test 3 ap
Which of the following contains the most energy that can be used to make ATP? 1 gram of protein 1 gram of fat 1 gram of carbohydrate 1 gram of muscle
1 gram of fat
What is the primary function of cellular respiration? to produce proteins to oxidize glucose to metabolize nutrients to regenerate ATP
to regenerate ATP
Which of the following is the primary physiological function of the large intestine? primary digestion of food mechanical breakdown of food water absorption and feces elimination nutrient absorption
water absorption and feces elimination
Peristaltic waves are ________. pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work? glucose ATP water O2
ATP
Which of the following is NOT considered a nutrient? carbohydrates vitamins ATP minerals
ATP
T/F: A growing child is likely to exhibit negative nitrogen balance.
False, people in physical stress present with a negative nitrogen balance.
Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth. Vagus stimulation of the stomach results in decreased secretion of gastric juice. The presence of food in the stomach prevents hormonal control of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is enhanced by very low pH (below a pH of 2).
Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth.
__________ is the key hormone regulator of the post-absorptive state. Parathyroid hormone Insulin Cortisol Glucagon
Glucagon raises the blood glucose level and is the key hormone used to handle the post-absorptive state.
Which of the following pathways is INCORRECTLY matched with a description? citric acid cycle: aerobic pathway Gluconeogenesis: using glucose to build noncarbohydrate structures anabolism: building larger molecules from smaller ones glycolysis: anaerobic respiration
Gluconeogenesis is the opposite of that statement; noncarbohydrate sources are used to build glucose.
T/F: Glycogenesis occurs when ATP levels are high and glucose is abundant.
Glycogenesis is the process of forming glycogen. This occurs when energy levels are high and glucose can be spared.
__________ is the conversion of acetyl CoA into ketone bodies. Ketogenesis Lipogenesis Lipolysis Beta oxidation
Ketogenesis
__________ are considered "bad" cholesterol; high blood levels are believed to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Chylomicrons HDLs VLDLs LDLs
LDLs
Which of the following is NOT catabolic? lipogenesis lipolysis beta-oxidation of fatty acids glycolysis
Lipogenesis is the synthesis, or anabolic process, of building triglycerides.
Which statement describes the citric acid cycle? This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose.
This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.
All but one of the following is a function of the low pH found in the stomach. Select the description below that does not reflect the role of stomach acid. Stomach acid denatures proteins making the polypeptide chain more accessible to pepsin digestive enzymes. Low pH converts pepsinogen to its active form, pepsin. Many potentially harmful bacteria will be prevented entry to the small intestine by stomach acid. The stomach's acid catabolically breaks down foodstuffs in preparation for absorption.
The stomach's acid catabolically breaks down foodstuffs in preparation for absorption.
A patient has esophageal cancer and must have a feeding tube inserted. The nurse tells the patient that the tube will be inserted surgically into the duodenum. The patient's wife asks why the tube will not be inserted into the stomach. What should the nurse say? There is less risk of vomiting, which could cause complications. Digestion is also completed in the small intestines, so there is no need to have a liquid food diet. Insertion of a tube into the stomach will likely cause gastric ulcers. Contraction of the muscles in the stomach wall will interfere with the delivery of food through the tube. The stomach's acid will digest the tube, leading to possible infections through the degraded tube.
There is less risk for vomiting, which could cause complications. Digestion is also completed in the small intestines, so there is no need for the stomach with a liquid food diet.
Which of the following constitute a portal triad? three lobules sharing a common central vein the porta hepatis the hepatic artery and two hepatic veins a bile duct along with a portal venule and arteriole
a bile duct along with a portal venule and arteriole
Which of these best describes a lacteal? special capillaries in the villi designed for absorbing food effectively a projection of the small intestine wall designed to increase surface area a lymphatic vessel designed to help introduce fats to the blood a deep pocket in the intestinal wall where endocrine and antimicrobial cells are located
a lymphatic vessel designed to help introduce fats to the blood
Which nutrients function primarily as an energy source for cells? electrolytes minerals carbohydrates vitamins
carbohydrates
Which of the following nutrients is NOT matched with its use in the body? lipids: major energy source for skeletal muscle and hepatocytes carbohydrates: hormones vitamins: act as coenzymes proteins: structural materials in the body
carbohydrates: hormones Proteins and lipids both are used to synthesize hormones, but not carbohydrates.
Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________. goblet cells of the small intestine parietal cells of the duodenum chief cells of the stomach Brunner's glands
chief cells of the stomach
Which nutrient molecule CANNOT be used in the oxidative pathways? cholesterol protein fatty acids glucose
cholesterol
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________. distribute hormones throughout the body carry toxins to the kidney for disposal through the urinary tract collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low
collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver
Which of the following is NOT true of saliva? moistens food and aids in compacting the bolus contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of carbohydrates cleanses the mouth contains acids that aid in chemical digestion
contains acids that aid in chemical digestion
Which hormone promotes protein catabolism? glucagon thyroid hormone cortisol insulin
cortisol is involved in helping cope with turning to protein and fat breakdown in order to spare limited glucose available if one is injured and unable to eat
A doctor consulting a patient that recently has had their gall bladder removed would likely advise ________. eating foods that are low in fat increasing unsaturated fats while eliminating trans fats in their diets fewer, but larger meals a low to no carb diet
eating foods that are low in fat
he hyperglycemia that occurs during diabetes mellitus is accompanied by ______. an elevated rate of glycolysis in blood plasma due to the elevated level of glucose in the plasma a reduced rate of glycolysis in blood plasma due to the elevated level of glucose in the plasma reduced rates of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis ketosis
ketosis
Bile salts bind at their hydrophobic regions to large fat globules within the chyme that enters the duodenum. Bile salts break up the fat globule into smaller fat droplets. This role of bile salts is best described as ________. lipid ingestion lipid absorption lipid emulsification lipid digestion
lipid emulsification
Digestion and absorption of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged? lipids starches carbohydrates proteins
lipids
Bile is produced by the __________ under hormonal influence of __________. gallbladder; CCK pancreas; secretin liver; secretin small intestine; CCK
liver; secretin
Which of the following propels food residue over large areas of the colon three to four times a day? defecation reflex Valsalva's maneuver mass movement haustral contractions
mass movement
How would you classify chewing food? digestion ingestion mechanical breakdown propulsion
mechanical breakdown
The citric acid cycle occurs in the __________ of cells and is an __________ process. mitochondria; aerobic cytosol; anaerobic mitochondria; anaerobic cytosol; aerobic
mitochondria; aerobic
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain? chloroplast mitochondrion nucleus Golgi apparatus
mitochondrion
Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier? thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cells secretion of pepsinogen replacing of damaged epithelial mucosa cells
secretion of pepsinogen
Which digestive process does NOT occur in the mouth? ingestion mechanical breakdown segmentation digestion
segmentation
Generally the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin which are released by duodenal enteroendocrine cells will ________. slow the activities of the stomach speed the churning of the stomach speed the activity of the jejunum increases the output of stomach acid
slow the activities of the stomach
Where does the process of segmentation occur? small intestine esophagus rectum stomach
small intestine
The bolus is liquefied in the ________ and it is now called chyme. mouth stomach small intestine esophagus
stomach
Which layer of the alimentary canal contains not only glands and blood vessels but also a nerve plexus that helps regulate digestive activity? mucosa muscularis externa serosa submucosa
submucosa
The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task? the vast array of digestive enzymes villi, and microvilli Brunner's glands and Peyer Patches the rugae and haustra
villi, and microvilli
Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin? vitamin A vitamin K vitamin D vitamin B
vitamin B is water soluble
Which of the following is NOT correctly matched in regards to BMR (basal metabolic rate)? low thyroxine: low BMR younger age: lower BMR high body temperature (nonfever): higher BMR increased stress: increased BMR
younger age: lower BMR younger = higher BMR
Most absorption of nutrients occurs in the __________. large intestine jejunum stomach duodenum
jejunum
The enterohepatic circulation reabsorbs bile salts in the distal portion of the small intestine (ileum). All of the following statements about enterohepatic circulation are true EXCEPT one. Select the statement below that is not true of the enterohepatic circulation. Reabsorption of bile salts reduces the need to synthesize new bile salts Reabsorbing bile salts in the ileum gives more time to emulsify lipids and aid in their absorption within a greater length of the small intestine. All of the components of bile are recycled by this circulation. The reabsorption of bile salts allows them to be reused within new bile.
All of the components of bile are recycled by this circulation.
__________ refers to reactions in which small molecules are used to build larger molecules. Catabolism Carboxylation Anabolism Metabolism
Anabolism
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? A B12 C K
B12
__________ is the energy (kilocalories consumed) that the body uses to perform only its most essential activities. Basal metabolic rate Chemical thermogenesis Total metabolic rate Food-induced thermogenesis
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile. Bile functions to emulsify fats. Bile contains enzymes for digestion. Bile functions to carry bilirubin formed from breakdown of worn-out RBCs. Bile is both an excretory product and a digestive secretion.
Bile contains enzymes for digestion.
The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur? Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum. The acid secretions from the stomach would be sufficient to digest this food but may cause heartburn. Increased production of trypsinogen. This type of food would cause secretion of gastrin to cease, resulting in faster gastric emptying.
Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum.
Which of these happens during the post-absorptive state? Fat reserves are built. Blood glucose levels are maintained within an adequate range. Glycogen is formed. Glucose is broken down in the liver.
Blood glucose levels are maintained within an adequate range.
What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration? 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 → 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 CO2
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy
Which of the following is the best illustration of the difference between metabolism and digestion? Digestions must happen first for metabolism to follow it. Metabolism comprises all of the chemical reactions performed within the body while digestion is only the breakdown of food within the GI tract. Digestion has a wide variety of chemical reactions while metabolism is restricted to only a few reaction types. Digestion requires enzymes for it to take place while metabolism does not necessarily need or use them.
Metabolism comprises all of the chemical reactions performed within the body while digestion is only the breakdown of food within the GI tract.
hich of the following is not a product of cellular respiration? ATP (H2O) (CO2) (O2)
O2
Which of the following best describes the capillary wall structure found in the liver lobules? The walls are continuous, only allowing small molecules and water to pass through. The walls only allow water to pass through. The walls have windows that allow small proteins to pass through but not cells. The capillary walls have openings that allow large proteins and small cells to pass through.
The capillary walls have openings that allow large proteins and small cells to pass through.
Select the best explanation for why protease enzymes are secreted in inactive forms. Inactive enzymes will simply be expelled with the feces if no protein is present in the digesting food, this will help to conserve energy. The immunoglobulins protecting the digestive tract would be digested without proper regulation of protein-digesting enzymes. The enzymes would digest each other if they were not properly regulated. The cells producing inactive enzymes are themselves protected from the enzymes until they are safely within the lumen of the GI tract.
The cells producing inactive enzymes are themselves protected from the enzymes until they are safely within the lumen of the GI tract.
How is ATP used in our bodies? It is used to create more energy. It is converted to ADP for storage and later use. The energy released from ATP is converted into kinetic energy to do work. ATP is used to make potential energy.
The energy released from ATP is converted into kinetic energy to do work.
Which statement describes glycolysis? This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA.
This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
Which statement describes the electron transport chain? This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.
Which major process involves the removal of water from intestinal contents? ingestion absorption defecation mechanical breakdown
absorption
Growth and repair involve primarily what type of reactions? anabolic It depends on which body or cell part is growing or repairing. catabolic
anabolic
Which of the following is NOT a secretion of the pancreas? nutrient enzymes insulin bile bicarbonate
bile
Which of the following occurs when water is released (lost) during a reaction? dehydration hydrolysis catabolic synthesis dehydration synthesis catabolic hydrolysis
dehydration synthesis
T/F: The only essential function of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins.
false
T/F: Pepsinogen is the precursor to the gastric enzyme for protein digestion and is secreted by the parietal cells.
false, made by chief cells
What type of blood capillary located in this sublayer is uniquely suited for absorption of nutrient material? lacteals continuous fenestrated sinusoidal
fenestrated
Although both conditions share the common characteristic of elevated body temperature, hyperthermia is technically different from fever because ______. hyperthermia is a condition in which the temperature is higher than in fever fever is a condition in which there is a change in the body's temperature set-point hyperthermia is a condition in which pyrogens act to increase body temperature fever is a condition in which the metabolic rate is increased to a level higher than in hyperthermia
fever is a condition in which there is a change in the body's temperature set-point
The energy stored in ATP comes from which of the following? adenosine triphosphate kinetic energy heat food molecules
food molecules
Unitary smooth muscle is found in all hollow organs except for the heart. What structure do both heart muscle and unitary smooth muscle share that allows them to contract as a functional group? caveolae T tubules epimysium gap junctions
gap junctions
Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell? glucose ATP water O2
glucose
Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration. citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis → acetyl CoA glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis glycolysis → citric acid cycle → acetyl CoA → electron transport chain
glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? citric acid cycle glycolysis ATP production by ATP synthase electron transport chain
glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, takes place in the cytosol
Which cells in the small intestine's mucosa secrete mucus? enteroendocrine cells enterocytes goblet cells Paneth cells
goblet cells
The __________ circulation drains all of the organs of the digestive system. peritoneal visceral splanchnic hepatic portal
hepatic portal
Which brain region is the main integrating center for thermoregulation? medulla oblongata thalamus cerebrum hypothalamus
hypothalamus
What stomach secretion is needed to produce mature erythrocytes? gastric lipase intrinsic factor gastric amylase pepsinogen
intrinsic factor
Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It ________. does not contain villi exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli is longer than the small intestine has pocket-like sacs called haustra
is longer than the small intestine
A ruptured appendix is life threatening because ________. the large intestine will no longer be able to receive digested material from the small intestine it is likely to cause massive infection of the abdominopelvic cavity it is likely to cause severe internal bleeding loss of the appendix's function will cause an immune deficiency in the digestive system
it is likely to cause massive infection of the abdominopelvic cavity
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen. serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis? mucosa muscularis externa serosa submucosa
muscularis externa
Which layer of the digestive tract controls digestive propulsion? mucosa muscularis externa serosa submucosa
muscularis externa
What is a major function of pancreatic juice? neutralizing chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach acidifying the contents of the stomach emulsifying fats by breaking them into smaller pieces acidifying the contents of the small intestine
neutralizing chyme
Some antacid drugs block histamine receptors, resulting in reduction of the production and excretion of stomach acid. These drugs have the biggest effect on which of the following? chief cells surface epithelial cells mucous neck cells parietal cells
parietal cells secrete stomach acid
What control mechanism opens the gastroesophageal sphincter? pH changes in the esophagus detection of nutrients in the esophagus peristalsis in the esophagus constriction of the upper esophageal sphincter
peristalsis in the esophagus
Hepatocytes do not ________. store fat-soluble vitamins process nutrients detoxify toxic chemicals produce digestive enzymes
produce digestive enzymes
The function of the goblet cells is to ________. provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion secrete buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to neutral absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use
produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion
Chief cells ________. produce pepsinogen produce mucin produce gastrin produce HCl
produce pepsinogen
Metabolism includes both anabolism and catabolism. In hyperthyroidism, the metabolic rate is increased because ______. anabolic reactions are increased in muscles and bones catabolic reactions are decreased in muscles and bones the rate of exergonic reactions is increased atrophied tissues (e.g., muscle tissue) compensate for their decreased mass by increasing their synthesis of macromolecules
the rate of exergonic reactions is increased
T/F: All the chemical and mechanical phases of digestion and mechanical breakdown from the mouth through the small intestine are directed toward changing food into forms that can pass through the epithelial cells lining the mucosa into the underlying blood and lymphatic vessels.
true
T/F: Fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach through hormonal and neuronal signals.
true
T/F: Peyer's patches are found in the submucosa of the distal end of the small intestine.
true
T/F: Some of the microbes that often invade other organs of the body are rarely found in the stomach. The reason for this is the presence of HCl.
true
T/F: The circular folds of the small intestine enhance absorption by causing the chyme to spiral, rather than to move in a straight line, as it passes through the small intestine.
true
T/F: The digestive function of the liver is to produce bile.
true
T/F: The major means of propulsion through the alimentary canal is peristalsis.
true
T/F: The major role of absorption in the ileum is to reclaim bile salts to be recycled back to the liver.
true
T/F: The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function.
true
T/F: When swallowing, the epiglottis covers the larynx.
true
Ammonia, which is a byproduct of protein metabolism, is converted to __________ primarily in the __________. ketones; kidney urea; kidney urea; liver ketones; liver
urea; liver