. bias (a)

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that

a. short-term memory has unlimited capacity. b. short-term memory consists of a number of components. c. working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information. d. working memory has unlimited capacity. (c)

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on

a. source misattributions. b. shallow processing. c. narrative rehearsal. d. cultural expectations. (d)

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is

a. stored. b. consolidated. c. retrieved. d. encoded. (d)

Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the

a. synapse. b. neurotransmitters. c. postsynaptic neuron. d. presynaptic neuron. (b)

One way to ensure that a person does not remember that a word was presented to them in the past (when testing priming) is to

a. test patients with amnesia. b. utilize proactive interference when administering the memory task. c. employ multiple rounds of repetition priming. d. use backward instead of forward priming. (a)

The word-length effect reveals that

a. the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity. b. STM digit span remains constant across native speakers of different languages. c. longer words are typically more distinctive and easier to retrieve from LTM than shorter words. d. working memory's central executive processes verbal information differently than visual/image information. (a)

Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on

a. the physical features of the word. b. the category of a word. c. the meaning of a word. d. the pleasantness of a word. (a)

People who suffer from alcohol abuse may suffer from ________ brought on by Korsakoff's syndrome, and be unable to form new long-term memories.

a. the serial effect b. agnosia c. the primacy effect d. amnesia (d)

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

a. the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself. b. the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event. c. the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event. d. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event. (d)

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

a. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task. b. the rememberer generates his own retrieval cues. c. imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into LTM. d. there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material. (a)

According to your text, when students are asked the top functions for which they use their memories, all but which of the following are commonly identified?

a. their daily schedule b. remembering names and phone numbers c. learning material for exams d. labeling familiar objects (d)

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is

a. transfer-appropriate processing. b. memory consolidation. c. state-dependent learning. d. encoding. (d)

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

a. young adulthood and middle age. b. adolescence and young adulthood. c. childhood and middle age. d. childhood and adolescence. (b)

Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw about ____ percent of the 12 letters in the display.

a. 12 b. 65 c. 82 d. 36 (c)