Test 4 Cog Psych

An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include A. An Extraneous cough B. Two similar-sounding letters (eg. "T" and "C") C. A categorical perception task D. A garden- path sentence

A. An extraneous cough

Most of the coherence in text is created by A. Inference B. Syntax C. Parsing D. Phoneme restoration

A. Inference

When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech, we see that the speech signal A. Is continuous B. Has breaks between phonemes C. Has breaks between morphemes D. Has breaks between words

A. Is continuous

In Belilock and Carr's study of relationship between working memory capacity and problem solving, individuals with high working memory capacity performed best in the _______ condition. A. Low-pressure B. High-pressure C. Well-defined D. Ill-defined

A. Low pressure

If the questions on the test are considered to be ill-defined,this would mean A. Many people cannot understand the question B. Few people know the correct answer C. Few people care about the question or the answer D. There is no one clearly right answer

A. Many people cannot understand the question

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving? A. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection B. Mapping corresponding parts between the problems because the elements are difficult to identify C. Applying the mapping to generate a parallel solution because of the difficulty in generalizing from one problem to another D. Solving the problem through reorganization because past experience can make it more difficult to reorganize a problem

A. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

By using a(n) _______, a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically. A. Opt-out procedure B. Opt-in procedure C. Pragmatic reasoning schema D. Permission schema

A. Opt-out procedure

Gesalt psychologists consider problem solving as process involving A. Restructuring B. Multiple goal states C. Sensory operators D. Continuity and form

A. Restructuring

Janet is a high schooler from a rural, mostly white community. While watching basketball on tv, she notices that many of the best players are tall, African-Americans. She concludes that blacks are taller than whites. Janet's error is best described as A. The availability heuristic B. An illogical deduction C. The pragmatic reasoning schema D. Just plain racism

A. The availability heuristic

Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds All birds have wings All cats have wings This syllogism is A. Valid B. Invalid C. True D. Both valid and true

A. Valid

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine A. What information a person is attending to while solving a problem B. Which people can be considered more creative in ability to solve problems C. How to develop computer programs that best mimic human problem solving D. How a person's expertise increases his or her likelihood of solving a problem, relative to a beginner

A. What information a person is attending to while solving a problem

People tend to overestimate A. What negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings B. What positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings C. What positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree D. Subjective utility values following a decision

A. What negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings

Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning? A. Word frequency effect B. Word superiority effect C. Phonemic restoration effect D. The lexical decision task

A. Word frequency effect

Swinney did an experiment in which he presented participants with the sentence, "The man was not surprised to find several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room." He found that immediately after hearing the word "bug", the participants accessed A. Only the "insect" meaning of the word B. Both the "insect" and the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word C. Only the "hidden listening device" meaning of the word D. Neither the "insect" nor the "hidden listening device" meaning of the word

B. Both the "insect" and the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word

A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. They speak very different languages with very different features. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results A. Support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis B. Contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis C. Don't really relate to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

B. Contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with ______ brain A. The same B. Different C. There is no other reasonable alternative here

B. Different

A general education science class at Dartmouth requires students to design and build a useful product. This task requires primarily A. Convergent thinking B. Divergent thinking C. Insight D. Functional fixedness

B. Divergent thinking

Experts categorize problems based on A. How similar the objects in the problem are B. General principles that the problems share C. Surface and deep structures D. Event-specific knowledge

B. General principles that the problems share

An observational researcher observes chimps in their natural setting, and based upon the evidence, tries to form a general conclusion. This researcher is using mostly what kind of logic? A. Deduction B. Induction C. Insight D. Restructuring

B. Induction

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between A. Experts and novices B. Laboratory and real-world settings C. Experimental groups and control groups D. Well- and ill-defined problems

B. Laboratory and real-world settings

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. Statements such as "Afraid you will be," show serious problems with A. Phonemics B. Syntactics C. Semantics D. Pragmatics

B. Syntactics

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results support A. The syntax-first approach to parsing B. The interactionist approach to parsing C. The garden-path model to parsing D. Both syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing

B. The interactionist approach to parsing

The conjunction rule states that A. The probability of two events co-occurring is the sum of the probabilities of each event occurring B. The probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probabilities of either event occurring alone C. People make decisions based upon both the costs and benefits of the choices D. People make decision based upon possible benefits when they choices are framed positively and based upon possible costs when the choices are framed negatively

B. The probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probabilities of either event occurring alone

Which property listed below makes human language unique? A. Vocalization B. Rule governed C. Creativity D. Highly effective in communicating

C. Creativity

Judgments about "warmth" in problem solving are mostly used to determine if a task involves A. Functional fixedness B. Means-end analysis C. Insight D. I'm not sure, but it sounds slightly creepy

C. Insight

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) ______ state. A. Functional fixedness B. Goal C. Intermediate D. Initial

C. Intermediate

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as A. Intermediate states B. Subgoals C. Operators D. Mental sets

C. Operators

Which concept below is most closely associated with the evolutionary perspective to solving the Wason four-card problem? A. Permission schemas B. Falsification principle C. Social-exchange theory D. Availability heuristic

C. Social-exchange theory

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n) A. Instrument inference B. Garden path sequence C. Global connection D. Anaphoric inference

D. Anaphoric inference

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people A. Do not always make decisions that maximize their monetary outcome B. Are more likely to purchase meat advertised as 80% fat free than 20% fat C. Misjudge homicide as more prevalent in the U.S. than suicide D. Can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side

D. Can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to A. Separate a sentence into individual words B. Decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation C. Identify words that are contained in sentences D. Decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word

D. Decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-words

Inductive Reasoning involves A. Definite conclusions B. Logical certainty C. Factual premises D. Observational premises

D. Observational premises

Omission bias involves A. Misjudging a syllogism as valid because the conclusion agrees with our beliefs B. Ignoring the importance of sample size on which an observation is based C. Selectively looking for evidence that conforms to our beliefs while ignoring the rest D. Tending to do nothing rather than making a decision that could be interpreted as causing harm

D. Tending to do nothing rather than making a decision that could be interpreted as causing harm

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is A. A mental model B. A categorical syllogism C. The law of large numbers D. The falsification principle

D. The Falsification principle

Experts solve problems based on A. General strategies such as brainstorming B. Domain-specific strategies C. Experts don't do much problem solving since they already know the answers to most questions

Domain-specific strategies