Test 3

Which of the following does Carol Gilligan believe forms the basis of moral reasoning in women?

responsibility and care

According to research, which of the following best describes self-control?

stable over time

At about __________ year(s) of age, children first become aware that people impose demands on them and that they are not entirely free to behave as they wish.

1

Self-awareness is usually well-established by the age of

2 years

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding aggression and children?

Aggressive behavior is more common among children living in economically advantaged areas than among children living in poverty.

Your niece is 7 months old and you are about to meet her for the first time. You are concerned that she will be afraid of you and want to minimize the chance that meeting you will cause her stranger anxiety. What would you do?

Arrange to see her for the first time in an environment that is familiar to her.

If Bill and Mary are typical parents of a baby, which of the following is most likely to be true?

Bill is likely to spend more time playing with their baby than taking care of him

CHAPTER 10

CHAPTER 10

CHAPTER 11

CHAPTER 11

CHAPTER 12

CHAPTER 12

Which of the following statements correctly illustrates the cultural differences in emotional expression for American and Asian children?

In many Asian countries, outward displays of emotions are discouraged in favor of emotional restraint.

Which of the following children is LEAST likely to engage in prosocial behavior?

Devinia, who is discouraged by her parents from volunteering at the YMCA

Who is likely to have the highest self-esteem?

John, who works hard in school

Basic emotions (8)

Joy, anger, surprise, interest, disgust, distress, sadness and fear

Who is most likely to reach achievement status?

Kathryn, whose parents encourage her to explore alternatives on her own

Who is in Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning?

Linda, whose moral reasoning is based on the approval of other people

Two-year-old Chris "helps" his dad change the oil in the car and ends up with a black oil streak on his cheek. When they come into the house, his dad takes him into the bathroom to clean up. Based on what you know about self-awareness in 2-year-olds, what would you expect Chris to do when he looks in the mirror?

Reach up and touch the black spot on his cheek.

Which of the following statements concerning Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is TRUE?

The stages occur in an invariant sequence.

Which of the following is an example of instrumental aggression?

Tony pushed Joyce out of the way so that he can get to the swing first

Which of the following is NOT a way in which the family impacts aggressive behavior?

When parents monitor their children's behavior, this is associated with more frequent aggression.

William is an aggressive child. Chad is NOT an aggressive child. Which of the following would you expect to find?

William is more likely than Chad to be accused of misbehaviors, even when he is behaving appropriately.

Adolescent egocentrism is characterized by

a belief that they are the focus of others' thinking

Individuals who have explored alternatives and have deliberately chosen a specific identity are in Marcia's __________ identity status.

achievement

The set of expectations that infants form about parents' availability and responsiveness generally and in times of stress is referred to as

an internal working model

Which of the following emerges first?

anger

Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory for

applying more to men than to women.

Research suggests that children who are highly aggressive

are more likely than less aggressive children to commit criminal offenses when they get older.

Compared to other children, children with low self-esteem

are more prone to psychological disorders such as depression.

Nicolette is starting to respond preferentially to her mother than to other people. She is soothed more quickly by her mom, but still enjoys attention from almost anyone. She does not yet exhibit stranger anxiety. Bowlby would consider Nicolette to be in which stage of the development of attachment?

attachment in the making

When Aida's mother left her with a new babysitter, Aida was not upset. When her mother returned, Aida ignored her. Aida appears to have a(n) __________ attachment to her mother.

avoidant

The foundation or first step of developing a self-concept occurs when children

become aware that they exist independently of other people and objects in the environment.

Eight-year-old Megan reads a sentence such as "You are home all alone," and is asked how she would feel in the situation. Megan is likely to believe that this situation

can make a person feel both good and bad at the same time.

Culturally specific standards for appropriate expressions of emotion in a particular setting or with a particular person or persons are known as

display rules

Irina is a happy, cheerful baby who adjusts well to new situations. She sleeps, eats, and toilets on a regular schedule. Thomas and Chess would categorize Irina's temperament as

easy

When children have one European American parent and the other is African American, Asian American, or Hispanic, children tend to adopt the

ethnic minority identity

Stella is a depressed adolescent. She is likely to

have reduced levels of neurotransmitters.

The evolutionary perspective on attachment is that it

increases the infant's likelihood of survival.

One of the first signs of fear in an infant often occurs when

infants are in the presence of an unfamiliar adult

Basic emotions definition

involve a subjective feeling, A physiological change, an overt behavior

Complex emotions

involve feelings of success when one's standards or expectations are met and feelings of failure when they aren't.

The regulation of emotions

involves the use of cognitive strategies (e.g., reminding oneself to ignore something) in school-age children and adolescents.

Annie has a disorganized (disoriented) attachment relationship with her mother. In the Strange Situation she

may be confused when her mother leaves and not really understand what's happening when she returns.

On Laurel's 16th birthday, her parents gave her a new car and a Republican bumper sticker. Laurel was happy to accept the car, but didn't want to display the bumper sticker. She had begun to read and think about different political parties and, although she hadn't yet decided which political party she supported, she didn't want to be a Republican just because her parents were. In terms of her political beliefs, Laurel appears to be in Marcia's __________ identity status.

moratorium

Abby is 6 years old while Sheena is 13 years old. Compared to Abby's self-description, Sheena's self-description is likely to be

more abstract

Prejudice

often increases in adolescence as adolescents search for identity

Studies link children's prosocial behavior to several parental behaviors. Which of the following factors is associated with the LEAST amount of prosocial behavior in children?

parents who use physical punishment rather than reasoning to discipline their children

When Kylie's mother left her at the babysitter's house, Kylie was upset and cried. When Kylie's mother returned, Kylie was still angry and would not be consoled by her mother. Which type of attachment does Kylie seem to have?

resistant

At which level of Kohlberg's moral reasoning is reasoning governed by personal, moral principles?

postconventional level

Michael decided that hugging his grandmother was a good thing to do, because every time he did, she gave him a piece of candy. Michael is in Kohlberg's __________ level of moral reasoning.

preconventional

A child who judges whether an act is good in terms of the physical consequences of reward and punishment is reasoning at which of Kohlberg's levels?

preconventional level

Actions that benefit others are called __________ behaviors.

prosocial

The attitudes, behaviors, and values that a person believes make him or her a unique individual are referred to as the person's

self-concept

Heather really wanted to eat a piece of candy, but her mother had told her not to eat anything before dinner so she didn't. Heather's ability to resist the temptation to eat the candy shows

self-control

During the elementary school years

self-esteem usually drops

preschoolers

show limited altruistic behavior because they don't always know what they can do to help others.

You have noticed that your sister's baby, Carrie, is relatively inactive and is typically unhappy. She typically shows a mild dislike for new foods and unfamiliar places, but is NOT upset by unfamiliar situations. After reading about Thomas and Chess's temperament classifications, you decide that Carrie has a(n) __________ temperament.

slow-to-warm-up

When 1-year-old Kim was shown a new toy, she looked at her mother who appeared to be afraid of the toy. Kim became distressed and moved away from the toy. Kim used __________ to regulate her own behavior.

social referencing

Rebecca responded to the Heinz dilemma by saying "Heinz shouldn't steal the drug because stealing is against the law and our society has to outlaw theft in order to be a good place to live." Rebecca is in Kohlberg's __________ stage of moral reasoning.

social system morality

Fifteen-year-old Gerald realizes that a third person's perspective is influenced by broader personal, social, and cultural contexts. Gerald is in Selman's __________ stage of perspective-taking.

societal

Evidence for growing self-awareness between the ages of 18 and 24 months includes the fact that children of this age

sometimes know their age and gender

An infant's consistent mood and style of behavior is called

temperament

Sixteen-year-old Edward is sexually active, but doesn't practice safe sex. He thinks becoming infected with AIDS is something that would happen to other people, but not to him. Which of the following concepts best explains Edward's belief?

the illusion of invulnerability

Fifteen-year-old Angela's belief that she is, in effect, an actor whose performance is watched constantly by her peers is a phenomenon referred to as

the imaginary audience

Teenagers' tendency to believe that their experiences and feelings are unique, and that no one has ever felt or thought as they do is known as

the personal fable