Test 3 - Chapters 6, 7, 8, 10
A ______ evaluation is a process evaluation, and a ____ is an outcome evaluation. A. formative; summative B. summative; formative C. formative; formative D. summative; summative
A
A major source of reputable systematic reviews with meta-analysis related to oral health and other healthcare topics is __________. A. Cochrane collaboration B. pub-med C. heathy 2030
A
Any variable that should be controlled because it can influence how the independent variable affects the dependent variable is: A. relevant B. independent C. dependent D. extraneous
A
Each of the following is a facet of the cultural competence education model EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? A. ethnocentricity B. knowledge C. skill D. self-exploration
A
The dental hygiene school in your nonfluorinated community has received a 3-year federal grant from the U.S. Public Health Service to establish a pilot school-based interprofessional collaborative health center in a Title I elementary school that also has a Head Start program. The community is classified as a medical and dental health professional shortage area by HRSA, which provided the basis for the funding. The program will include oral health education, primary oral disease prevention services, and dental treatment. As the newly employed dental hygienist at the school, you will supervise dental hygiene students on-site at the elementary school and in the clinic. Which program is the most likely source of funding for dental treatment in the school clinic? A. medicaid B. medicare C. head start D. women, infants, and children (WIC) program
A
Which of the following Heath Promotion Theories involves the concept of reciprocal determinism? A. social learning theory B. health belief model C. community organization theory D. stages of change theory
A
Which of the following includes a summary of the data, a description of that statistical analysis, justification of the statistical tests used, results of the statistical analysis, and a statement of the statistical decision? A. results B. abstract C. discussion D. methods and materials
A
Which of the following is the application of "Issue Selection" according to the Community Organization Theory? A. assist community members in examining how they can communicate the concerns and whether success is likely B. help the community set goals within the context of preexisting goals and encourage active participation C. work with the community to identify problems, create consensus, and reach goals D. give tools and responsibility to individuals and communities for making decisions that affect them
A
Which of the following is the most effective population-based means of preventing dental caries? A. community water fluoridation B. dental sealants C. toothpaste containing fluoride D. oral health education programs
A
Which of the following is the third rim of the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence? A. family B. community C. global society D. person
A
Which of the following is true of a histogram? A. used to depict frequencies of continuous data B. interact with the reader's verbal system C. works best when the data presentation is used to look up individual values D. The bars do not touch
A
Which of the following is true of the Health Belief Model (HBM)? A. it is strictly information-based B. it accounts for individual determinants of heath decisions C. it considers economic influences on health behaviors D. it accounts for habitual behaviors
A
Which of the following is true regarding the use of plain language for the improvement of health literacy? A. Plain language is clear writing without unnecessary words or expressions B. plain language is "talking down" to the reader C. plain language is a method of "dumbing down" the information D. plain language is unprofessional writing
A
Which of the following perceptions must be adopted first according to the Health Belief Model (HBM)? A. the individual is susceptible to the disease or condition B. the recommended action will prevent the disease or condition C. the costs or negative aspects of the preventive action are outweighed by the benefits D. the disease or condition is serious
A
Which of the following perceptions must be adopted last according to the Health Belief Model (HBM)? A. the individual is susceptible to the disease or condition B. the recommended action will prevent the disease or condition C. the costs or negative aspects of the preventive action are outweighed by the benefits D. the disease or condition is serious
A
Which of the following professional presentations is usually part of a session or a panel with a theme? A. presentation of an oral paper of panel discussion B. web-based presentation C. presentation of a poster display D. presentation of a roundtable discussion
A
Which of the following steps of the "Program Planning Process" for a community corresponds to the planning step of the "Dental Hygiene Process of Care" for an individual patient:? A. develop an measurable process and outcomes objectives to assess progress in addressing the health issues B. select and plan effective health interventions to help achieve the objectives C. identify the primary health issues D. implement the interventions
A
Which of the following types of scales of measurement is considered the most complex? A. ratio B. interval C. ordinal D. nominal
A
the mneumonic LEARN stands for: A. listen, explain, acknowledge, recommend, and negotiate B. learn, experience, ask, research, and negotiate
A
You can use all of the following except one as a resource to help establish Dental homes for individuals in this population. Which is the exception?
Administration for children and families (ACF)
Behaviors are adapted and implemented through self-exploration/awareness and skill development. The development of skills and knowledge affects perception about people of diverse cultures. Attitude is explored, enhanced, and broadened by self-exploration/awareness of and increased knowledge about diversity and the importance of culture to our daily lives
All statements are true
Which dental hygiene service provided by the dental hygiene students is considered the most effective, best practice for the prevention of dental caries?
Application of fluoride varnish on children's teeth
All of the following are components of establishing this oral health initiative except one. Which is the exception?
Assurance
A ________ is a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of events or situations by specifying relations among variables to explain and predict the events or situations. A. hypothesis B. theory C. null hypothesis D. good idea
B
A one-time educational intervention without follow-up is effective for: A. long-term retention of knowledge, but not for behavior change B. neither long-term retention of knowledge nor behavior change C. behavior change, but not for long-term retention of knowledge D. both long-term retention of knowledge and behavior change
B
According to the Center for Health Care Strategies, an estimated __ million Americans are considered to have low health literacy. A. 10 B. 90 C. 25 D. 70
B
Conceptual frameworks or models are also known as: A. hypothesis B. theory C. null hypothesis D. good idea
B
In 2015, the Public Health Service recommended that the optimal fluoride level be changed to 0.7 mg/L for all of the following reasons EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. a trend of increasing prevalence of fluorosis in the population attributed to the multiple sources of fluoride. B. global warming C. the controlled climatic environment with air-conditioning D. An increase in access to multiple sources of fluoride
B
Mixed-methods research uses ____ research methods to answer the research question. A. neither quantitative nor qualitative B. both quantitative and qualitative C. qualitative but not quantitative D. quantitative but not qualitative
B
Pointing out strengths, using persuasion and encouragement, and approaching behavioral changes in small steps are all part of which of the following concepts of Social Learning Theory? A. behavioral capability B. self-efficacy C. reinforcement D. observational learning
B
The association of State and Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD) recommends targeting _______ for the placement of dental sealants? A. primary anterior teeth B. permanent molars C. permanent anterior teeth D. primary molars
B
The dental hygiene school in your nonfluorinated community has received a 3-year federal grant from the U.S. Public Health Service to establish a pilot school-based interprofessional collaborative health center in a Title I elementary school that also has a Head Start program. The community is classified as a medical and dental health professional shortage area by HRSA, which provided the basis for the funding. The program will include oral health education, primary oral disease prevention services, and dental treatment. As the newly employed dental hygienist at the school, you will supervise dental hygiene students on-site at the elementary school and in the clinic. The program goal is to improve the oral health of the school-age children. Which of the following instructional objectives for the educational component in the second-grade class is specific and measurable? A. the students will completely understand the connection of oral health to general health B. the students will label six parts of the tooth accurately on a diagram C. the students will know how to brush and floss D. the students will remember the cause of tooth decay
B
The experimental treatment of intervention that is imposed on the experimental group of an experimental or quasi-experimental study is called the: A. relevant variable B. independent variable C. dependent variable D. extraneous variable
B
The pneuonic RESPECT stands for: A. rely, explain, sustain, perceive, evaluate, connect, touch B. rapport, empathy, support, partnership, explanations, cultural competence, and trust
B
Today's society in the U.S. is becoming more: A. multicultural and multilingual, but less multiracial B. multiracial, multicultural, multigenerational, and multilingual C. multiracial and multicultural, but less multilingual D. multiracial and multilingual, but less multicultural
B
What type of hypothesis is tested statistically? A. alternative B. null
B
Which of the following is a brief description of the published work and appears at the beginning of a research report to provide the reader with an overview of the study? A. results B. abstract C. discussion D. methods and materials
B
Which of the following is the second rim of the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence? A. family B. community C. global society D. person
B
Which of the following professional presentations has become a preferred means of presenting material to selected groups of professionals because no travel costs or additional time is involved, and can be recorded for future viewing? A. presentation of an oral paper of panel discussion B. web-based presentation C. presentation of a poster display D. presentation of a roundtable discussion
B
Which of the following represents the top stage of cultural-competency development on the "Cultural Competence Continuum"? A. cultural incapacity B. cultural proficiency C. cultural blindness D. cultural competence
B
Which of the following teaching methods for oral health presentations utilizes a less direct questioning format to prod the learner into using logic or common sense to discover ideas or concepts? A. discussion B. discovery learning C. brainstorming D. lecture demonstration
B
Which of the following types of scales of measurement is considered to be the most powerful and is preferred whenever possible? A. interval B. ratio C. ordinal D. nominal
B
Which type of framing focuses on the effect of continuing to practice an unhealthy behavior. A. gain B. loss
B
______ is judging other cultures by one's own standards, not accepting other groups, and considering other cultures inferior. A. cultural competence B. ethnocentrism C. cross-cultural communication D. health disparity
B
Which of the following are examples of techniques used with descriptive statistics? Select all that apply A. Chi-square test B. percentiles C. measures of dispersion D. measures of central tendency
B, C, and D
Which of the following graphs is the best method for Marco to present the final study outcome data to his employer to recommend a new protocol for the clinic?
Bar graph
The positive aspect of mean is that it can be distorted by extreme scores in the distribution and thus may not give a true picture of the central tendency. The negative aspect of the mean is that it includes the value of each score.
Both statements are false. First is the negative aspect Second is the positive aspect
A theory helps us analyze and interpret health problems and then develop and evaluate interventions based on the analysis. This is an abstract notion that comes to life only when it is applied to specific topics and problems.
Both statements are true
Behavioral change is accomplished through the interaction of behaviors, environmental influence, and personal cognitive processes. According to the Social Learning Theory, the world and one's behavior cause each other - a concept known as reciprocal determinism.
Both statements are true
Correlation communicates only association of variables, which indicates risk. Correlation cannot be used to indicate cause and effect without follow-up longitudinal studies.
Both statements are true
In the past societies primarily had a monocultural and monolingual, assimilation-based perspective. Cultural diversity in the U.S. is more realistically an intricate and interdependent mosaic, consisting of diverse unique identities that all contribute to the larger contemporary "American" identity.
Both statements are true
The main goal of patient-and family-centered care (PAFCC) has been to provide individualized care with an emphasis on personal relationships. The primary aim of striving for cultural competency has been to increase health equity and reduce disparities.
Both statements are true
A histogram is similar in appearance to a bar graph, except that the bars are adjacent to each other to indicate that the frequency data in the graph are on a continuum. Graphs are perceived by the reader's visual system and work best when communicating the shape of a distribution of values or a relationship among values.
Both statements are true.
Local Head Start (HS) programs must provide high-quality oral health services that are developmentally, culturally, and linguistically appropriate and that will support each child's growth and school readiness. Local HS programs are also required to work with every enrolled family to establish a dental home.
Both statements are true.
The various components of different health promotion theories can be brought together to address a specific health issue. The strengths and limitations of the diverse theories can be balanced when they are used in combination.
Both statements are true.
Viewing oral health problems primarily as the patient's problem and proceeding to educate the patient about how to improve oral health is doomed to failure because it skips directly to a generic intervention and does not assess the patient's point of view.
Both the statement and the reason are correct and related
A critical element of control in experimental studies is what? A. Having a control B. Long term studying C. randomization of participants
C
Dental hygienists are allowed to initiate treatment in community settings without the presence of a dentist in ___ states. A. 32 B. 12 C. 42 D. 22
C
Each of the following is an example of the community level of influence of health promotion theories EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. community factors B. Institutional factors C. intrapersonal level D. public policy
C
Each of the following is described in the text as a model of communication for cross-cultural encounters EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. ETHNIC model B. RESPECT model C. TOLERATE model D. LEARN model
C
Each of the following is one of the characteristics of the "SMART+C" objectives EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. S = specific B. R = relevant C. A = admirable D. M = measurable
C
Interactive multimedia formats are usually ______ effective for retaining knowledge than reading or listening to a message, and multiple strategies have ____ effect on improved health literacy. A. more; less B. less; more C. more; more D. less;less
C
Many state oral health programs (SOHPs) operate in conjunction with a state oral health: A. community B. contract C. coalition D. consortium
C
Research has shown that ______-framing is more effective than ______-framing to promote preventive heath behaviors aimed at avoiding disease. A. gain; gain B. loss; gain C. gain; loss D. loss; loss
C
The dental hygiene school in your nonfluorinated community has received a 3-year federal grant from the U.S. Public Health Service to establish a pilot school-based interprofessional collaborative health center in a Title I elementary school that also has a Head Start program. The community is classified as a medical and dental health professional shortage area by HRSA, which provided the basis for the funding. The program will include oral health education, primary oral disease prevention services, and dental treatment. As the newly employed dental hygienist at the school, you will supervise dental hygiene students on-site at the elementary school and in the clinic. All of the following are components of establishing this oral health initiative EXCEPT one. A. assessment B. evaluation C. assurance D. implementation E. planning
C
The dental hygiene school in your nonfluorinated community has received a 3-year federal grant from the U.S. Public Health Service to establish a pilot school-based interprofessional collaborative health center in a Title I elementary school that also has a Head Start program. The community is classified as a medical and dental health professional shortage area by HRSA, which provided the basis for the funding. The program will include oral health education, primary oral disease prevention services, and dental treatment. As the newly employed dental hygienist at the school, you will supervise dental hygiene students on-site at the elementary school and in the clinic. Which dental hygiene service provided by the dental hygiene students is considered the most effective, best practice for the prevention of dental caries? A. Parent educational session at a parent-teacher association (PTA) meeting B. development of brochures on good oral health practices C. application of fluoride varnish on children's teeth D. referral of children to the dental clinic for treatment
C
The variable that is thought to depend on or to be caused by the independent variable is: A. relevant B. independent C. dependent D. extraneous
C
Which of the following choices correctly represents the sequence of the stages of change following precontemplation according to the "Transtheoretical Model"? A. action, contemplation, decision, maintenance B. contemplation, action, decision, maintenance C. contemplation, decision, action, maintenance D. contemplation, action, maintenance, decision
C
Which of the following components of a primary research report is the section where the author interprets the statistical results and links them to relevant literature discussed in the introduction? A. results B. abstract C. discussion D. methods and materials
C
Which of the following ethnic groups experienced the greatest percentage increase in population between 2010 and 2018? A. hispanic B. black/African American, Non-Hispanic C. Asian, Non-Hispanic D. Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
C
Which of the following is an example of external validity rather than internal validity? A. careful planning and supervision of study procedures B. accurate generalization of results to other people C. control of variables D. use of appropriate statistical procedures
C
Which of the following is the outer rim of the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence? A. family B. community C. global society D. person
C
Which of the following measures of central tendency is the arithmetic average of the data distribution? A. mode B. mean and median C. mean D. median
C
Which of the following organizations awards the most grants of any federal government agency? A. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) B. The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) C. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) D. The Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD)
C
Which of the following perceptions must be adopted third according to the Health Belief Model (HBM)? A. the individual is susceptible to the disease or condition B. the recommended action will prevent the disease or condition C. the costs or negative aspects of the preventive action are outweighed by the benefits D. the disease or condition is serious
C
Which of the following professional presentations is popular because a large number of presentations can be accommodated in a short time frame? A. presentation of an oral paper of panel discussion B. web-based presentation C. presentation of a poster display D. presentation of a roundtable discussion
C
Which of the following research designs provides the highest level of evidence of all the study designs and exhibits the greatest control? A. Cohort study B. ecological study C. experimental study D. case-control study
C
measuring millimeter probe depths with a periodontal probe is an example of collection of which of the following types of data? A. discrete B. categorical C. continuous D. dichotomous
C
more than ____ % of the population in more than one fourth of the speaks a foreign language at home. A. 10 B. 5 C. 20 D. 15
C
Which two of the following statistics can be used to summarize the data?
Counts and Percentages
The grant requires that a model be applied to the development of cultural competence of the oral Healthcare Workforce that will be caring for the population. In addition, progress of cultural competence development must be tracked and reported to the agency that is offering the grant. Which of the following models would be the most suitable for these purposes?
Cultural Competence Education Module
A variable that is any confounding variable that is not controlled in a study is: A. relevant B. independent C. dependent D. extraneous
D
Characteristics of effective consumer-oriented communication include each of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. the interventions emphasized skill building B. the interventions were based on theory C. the interventions were high intensity D. the interventions were delivered by a nonprofessional peer
D
Normally, an acceptable p value is _____ or less. A. 0.5 B. 5.0 C. 0.005 D. 0.05
D
The "A" in the LEARN Model of Cross-Cultural Communication stands for: A. apply B. ask C. affirm D. acknowledge
D
The "R" in the RESPECT Model of Cross-Cultural Communication stands for: A. Recommend B. rely C. request D. rapport
D
The alternative hypothesis is stated in _____ terms that represent the researcher's prediction or question, and the null hypothesis is a ____ statement of the researcher's prediction or opinion. A. positive; positive B. negative; positive C. negative; negative D. positive; negative
D
The dental hygiene school in your nonfluorinated community has received a 3-year federal grant from the U.S. Public Health Service to establish a pilot school-based interprofessional collaborative health center in a Title I elementary school that also has a Head Start program. The community is classified as a medical and dental health professional shortage area by HRSA, which provided the basis for the funding. The program will include oral health education, primary oral disease prevention services, and dental treatment. As the newly employed dental hygienist at the school, you will supervise dental hygiene students on-site at the elementary school and in the clinic. Which preventive program would have the most benefit for all the school-age children in this community? A. school-based fluoride mouth rinse program B. school-based fluoride varnish program C. school-based sealant program D. water fluoridation
D
The dental hygiene school in your nonfluorinated community has received a 3-year federal grant from the U.S. Public Health Service to establish a pilot school-based interprofessional collaborative health center in a Title I elementary school that also has a Head Start program. The community is classified as a medical and dental health professional shortage area by HRSA, which provided the basis for the funding. The program will include oral health education, primary oral disease prevention services, and dental treatment. As the newly employed dental hygienist at the school, you will supervise dental hygiene students on-site at the elementary school and in the clinic. You could use all of the following EXCEPT one as resources to help establish dental homes for individuals in this population. Which is the EXCEPTION? A. Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD) B. Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) C. State oral health program (SOHP) D. Administration of Children and Families (ACF)
D
Which of the following describes the population, sample, and data collection methods, as well as the other things used to manipulate the independent variable? A. results B. abstract C. discussion D. methods and materials
D
Which of the following is the highest level of evidence for evidence-based decision making (EBDM)? A. well-designed cohort studies B. one or more randomized controlled trials C. Well-designed case-control studies D. systematic review with meta-analysis
D
Which of the following is the inner rim of the Purnell Model for Cultural Competence? A. family B. community C. global society D. person
D
Which of the following is true regarding oral health services for older adults in the United States? A. there will be fewer Americans aged 65 and older by the year 2050 than there are today B. Fewer than 50% of older adults in the United States will manage more than one chronic illness by 2030. C. all 50 states provide adult dental benefits through Medicare. D. Older adults will outnumber children younger than 5 years of age for the first time in history by 2023.
D
Which of the following perceptions must be adopted second according to the Health Belief Model (HBM)? A. the individual is susceptible to the disease or condition B. the recommended action will prevent the disease or condition C. the costs or negative aspects of the preventive action are outweighed by the benefits D. the disease or condition is serious
D
Which of the following professional presentations is gaining in popularity for a more informal presentation? A. presentation of an oral paper of panel discussion B. web-based presentation C. presentation of a poster display D. presentation of a roundtable discussion
D
Which of the following programs was designed to break the cycle of poverty by providing a comprehensive early learning program for preschool-aged children of low-income families? A. women, infants, and children's (WIC) program B. Administration of Children and Families (ACF) C. Medicaid D. Head Start (HS)
D
Which of the following statistical techniques is a characteristic of inferential rather than descriptive statistics? A. measures of central tendency B. Percentiles C. measures of dispersion D. Chi-square test
D
Your next task is to collect and tailor Health messages you want to include in your health communication approaches. Which one of the following approaches is an example of tailoring a message?
Design short learning modules geared to each level of caries risk identification during the assessment
Oral health education materials will need to be created for the priority population. existing materials written in English are available for translation. The grant criteria limit the resources used for this purpose. Which of the following translation methods should be incorporated into the Grant application?
Development of materials in both English and Vietnamese
You decide that the project materials need to be available in at least English and Spanish. which of the following approaches is least likely to result in effective and culturally relevant materials?
Do a literal translation from the English version to Spanish.
The HBM is well accepted because it takes into account attitudes, beliefs, habitual behaviors, individual determinants of health decisions, environmental or economic influences on health behaviors, and information-based information.
False HBM is ONLY information-based
Higher p values are more statistically significant.
False lower: 0.01, 0.001, or less
Interventions that change outcomes such as the use of healthcare services and health outcomes do not appear to work by increasing knowledge and/or self-efficacy, or by changing behaviors.
False - they DO work
All of the following except one are useful strategies to help the target population learn the information. Which is the exception?
Have them read rather than hear and see the information; they will learn more from reading it.
Your first task is to review the various health promotion theories and determine which would be useful for this project. You decide that you need to assess whether the women in the Target population perceive that their children are consuming foods high in sugar and, if so, whether the mother's perceive that puts them at risk for dental caries. Which of the following theories is best to use for this purpose?
Health benefit module
Oral health care personnel will be trained in culturally competent communication skills in an attempt to improve the use of preventive oral health care services by the population. The grant requires that the model be used to design and Implement training strategies. Which of the following models would be most appropriate for this purpose and with this priority population?
Kleinman Explanatory Model of Illness
Which program is the most likely source of funding for dental treatment in the school Clinic?
Medicaid
You are planning interdisciplinary service training for the health professionals who will be gathering and recording the data collected for the grant. All of the following except one are factors that need to be included in the training to enhance cross-cultural communication with the clients during data collection. Which is the exception?
Observe clients body language to improve communication
The data that Marco collects for his study or which of the following types of data?
Ordinal scale data
Which two of the following describe the type of study used by Marco?
Repeated measures Pre-test/post-test
During the project you have an opportunity to present information on the project at a Statewide Public Health Association meeting. You are most interested in discussing and giving feedback on ways to improve the materials and messages. Which presentation format would allow you the best opportunity to accomplish this?
Roundtable Discussion
All of the following except one can negatively affect the internal validity of the study. Which is the exception?
Self-report measure of the dependent variable
The concept of framing health messages relates to the content of the messages. Gain-framing is more effective than loss-framing.
The first statement is false ( how messages are crafted rather than the content of the messages) ; the second statement is true
Of those who speak a different language at home, 49% self-reported that they speak English "less than very well." These data vary by state with a range of 2-44%
The first statement is false (39%); the second statement is true
A negative outcome for an oral health program indicates that the oral health program was a failure. A negative outcome for an oral health program occurs when the objectives have not been met.
The first statement is false, the second statement is true
The primary mechanism of fluoride in caries inhibition is preeruptive. Systemic fluoride is excreted partially via the saliva, thus making it available for absorption by plaque and in frequent contact with tooth surfaces for continual uptake and remineralization of the enamel.
The first statement is false, the second statement is true.
Continuous data are numeric data that can be expressed by a large or infinite number of measures along a continuum. Continuous data do not have real value when expressed as fractions, and are not considered to be quantitative in nature.
The first statement is true; the second statement is false It DOES have real value and IS considered quantitative
External validity refers to the extent to which study results can be generalized accurately to other situations and people. External validity is not affected by how well the sample represents the population.
The first statement is true; the second statement is false (it IS affected)
The experimental group in this study is which of the following?
The patients who received the Fluoride Varnish treatment
It is easy to completely understand a culture that is not one's own, because you cannot personally identify with the culture.
The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is. it is DIFFICULT to completely understand.
The program goal is to improve the oral health of the school-age children. Which of the following instructional objectives for the educational component in the second grade class is specific and measurable?
The students will label 6 parts of a tooth accurately on a diagram.
All of the following except one are important factors to learn about the community to enhance the cultural competence of the proposed grant. Which is the exception?
Tooth loss
Community organization involves planning, social action, group consensus about common concerns, collaboration in problem solving, and formation of community partnerships or coalitions. It is based on the community's emotional and social commitment to action.
True
Which preventive program would have the most benefit for all school-age children in this community?
Water Fluoridation
Each scale of measurement takes on the characteristics of the previous one, building up to the ratio scale.
true
The interior figure (person) contains 12 cultural domains that are not intended to stand alone because they affect one another.
true