test 4 developmental psych. (test)

In transductive reasoning, a child assumes that

separate events have cause-effect relationships.

Most preschoolers sleep

9-10 hours at night and take one nap per day.

A taste preference for salty foods

is a learned preference.

What is the corpus callosum?

thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the hemispheres of the brain

In terms of rough-and-tumble play,

this form of play differs from culture to culture.

!Kung girls and boys engage in rough-and-tumble play. Among the Pilaga Indians, girls are matched against the boys. Rough-and-tumble play is less common among girls in the United States. These examples demonstrate that

this type of play is influenced by culture and environment.

Operations are

-schemes. -mental acts. -transformations.

Which of the following may be the most appropriate method for regulating a preschooler's behavior?

Give the child a direct request

Can insecurely attached children become more securely attached?

Yes

Understanding mental representations involves comprehending that

appearance and reality do not always match.

what is activity level of parents?

associated with activity levels in children

Children with frequent nightmares or sleep terrors

can develop insomnia.

Children raised by warm parents are more likely to

develop a sense of conscience.

what is enuresis?

failure to control the bladder once the normal age for control has been reached

Genetically,

handedness of the child is determined by the handedness of the parents.

Engaging in elaborate pretend play is associated with

increased creativity and ability to relate to peers.

what is left brain hemisphere?

linked to emotions

what is the right brain hemisphere?

linked to logic

According to D. Baumrind (1991), permissive-indulgent parents are _______ on the dimension of restrictiveness and control and _______ on the dimension of warmth and responsiveness.

low; high

Sleep terrors

occur earlier in the sleep cycle than nightmares.

Three-year-old Molly is watching her mailbox. She tells her mother that the mail carrier will soon come because it is now daytime. This type of thinking is called

transductive reasoning.

The statement that 1- and 2-year-olds are too young to remember past events is

true

More than 13 million children around the world die each year of pneumonia, diarrhea, measles, tetanus, whooping cough, and

tuberculosis

The difference between permissive-indulgent parents and permissive-neglecting parents is on the dimension of

warmth

what is attachment in the making?

preference for familiar figures

Which of the following is a leading cause of death among children that is preventable by vaccination?

Measles

How stable is temperament?

Moderately stable from infancy onward

Four-year-old Jenna is looking at a drawing of her family tree. Her father tells her she has three aunts and two grandmothers. Her father then asks her if she has more grandmothers or more relatives. What will she say?

More grandmothers

Bradley's fine motor skills, such as being able to button his own coat, have improved dramatically across early childhood. Which aspect of brain development leads to this?

Myelination of pathways from the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex

Childhood immunizations

have greatly reduced the incidence of fatal childhood illnesses.

The Head Start program not only enhances the cognitive development and academic skills of children but also provides

healthcare to children and social services to their families.

The technical name for sleep-walking is

somnambulism

what are fine motor skills?

stacking blocks

Research on the use of violent punishment

strongly suggests that violent punishment is not a very effective form of punishment.

As a parent, Thomas is high on control and high on warmth. Which of the following phrases would Thomas most likely agree with?

"Children should be reasoned with."

Raina is a 2-year-old girl. If she develops at an average rate, we would expect her to gain approximately ____ throughout early childhood.

2 to 3 inches in height per year

Which of the following is TRUE about brain plasticity?

-It is possible because of "sprouting" -It is possible because of "redundancy" -It becomes increasingly less likely to occur as we age

Which of the following is/are associated with insecure attachment?

-Maternal mental illness -Maternal abusive behavior toward the child -Maternal insensitivity to the child

Which of the following is an example of a situational stressor that may contribute to child abuse?

-Unemployment -Having a sick child -Parental divorce or separation

When compared to insecurely attached children, those who are securely attached are

-better adjusted at school. -more cooperative with parents. -happier.

The parental technique of power assertion is associated with

-lower acceptance by peers. -higher rates of antisocial behavior. -interpersonal problems.

HOME is a better predictor of young children's later IQ scores than

-social class. -mother's IQ. -infant IQ.

By the age of 4, children can remember events that occurred at least ______ earlier.

1 ½ years

The average 4- to 6-year-old requires _________ calories per day.

1,400

Children as young as _____can remember organized sequences of events they have experienced.

12 months old

About _____ of children placed in daycare are rated as moderately more aggressive toward peers and adults than children reared at home by their mother.

17%

Preschool programs to enhance the cognitive development of economically disadvantaged children began in the

1960-1970s.

Four- to 10-year-olds typically experience

4-6 minor illnesses in a year.

In terms of word learning, what is fast mapping?

A process in which the child quickly attaches a new word to its appropriate content

According to Erikson, what is MOST critical for a child to develop in the first year of life?

A sense of trust

Which of the following is TRUE regarding lead?

A simple blood test can detect high levels of lead in children

How does experience in daycare affect children's social and emotional development?

Children in daycare are more peer-orientated and play at higher developmental levels

Which of the following is TRUE about handedness?

Even parrots demonstrate the tendency for handedness

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding handedness?

Grasping with a certain hand increases between 7-11 months of age

Which fine motor skill is MOST sophisticated and develops last?

Laces shoes

__________ is connected with half of the deaths of children under the age of 5.

Malnourishment

Two-year-old Samantha is drawing a picture. It consists of scribbles that she has carefully drawn along the border of the paper. Which stage of drawing is Samantha in?

Placement

How early can handedness emerge?

Prenatally

When during the sleep cycles do nightmares most occur?

REM stage

In the classic research study by Vurpillot (1968), what was characteristic of the 9-year-olds, but not the 4-year-olds?

Systematic scanning of the features of the houses

According to Vygotsky, what is "private speech?"

The ultimate binding of language and thought

Ultrasound shows that

about 95% of fetuses suck their right thumbs.

Young children are better at recalling ______ than ______.

activities; objects

What is pragmatics?

adapting language to the social situation

According to Piaget, the preoperational stage of cognitive development lasts from about

age 2-7.

Yarrow and Goodwin (1973) found that the incidence of problems in adopted children, such as decreased social responsiveness and extremes in attachment behaviors, were positively correlated to the

age at which child was separated from the temporary foster parents.

what is goodness of fit?

agreement between parental expectations of child and child temperament

One of the leading killers of children in developing countries is

diarrhea

What is irreversibility?

difficulty with subtraction

Gross motor skills are to ________, whereas fine motor skills are to________.

large muscle groups; small muscle groups

In terms of handedness,

left-handedness is associated with artistic creativity and success in athletics.

what are sleep terrors?

occurs during the deepest stage of non-REM sleep

what is Social smile?

occurs in response to human voice or face

what is class inclusion?

one class of things can include several subclasses

What is egocentrism?

one dimensional thinking

Around the world, nearly two-thirds of the children who die each year die of

one of six diseases.

what are the measles?

one of the world's leading causes of death preventable by vaccination

According to D. Baumrind (1991), which pattern of parenting is low on the dimensions of both restrictiveness/control and warmth/responsiveness?

rejecting-neglecting

When infant monkeys were alone or had wire surrogate mother for a companion, they were afraid of the "bear monster." But when the cloth mother was present, the infant monkeys

used the cloth mother as a secure base.

An association between child weight and hours of television watched

was found cross-culturally.

The research of Christine Heim and colleagues (2000) on the differences between women who experienced abuse as children and those who did not found that

women who were depressed, but not abused, showed the highest ANS and endocrine responses.

"The sky is raining because it is sad" is an example of

animism

While playing outside in the snow, a snowflake falls on Timothy's nose and melts. He exclaims, "The snowflake kissed me!" This is an example of

animism

Five-year-old Nathan pours juice from a tall glass into a shorter one. He then gives the short glass to Vince. Three-year-old Vince is upset because he now believes he has less juice than when it was in the tall glass. This aspect of preoperational thought is called

irreversibility

what is self awareness?

appears around 18 months of age

Left-handedness

appears to have both positive and negative academic implications.

The memory of preschool-aged children

is better at recognizing items than recalling them.

Believing that sunshine and fresh air will make children ill, the natives in one Guatemalan village isolate their children until they are 13 to 14 months of age (Kagan & Klein, 1973). After this isolation, the children

are as intellectually and physically able as American children by age 11.

Securely attached infants

are probably this way because of a combination of genetics and parenting.

The statement that parents who use strict control create rebellious children

is false, when combined with strong support and affection for the child.

Warm parents are

less likely to use physical punishment.

Amy is a 4-month-old infant. She appears withdrawn and depressed, and is losing all interest in the world. Amy

may be the victim of social deprivation.

A 2-year-old

may have a decreased appetite in comparison to a 1-year-old.

Parents' dislikes of certain types of foods (such as vegetables)

may lead to the child also disliking those foods.

Favorite objects that children may take to bed

may serve as "transitional objects."

Bowlby suggested that smiling in the infant

may serve as a releasing stimulus for affection from others.

what are operations?

mental acts or schemes

who is John Bowlby?

believes attachment is essential for infant survival

In terms of sex differences in growth during early childhood,

boys tend to be slightly heavier and taller than girls.

Jago et al., (2005) found that _________ was a stronger predictor of children being overweight than diet.

number of hours watching television

The impact of social deprivation

can be overcome if the deprived organism is placed with younger members of their species.

The involvement of the father with the child

can be predicted by the number of diapers the father changes.

A classic experiment using the three mountains task with 5- and 6-year-old children shows that they

cannot take the perspective of the doll.

According to the behavioral view, infants become attached to caregivers because

caregivers feed infants and tend to their physiological needs, thus becoming reinforcers.

In comparison to physical abuse, physical neglect

causes more deaths.

what is conservation?

changes in shape do not change volume

what is separation individuation?

child's increasing sense of becoming separate from and independent of the caregiver

Which of the following is associated with higher IQ scores by age 3?

-Emotionally responsive parenting -Verbally responsive parenting -A variety of daily experiences for young children

Which of the following is a scaffolding strategy for helping a child understand a story?

-Focusing the child's attention on important details -Asking the child questions about what is occurring in the story -Correcting the child's misunderstandings

Recent research evaluating Piaget's theory suggests that

children can take the perspective of others at an earlier age than Piaget believed.

what is child centered preschool?

children choose activities that interest them and they acquire academic skills through play

In the conservation task, asking children whether both beakers have the same amount of water and to watch the pouring carefully may result in

children expecting a change in the amounts.

Research indicates that in terms of the effects of commercials on children,

children who watch more television are more likely to believe commercial advertising.

An infant appears dazed and confused by her mother's departure. This child may have

disorganized attachment.

Mental acts in which objects are changed or transformed and then can be returned to their original states are called

operations

What is ambivalent attachment?

distressed when attachment figure leaves and ambivalent upon reunion

what is pictorial stage of drawing?

drawings of recognizable objects

Children who have early crawling experience perform better than those who do not on tests of motor skills in early childhood (Haywood & Getchell, 2008). This implies that

early experience may affect development of motor skills.

A child who cannot take someone else's perspective would be characterized as

egocentric

When 3-year-old Caitlin is asked what she did at preschool that day, she says "You know. You were there." This type of one-dimensional thinking is called

egocentrism

An inability to control the bowels is referred to as

encopresis

Preschools that are more "child centered"

encourage children to choose the activities that interest them the most.

Given the whole-object assumption, a child would assume that "train" refers to the

entire train.

Failure to control the bladder once the "normal" age for bladder control has been achieved is called

enuresis

John Bowlby viewed infant behaviors such as crying, smiling, and clinging as

essential to the infant's survival.

What is the BEST way to get a child to eat a disliked food?

Encourage the child to sample small bites multiple times over a few weeks

Research discussed in the textbook indicates that the statement "children prefer gender-typed toys only after they have become aware of the gender roles assigned to them by society" is

false

Children's ability to separate their beliefs from those of another person who has false knowledge of a situation is called

false theory of mind

Kochanska (2001) found that for resistantly-attached children, their most powerful and persistent emotion was

fear

A proximodistal trend is BEST seen in the development of

fine motor skills.

The ability to play the game of checkers requires

flexibility and reversibility.

Stewart, who is 2 years old, recently suffered a brain injury which resulted in him losing the ability to comprehend language. Given what we know about brain plasticity and age, we might assume that

other parts of Stewart's brain may be able assume the functions lost due to injury.

Which of the following is a preschool program designed to enhance the cognitive development and academic skills of economically disadvantaged children?

Head Start

What technique has been used to combat deaths caused by diarrhea?

Oral rehydration therapy

What does oral hydration therapy consist of?

The ingestion of water mixed with sugar and salt

In a longitudinal study, Haden and her colleagues (2001) found that children's recollections of performance on tasks were better when the children

performed the task and discussed it with their mothers.

"An individual's distinctive ways of responding to people and events" is called

personality

Showing turn-taking skills in language is an example of

pragmatics

When comparing the nutritional requirements of infants and preschoolers, it can be said that

preschoolers need to consume fewer calories per pound than infants.

Social deprivation refers to

an overall lack of social stimulation provided to the infant.

what is Fear of strangers?

begins to develop at 6 to 9 months of age

In terms of height and weight gains during early childhood,

boys and girls become more slender and lose some baby fat.

Most American children are toilet trained

by age 3 to 4.

Pouring water from a short wide glass into a tall thin glass is a test used to assess children's

conservation

Rough-and-tumble play is found

cross-culturally in same and mixed sex groups.

Bed-wetting tends to occur

during the deepest stage of sleep.

The development of smiling

follows similar patterns cross-culturally.

what is rough and tumble play?

found during early childhood in societies across the world

Preoperational children fail to show conservation skills because of a characteristic known as

irreversibility

Lead

may get into tap water from old pipes.

To most 4-year-olds, dreams are like

movies or TV.

Stranger anxiety

occurs around 6-9 months of age.

A 2-year-old child, left home alone all day to feed and fend for himself, is an example of

physical neglect.

Erikson stated that the major developmental task of the child between the ages of 2 and 3 is to acquire a sense of autonomy and independence from their parents. One way toddlers do this is by

refusing to comply with parental requests or commands.

Repetition is the same as

rehearsal

Jordan's parents place few demands on her behavior. They are not warm or responsive to her needs. Jordan's parents would be classified as

rejecting-neglecting.

What is echolalia?

repeating what is heard

Intergenerational transmission of attachment means that

secure mothers tend to raise secure children.

In the United States, most infants, children, and adults can be classified as

securely attached.

Sedentary parents are more likely to have children who are

sedentary

Michael Lamb (1992) found that when observed in the home or other familiar settings, infants sought out mothers as much as they did fathers. However, when infants were stressed, they tended to

seek out their mother.

The effects of regular viewing of Sesame Street

seem to apply across race, gender, and living conditions.

What is transductive reasoning?

separate specific events are thought to have cause-and-effect relationships

Children transferred from foster homes to adoptive homes after 6 months of age

showed worse developmental outcomes than children transferred at younger ages.

Parents are more likely to abuse

sick or unhealthy children.

What is plasticity?

the brain can compensate for injuries to particular areas

With "indiscriminate" attachment,

the child shows no preference in attachment between parents or other caregivers.

what is centration?

focusing on one aspect of a situation while ignoring others

Harsh punishment in response to encopresis

generally can make the problem worse.

Research indicates that parental warmth can come from parental beliefs about how to best rear their children, parents' tendencies to imitate the behavior of their own parents, and

genetic factors may be involved.

Mallory and Steve are parents of a difficult temperament infant. In response to the child's temperament, they become less available and less responsive. As a result, their child becomes more difficult to handle. This is an example of

goodness of fit.

Head Start and Early Head Start get 80% of their funding from

government funding.

In comparison to physical development in infancy,

growth during the preschool years is slower.

By age 5, a child's brain

has reached 90% of its adult weight.

Economically disadvantaged mothers

have better attachment relationships with their infants when they are provided childcare information and social support.

With cognitive scaffolding,

the guidance provided is decreased as the child becomes more skilled.

what is animism?

"the moon is hiding"

Recent studies indicate that children's understanding of causality is more sophisticated than Piaget believed. However, this depends upon

how the task is presented.

Conservation requires an understanding that

properties of objects remain the same, even if you change their shape or arrangement.

what is pronoun reversal?

refers to self as "you" or "she"

The Children's Television Act

requires that networks devote a certain number of hours per week to educational programming.

Compared to the effects of maltreatment, the effects of childhood sexual abuse

result in a higher incidence of psychological and physical problems.

Teenage girls who attended preschool intervention programs became pregnant at the same rates as other girls, but were more likely to

return to school after giving birth.

Nhu and Joseph are chasing each other around the park and wrestling in the grass. This form of play is called

rough-and-tumble play.

what are oral rehydration therapy?

salt and sugar solution administered to a child who is dehydrated from diarrhea

A parent who demonstrates to a child how to tie his/her shoes, and then gradually turns over the responsibility for the task over to the child, is exhibiting

scaffolding

Children with imaginary companions

show greater ability to concentrate and more advanced language development.

what is redundancy?

similar functions in multiple brain locations

When speaking of brain plasticity, redundancy means

similarity of function in two or more brain locations.

what is motor vehicle accidents?

single most common cause of death in early childhood

What are gross motor skills?

skipping

Genetically

some children are predisposed toward better coordination.

A cognitive view of attachment assumes that

some understanding of object permanence is necessary for specific attachment.

Infants who are securely attached are more likely to

stray from their mothers, using them as a secure base.

Accidental injuries are most likely to occur among low-income children. Some contributing factors are

-dangerous housing and neighborhoods. -parents taking fewer preventive measures. -increased family disorganization and stress.

One way to enhance memory is to

-engage in rehearsal. -repeat the material. -place the information into categories.

How many states in the U.S. require the use of child safety seats in automobiles?

50

What percentage of child abuse cases is estimated to be unreported?

50-60%

What percentage of children in the United States suffers from a chronic illness?

About 33%

According to Ainsworth, which of the following is NOT a phase of attachment?

Absolute-attachment phase

When we say abusive parenting tends to run in families, what does this mean?

Abused children are more likely to abuse their own children than the non-abused

Mr. Hollen teaches kindergarten. He wants to add a class to his curriculum that will help develop the fine motor skills of his students. Which of the following would you recommend?

Arts and crafts

At what age do children appear to develop a "theory of mind?"

As early as preschool

Which of the following is a recall task?

Asking a child to recite the state capitals

Which of the following represents a recognition task for children?

Asking children which toys they've seen before

Brenna is 2 months old. At a recent family reunion, she was passed around for multiple relatives to hold. Emily showed no particular preference for her mother, father, or any other relative. In which of Ainsworth's phases of attachment is Brenna?

Initial-preattachment phase

Which phase of attachment is characterized by indiscriminate attachment?

Initial-preattachment phase

What attachment pattern would you expect to find in a non-familial perpetrator of child sexual abuse?

Insecure

A mother leaves the room and her infant starts to cry. This may represent

It could represent all of these

What are the effects of television viewing on children?

It depends upon what shows are being watched

Jerome is securely attached to his parents. However, his parents undergo a divorce, and Jerome is now being neglected. What is likely to happen to his level of attachment?

It may change because of the change in care he is receiving

Which of the following is NOT true regarding enuresis?

It tends to occur during REM sleep

what is differential emotions theory?

Izard's view of emotion

Which of the following researchers has studied over 1 million children's drawings and found meaningful patterns in the scribbles?

Kellogg

Izard (1987) claimed to have found four infant facial expressions that he believed were associated with the basic emotions of anger/rage, enjoyment/joy, fear/terror, and interest/excitement. What instrument did he use to assess this?

Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Scoring System

Celia is playing at the sand table. Each time one of her friends makes a sand castle, she knocks it down. As a preschool teacher, which of the following would likely be the best way to alter Celia's behavior?

Redirect her to another activity

How does placement in daycare affect attachment?

Regardless of use of daycare, most children are securely attached

Which of the following is recognized as a dimension of childrearing?

Restrictiveness-permissiveness

Your 3-year-old daughter, Amelie, has an imaginary friend named Brady. What can be concluded about Amelie?

She is not unusual, as up to 65% of preschoolers have imaginary friends

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recognizes six types of child maltreatment. Which is NOT one of these forms?

Sibling assault

What may increase the occurrence of sleep terrors?

Situational stress

How do nightmares and sleep terrors differ?

Sleep terrors tend to occur earlier in the night

In a study by O'Neill and Gopnik (1991), 4- and 5-year-olds were able to describe what was in a tunnel and how they knew what was in the tunnel. Three-year-olds were not as able to identify the sources of their knowledge as evidenced by which of the following?

Some children identified a ball as blue after feeling it but not seeing it

Ainsworth used the __________ to study attachment.

Strange Situation

If you want to make friends with a child who is showing stranger anxiety, which of the following should you do?

Talk in a friendly manner from a distance, smile, and offer toys to the child

What is scaffolding?

Temporary support provided to a child while learning to perform a task

During a recent parent teacher conference, Mr. Charles explained to the parents of 3-year-old Cameron that he is in the shape stage of drawing. What does this mean?

That Cameron draws circles, squares, Xs, and odd shapes

If you take a group of 100 successful athletes and measure handedness, what would you find?

That the percentage of them who are left-handed is higher than in the general population

What appears to influence the effects of social deprivation?

The age of the infant

What is meant by "brain plasticity?"

The brain can sometimes compensate for injuries

How do physical punishment and child abuse differ?

The difference is extremely difficult to tell

When asked what the doll sees in Piaget's three-mountain test, what answer do preoperational children typically give?

The doll sees what the child sees

Jason feeds his infant son foods that are high in salt and sugar. What is likely to happen to his infant's preferences for these tastes?

The infant's preference for sweet and salty foods will increase

what is slow to warm up child?

adapts with time

what is Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)?

also referred to as pervasive developmental disorders

Mary Ainsworth defined attachment as

an emotional tie between one animal or person and another individual.

Pregnancy among single teenage girls is generally associated with

an end of their formal education.

Providing children with knowledge that enables them to generate desirable behavior patterns is called

an inductive method.

Two-year-old Matt reaches over and pulls his mother's hair. She responds by saying, "Don't do that. It hurts." This type of response qualifies as

an inductive technique.

who is Vygotsky?

zone of proximal development

what are early childhood drawings?

symbolic of a broad category

what is scaffolding?

temporary learning support

Young children who are physically active

tend to have physically active parents.

Prenatally, girls developing with male co-twins are less likely than girls developing in the uterus alone or with female co-twins to be left-handed. This suggests the influence of

testosterone

The typical 4-year-old believes

that dreams are real.

Caleb is 4 years old. He is likely to believe

that others can "see" his dreams.

what does 1,000 to 1,300 calories mean?

the average number of calories needed for a 1-to 3-year-old

Donaldson (1979) indicated that children's difficulty with the three-mountain task may be due more to _______ than to _________.

the demands of the task; egocentrism

what is appearance reality distinction?

the difference between real and non-real events

In the Journal of Neuropsychology, you read a research article about a study of sprouting in the brains of young children. Sprouting means

the growth of new dendrites.

The ability to engage in pretend play is dependent upon

use and recollection of symbols.

what is Social referencing?

use caregiver's facial expressions to interpret ambiguous situations

Bed-wetting

usually will just go away with time and patience.

Which of the following represents overregularization?

"Daddy goed"

As a parent, Kevin is high on control and low on warmth. Which of the following phrases would Kevin most likely agree with?

"Obedience is a virtue."

Which of the following phrases would a power-assertive parent agree with the most?

"Spare the rod, spoil the child."

Which of the following sentences would be most difficult for a 2-year-old to understand?

"The food is eaten by the dog."

Which of the following children would be most likely to develop in socially and emotionally healthy ways?

A child raised by warm parents

What is "theory of mind?"

A commonsense understanding of how the mind works

Which of the following parents is MORE likely to be abusive?

A mother who believes her child misbehaves intentionally

When does pretend play usually appear?

About 12 to 13 months of age

Nilo attends a preschool in which her teachers take her and her classmates step by step through their learning of numbers, letters, shapes, and colors. Nilo attends which type of preschool?

Academically oriented

Nathan has irregular sleep and feeding schedules, he responds to frustrations with tantrums and loud crying, and he takes a long time to adjust to new routines. Which temperament classification most accurately describes Nathan?

Difficult

Which is the MOST common form of temperament, as found in studies by Chess and Thomas (1989)?

Easy

"A state of feeling that has physiological, situational, and cognitive components" is the definition of which of the following terms?

Emotion

Richard prefers to use inductive techniques with his 5-year-old son, Nathan. Which of the following is Richard most likely to do?

Explain to Nathan why he should not do something

Lea and Mia are both 2 years old. If they develop at an average rate, we would expect them to gain approximately _______ during early childhood.

4 to 6 pounds per year

If you conducted a research study in which you told a 4-year-old child to hide a toy so that another child could not locate it, you would find that

4-year-olds are capable of understanding such a task.

Young children do not spontaneously engage in rehearsal until approximately age

5

According to the cognitive perspective, at what age will a child develop specific attachments?

6-7 months

What percentage of dreams occurs during REM sleep?

80%

When we consider the relationship between a child abuser and a victim, which is LEAST likely?

A child being maltreated by someone other than their parent

If Lisa and Adam are typical 5-year-olds, given the research on sex differences in motor skills in early childhood, we would expect that

Lisa would perform better on tasks requiring balance; Adam would be better at throwing and kicking.

Any pattern triggered by a species-specific releasing stimulus is called

a fixed-action pattern.

An abstract, generalized account of repeated events is called a

script

An infant fusses mildly when his mother leaves and seeks comfort from her upon her return. This infant shows

secure attachment.

What is somnambulism?

sleepwalking

A child observes another child acting unafraid in the presence of a stranger. Then, the observing child also stops acting afraid of the stranger. This is an example of

social referencing.

Three-month-old Jocelyn smiles in response to the sound of her father singing her a silly bedtime song. This is called

social smiling.

what is transitional object?

soft cuddly object taken to bed by child to ease separation from parents

Research suggests that in right-handed individuals,

the left hemisphere is more involved in logical analysis and problem solving.

what is contrast assumption?

also known as the mutual exclusivity assumption

Some sex differences in gross motor activity in early childhood have been found. However, these differences

are slight when compared to the differences between individual children.

The drawings of a 6-year-old

are symbolic rather than specific.

Automobile accidents

are the leading cause of death in U.S. children.

Children have better memory for events when their parents

ask questions of the child and elaborate on the child's experience of the event.

"Actions impairing the child's emotional, social, or intellectual functioning" is the definition of

emotional abuse.

what is the head start program?

enhances cognitive development of economically disadvantaged children

What is sprouting?

growth of new dendrites in the brain

Secure attachment can be increased by

increasing the amount of physical contact between mother and child.

what is avoidant attachment?

indifferent to separations and reunions with attachment figure

Skeels (1966) found that the difference between those children who were functioning well and independent as adults and those who were still in some type of institutional setting as adults was

individual attention and environmental stimulation.

what is temperament?

individual differences in styles of reaction that are present early in life

The best way to get a preschooler to stop doing something may be to

involve her in doing something else.

Child abuse

is a crime.

Rough-and-tumble play

is important to the physical and social development of children.

An infant with a difficult temperament who is very active and displays negative emotions

is likely to become insecurely attached.

Bed-wetting

is more common among boys than girls.

Sexual abuse

is sometimes hard to define.

Emotional regulation refers to

the ways in which young children control their emotions.

Minor illnesses refer to those that

last only a few days and are not life-threatening.

Violent pretend play is associated with

lower levels of empathy and increased antisocial behavior later on.

Self-awareness

makes possible the development of self-conscious emotions such as embarrassment and envy.

Attachment

may be passed along generationally.

what is rehearsal?

mental repetition

Children who lack conservation skills would assume that a sandwich cut in half would result in

more sandwich.

what is class inclusion?

must focus on two aspects of a situation at once

The functions of the left and right hemispheres tend to respond simultaneously when we focus our attention on one thing. The hemispheres are aided in their cooperation by

myelination of the corpus callosum.

Stacy recently learned that there is lead paint in the house where she and her infant son are living. She is concerned as she read that exposure to lead can result in _________ in children.

neurological damage

A father has noticed a decrease in the appetite of his 2-year-old son. As a child development expert, you tell the father that he should

not worry, as decreased appetite at this age is normal.

what is Contact comfort?

pleasure derived from physical contact with another

Five-year-old Karl chooses more formal words when talking to his teachers, but uses infant-directed speech when speaking to his baby brother, Nelson. This changing of speech to fit the social situation is called

pragmatics

what is symbolic play?

pretend play

Research indicates that using scaffolding within a zone of proximal development

promotes children's learning and memory.

Biological approaches to the treatment of ASDs include the use of __________, such as those used to treat depression, and _______________, usually used to treat schizophrenia.

SSRIs; major tranquilizers

Attachment can be used as a measure of the

quality of parenting the child receives.

what is fast mapping?

quickly determining a word's meaning

Do preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children facilitate cognitive development?

Yes, because they provide environmental enrichment

Do newborns have memory skills?

Yes, they can recognize their mother's face and voice

Which of the following appears to be TRUE?

-Attachment runs in families -Siblings tend to develop the same kind of attachment relationships with parents -Attachment predicts important outcomes later in life

What is the relationship between emotional development and patterns of attachment?

Resistant children have been found to be more fearful and less joyful

Given the research on young children's memory, which of the following would a preschooler most likely remember?

The steps involved in making cookies

what is Self-concept?

one's impression of oneself

Which of the following is TRUE?

-American children spend more time watching television than they do in school -By age 3, the average American child watches 2-3 hours of television per day -Television has great potential for teaching cognitive skills and attitudes to children

Which of the following might impair the development of attachment?

-Autism -Social deprivation -Child abuse

How can child abuse be prevented?

-Strengthening parenting skills in the general population -Providing home visitors for those in high-risk for abuse situations -Creating child abuse hotlines

Which of the following is TRUE of preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children?

-The early effects are often quite dramatic -Many studies show that the positive effects are long term -These children have been compared to children of similar backgrounds that did not complete such programs

Which of the following provides evidence that people are not simply left-brained or right-brained?

-The functions of the hemispheres have been found to overlap -The hemispheres respond simultaneously when we focus on something -The myelination of the corpus callosum aids in integrating emotional and logical functioning

What can be said about gross motor skills in early childhood?

-They include standing on one foot and riding a tricycle -They allow for coordination of two tasks, such as singing and skipping -They can be improved by observing and playing with peers

How can feelings of stress and anger be diffused without resorting to violence?

-Through humor -By discussing those feelings -By reasoning through the causes of those feelings

Which of the following contributes to memory in young children?

-What the child is asked to remember -Interest level -Availability of reminders or retrieval cues

Mothers of securely attached infants

-are more likely to be affectionate to their children. -respond more sensitively to their babies' social behaviors. -provide more predictable caregiving.

According to the research of Diana Baumrind (1991),

-boys of authoritarian parents are likely to be defiant. -girls of authoritarian parents are likely to be low in independence. -children of authoritarian parents tend to anxious and irritable.

Being ill as a child may

-cause the creation of antibodies. -prevent one from coming down with the same illness again. -protect the individual from developing the illness as an adult when it could be more harmful.

In terms of abuse,

-children learn to use violence as a means of coping with stress. -children may accept family violence as a norm. -child abusers may argue that all parents hit their children.

The Strange Situation assesses

-how the infant responds when the mother leaves the room. -how the infant responds to the presence of a stranger. -how the infant responds when the mother returns.

Research with Ugandan infants shows

-indiscriminate attachment early on. -the beginning of specific attachment to the mother at 4 months, which grew intense by 7 months of age. -fear of strangers developing by about 8-9 months.

While Neisha is sleeping, her mother puts a spot of makeup on her nose. When Neisha wakes up, her mother places her in front of a mirror, and Neisha reaches and physically touches her own nose. This means Neisha

-is at least 18 months old. -recognizes that it is she in the mirror. -has begun to develop a self-concept.

A child cannot understand that a model and the larger object it resembles represent the same thing. This child

-is probably in the preoperational stage. -is having difficulty with mental representations. -is probably unable to conserve.

The child's ability to attend to and process visual information is important for

-learning to read. -systematically scanning pictures and objects. -improving the speed at which the child can process information.

being able to pretend involves

-manipulation of symbols. -cognitive sophistication. -preoperational thought.

Institutionalized children who receive little or no social stimulation

-may develop physical problems. -may develop intellectual problems. -may die.

The development of drawing is linked to

-motor development. -cognitive development. -enjoyment.

Infant attachment involves

-perceptual processes in the infant. -the caregiving provided. -cognitive processes in the infant.

Home visits to economically disadvantaged families increased maternal involvement with infants and secure attachment. The home visitors helped mothers

-positively conceptualize their fetuses. -accurately interpret infant cues. -engage in positive play.

Understanding class inclusion requires an understanding of

-reversibility. -conservation. -decentration.

Conservation requires

-the ability to reverse one's thinking. -the ability to focus on two or more aspects of a situation at once. -concrete operational thinking.

Saying a child "has a mind of his own" means

-the child misbehaves. -the child is stubborn. -the parents are proud of the child's independence.

Austin has been maltreated by his parents. As a result, he is more likely

-to suffer low self-esteem. -to show impaired cognitive functioning. -to act aggressively toward a date or spouse.

Young children

-use concrete memory aids to help them remember. -can be trained to use rehearsal. -can be assisted to remember better with labeling strategies.

In what year did Sesame Street make its debut?

1973

Sabrina wants to host a birthday party in her home for her 3-year-old son and six of his friends. Which design would best suit the children's needs?

A large open space with few pieces of furniture and lots of things to grab and bang

By what age will most children "outgrow" bed-wetting?

Age 8

Approximately how many children in the United States are reported to be abused or neglected each year?

Almost 3 million

In Ainsworth's Strange Situation, Evan showed severe distress when his mother left the room. When she returned, he ran to cling to her and then pushed her away. What type of attachment is this?

Ambivalent/resistant attachment

What is a retrieval cue?

Any trigger that helps us pull something from memory

Christopher is 4 months old. He prefers to be held by his mother or father rather than relatives or people he's never met. In terms of attachment, in which of Ainsworth's phases is Christopher?

Attachment-in-the-making phase

Which phase of attachment is characterized by a preference for familiar faces?

Attachment-in-the-making phase

Which of the following represents echolalia?

Automatic repetition of sounds

What causes the largest number of accidental deaths among children in the United States?

Automobile accidents

Which researcher used the dimensions of warmth-coldness and restrictiveness-permissiveness to develop four parenting styles?

Baumrind

Why might identical twins NOT have the same handedness?

Because some twins are "mirror opposites"

Why might preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children be needed?

Because these children generally perform less well on standardized intelligence tests

Why might class inclusion tasks be difficult for the preoperational child?

Because these tasks require the child to focus on multiple dimensions simultaneously

Why do children dislike certain foods?

Because they are unfamiliar with them

When is brain plasticity at its peak?

Between the ages of 1 and 2

By what age can most children pedal a tricycle?

By age 4-5

What is meant by "brain specialization?"

Certain brain areas have very specific functions

Four-year-old Hunter draws lines coming down a sheet of construction paper. He then looks at it and decides it's the rain he sees coming down outside his window. This represents which feature of drawing in early childhood?

Children ages 3 to 5 usually see what they've drawn and then name it

Children of active mothers are twice as likely to be active as children of inactive mothers. What is TRUE regarding fathers?

Children of active fathers are 3.5 times more likely to be active

Makani is 7 months old. She has developed an intense dependence upon her primary caregiver, her grandmother. Which of Ainsworth's (1978) attachment phases does this best represent?

Clear-cut-attachment phase

Dr. Martin is conducting a study of infant attachment. Her hypothesis is that infants who have not yet developed some concept of object permanence will not show specific attachments to caregivers. Which theoretical view of attachment does Dr. Martin hold?

Cognitive

In studies of Scottish and Ugandan infants, which of the following was TRUE?

Fear of strangers followed separation anxiety in both studies

What is centration?

Focusing only on one aspect of a problem

Harry and Margaret Harlow (1966) conducted a series of experiments to demonstrate that feeding was not as critical to the attachment process as who suggested?

Freud

As described in the textbook, HOME is an acronym for

Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment.

Which of the following would increase a young child's memory for an event?

If the activities occurred in a particular order

What enhances the effectiveness of preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children?

If they encourage parental involvement in the program

In 4-year-old children, which assists memory more?

Maternal assistance and internal motivation, depending on the memory task

Annah argues that people are primarily "right-brained" or "left-brained." Ramona argues that whether you are right-or left-brained is primarily inherited. Kristin argues that there is some specialization in the right and left hemispheres, but not to the extent that has been popularly believed. Who is right?

Kristin

Which of the following is TRUE?

Lack of centration enables one to have the ability of conservation

Zoe hits another child on the playground. Her mother responds by telling her she will stop loving her if this continues and then she ignores Zoe for a period of time. Which method of child control is this?

Love withdrawal

Can social deprivation experiments be conducted with infants?

No, it would be unethical to experimentally induce social deprivation

Which of the following might be a reason why permissive parenting is associated with higher self-esteem in children who live in Brazil and Spain?

Permissive parenting may be more in accord with that culture

What does a good scaffolding strategy do?

Provides information just a little higher than the child's current capability

Which theoretical view contends that caregivers become "love objects" and form the basis for all later attachments?

Psychoanalytic

What test did Piaget use to show that egocentrism prevents young children from taking the perspectives of others?

The three mountains test

In a study by DeLoache and colleagues (1985), what behaviors did children exhibit that indicated they were trying to remember where Big Bird was hidden?

They pointed or looked at the hiding place

Which child would probably be less friendly and spontaneous in social interactions?

Todd, raised by authoritarian parents

Which of the following represents the concept of class inclusion?

Understanding that "animal" includes subclasses such as "dogs" and "cats"

Which of the following is a mental representation?

Understanding that an eraser can look like a cookie

Which represents the appearance-reality distinction?

Understanding the difference between a toy train and an actual train

The concept of scaffolding can be attributed to which theorist?

Vygotsky

Scaffolding is a term associated with

Vygotsky's zone of proximal development.

Which of the following would 3-year-old Tyler remember best?

What he did while building a house out of blocks

Omar spent his first year of life in an orphanage where he was insecurely attached to his caregivers. He has now been adopted by a loving parent. His adoptive parent wants to know, can Omar's insecure attachment pattern change?

Yes

Is it okay to wake a sleep-walker?

Yes, but most will just go back to bed anyway

Are there positive outcomes to permissive-indulgent parenting?

Yes, children tend to be high in self-confidence

According to Baumrind, do the two broad dimensions of childrearing interact?

Yes, parents can fall on either side of either continuum

Can preschool intervention programs have long-term positive outcomes?

Yes, the children are more likely to go on to college and earn higher incomes

Statistically speaking, who has the highest rates of victimization?

Younger children and girls

Shyla is a socially withdrawn 4-year-old girl. Given what you know about the studies done on social deprivation with rhesus monkeys, what might help Shyla overcome being withdrawn?

Younger playmates

Overregularization is caused by

a child's understanding of syntax.

Gina is 3 years old. She can tell you that before going to bed, she puts on her pajamas, brushes her teeth, and listens to a story. Gina's account of this repeated event is called

a script.

When asked what happens at a birthday party, a 3-year-old says, "you play games, open presents, and eat cake." This description represents

a script.

In the textbook, parenting is described as

a two-way street.

Believing that the sun is a yellow circle that a person painted on the sky is an example of

artificialism

Leila's parents use a parenting style characterized by consistent control, strong support, and affection for her. This is referred to as

authoritative parenting.

Children who show high levels of independence, self-esteem, exploration, and self-reliance are likely to have

authoritative parents.

Memory for events that happened in one's life is called

autobiographical memory.

In Ainsworth's Strange Situation, Aluisio plays with his toys without fuss when he's alone and ignores his mother when she returns to the room. This form of attachment is

avoidant attachment.

One of the most obvious ways in which parents treat their sons and daughters differently is in their

choice of clothing, room furnishings, and toys.

Piaget believed that _________develops before___________.

cognitive development; language development

Research by Harry and Margaret Harlow (1966) suggests that

contact comfort may be as important a basic need as the need for food.

Air pollution

contributes to respiratory infections, which are responsible for childhood deaths.

minor childhood illnesses

decrease in frequency as the child ages.

Sleep-walking

decreases as children get older.

The scribbling of young children

demonstrates meaningful patterns.

The fixed-action pattern of attachment is theorized to occur during a critical period of life. This means

if it does not occur during this period, it may never occur.

Sleep-walking is related to

immaturity of the nervous system.

Generally speaking, permissive parents

impose few rules and do not supervise closely.

Attachment that occurs during a critical period based upon a specific releasing stimulus is called

imprinting

Konrad Lorenz's goslings (1962; 1981) ran to him when frightened, honked with distress at his departure, and tried to overcome obstacles to be near him. This is an example of

imprinting

Increase in brain weight during the preschool years is due

in large part to increasing myelination.

what is mutism?

inability or refusal to speak

Treatment methods for bed-wetting

include having the parent wake the child to take him/her to the bathroom.

Prosocial behaviors such as helping and sharing can be promoted by

inductive techniques.

what is emotional regulation?

infant looks away from an unpleasant stimulus

Izard's theory of emotion assumes that

infants are born with all emotions and they appear along with the child's cognitive development and social experience.

Infant-father attachment is predicted by

the quality of time the father spends with the infant.

Clarke-Stewart and Beck (1999) found that the quality of stories retold by children was related to

the scaffolding strategies used by their mothers.

Lydia is told to look at two objects, one is her pet dog and the other is an object unknown to her. When her father says, "Look at the turtle!" Lydia, according to the contrast assumption, would assume that

the turtle is the unfamiliar object.

A 4-year-old child is shown pictures of four cats and six dogs. When asked if there are more dogs or more animals, she will most likely say

there are more dogs.