Test Bank

"Their world, quite literally, changed before the Indians' eyes as European colonists transformed the forest into farmland... In the Southeast, hogs ran wild. Sheep and goats became permanent parts of the economy and culture of Pueblo and Navajo peoples in the Southwest. Horses transformed the lives and cultures of Indian peoples on the plains. Europeans also brought honeybees, black rats, cats, and cockroaches to America." — Colin G. Calloway, historian, First Peoples: A Documentary Survey of American Indian History, 2012 1. The excerpt describes effects of what? A .Columbian Exchange B. Great Awakening C. Middle Passage D. European Enlightenment 2.American Indian societies most commonly reacted to the changes described in the excerpt by? A. Encouraging European colonists to accept American Indian cultural practices B. Borrowing European political structures to organize their own societies C.Adapting European material goods while attempting to preserve cultural autonomy D. Embracing European religious and agricultural practices 3.The process described in the excerpt most affected Europeans by? A. An increase in cooperation among European nations B. A decline in religious activity and the secularization of Europe C.Significant population growth and economic development in many parts of Europe D.Widespread epidemics of American diseases that decreased European population 4. Europeans most typically explained the process described in the excerpt in which of the following ways? A. Denying that such changes had taken place B. Interpreting it as evidence of a need to protect the rights of artisans and farmers C.Viewing it as proof of the higher level of civilization among Europeans D. Asserting that all people were equal and deserving of the same rights

1. A .Columbian Exchange 2. C.Adapting European material goods while attempting to preserve cultural autonomy 3.C.Significant population growth and economic development in many parts of Europe 4.C.Viewing it as proof of the higher level of civilization among Europeans

'The cacao tree is most esteemed in Mexico and coca is favored in Peru; both trees are surrounded with considerable superstition. Cacao is a bean smaller and fattier than the almond, and when roasted has not a bad flavor. It is so much esteemed by the Indians, and even by the Spaniards, that it is the object of one of the richest and largest lines of trade of New Spain; since it is a dry fruit, and one that keeps a long time without spoiling, they send whole ships loaded with it from the province of Guatemala... The chief use of this cacao is to make a drink that they call chocolate, which they greatly cherish in that country. But those who have not formed a taste for it dislike it... The Indies have been better repaid in the matter of plants than in any other kind of merchandise; for those few that have been carried from the Indies into Spain do badly there, whereas the many that have come over from Spain prosper in their new homes. I do not know whether to attribute this to the excellence of the plants that go from here or to the bounty of the soil over there. Nearly every good thing grown in Spain is found there... They include wheat, barley, garden produce... such as lettuceÉin short, whatever grows well here, for those who have gone to the Indies have been careful to take with them seeds of every description... By profitable plants I mean those plants which not only yield fruit but bring money to their owners.' — Jose de Acosta, The Columbian Exchange, 1590 1. According to Acosta, a Spaniard, which of the following was true of the Columbian Exchange? A. It was an unequal one because Europe benefited more than the Americas from it B. It was an unequal one because the Americas benefited more than Europe from it C. It was an equal exchange because both Europe and the Americas benefited from it D. It was a poor exchange because neither the Americas nor Europe benefited from it 2.Which of the following most directly reflects Acosta's valuation of plants in the excerpt? A. Whether they are aesthetically pleasing B. Whether the sale of their produce earns money C.Whether their products have medicinal value D. Whether they yield abundant produce 3.One direct long-term effect of the Europeans' introduction to the cacao tree was? A. Increased Indian superstition about the tree's miraculous properties B. The outbreak of European warfare over cacao-growing territories C. The South American drug trafficking in cocaine D. The popularity of chocolate in Europe

1. B. It was an unequal one because the Americas benefited more than Europe from it 2. B. Whether the sale of their produce earns money 3. D. The popularity of chocolate in Europe

High Feast Dances 1. The illustration by John White best serves as evidence of which of the following? A. Artist's fear of cannibalism among the Native Americans B. Artist's attempt to humorously portray the Native American rituals C. Artist's effort to document Native American life for an English readership D. Artist's desire to escape from European civilization 2. Which of the following contributed most directly to the English designation of Native Americans as 'savages'? A. Foreign languages used by Native Americans B. Native American foods that were unknown in Europe C. Distinctions between Indian and European ideas of kingship D. Differences in Indians' mode of dress and religious ceremonies from European standards One effect of the development of the Europeans' belief in white superiority was? A. Intermarriage of the English with the Native Americans B. Seizure of land resided upon by Native Americans C. Imitation of Native American farming techniques D. Adoption of Native American hunting methods

1. C. Artist's effort to document Native American life for an English readership 2. D. Differences in Indians' mode of dress and religious ceremonies from European standards 3. B. Seizure of land resided upon by Native Americans

1. The economic activity of maize cultivation, depicted on the left, most directly relates to which native population? A. Societies in the Northeast B.Societies in the Northwest C.Societies in the Great Plains D.Societies in the Southwest 2.The development of a mixed agriculture and hunter-gatherer economy that resulted in more of a permanent village society most directly relates to which native population? A. Societies in the Northeast and Southwest B. Societies in the Southwest and Great Plains C. Societies in the Great Plains and Atlantic Seaboard D. Societies in the Northeast and Atlantic 3. Based on the Algonquin Village portrayed in the drawing, which of the following statements is correct? A. The Algonquins were a warrior people, based on the defenses established in their village B. The Algonquin were nomadic and moved constantly throughout the year C. The Algonquins had an organized community structure D. The Algonquins had a highly developed trade system 4. Based on the Algonquin settlement portrayed in the previous illustration and the nature of eastern North American Indian nations, which of the following statement is most accurate? A. The community depended on trade with other Indian nations for their survival B. The Algonquins depended on conquering their enemies for the economic goods and food they produced C. The people of the eastern woodlands were hunter-gatherers and agriculturally oriented D. The Algonquins believed in human sacrifice to appease their gods

1. D. Societies in the Southwest 2. D. Societies in the Northeast and Atlantic 3.A. The Algonquins were a warrior people, based on the defenses established in their village 4.B.The Algonquins depended on conquering their enemies for the economic goods and food they produced

"The province of Quivira is 950 leagues from Mexico. Where I reached it, it is in the fortieth degree [oflatitude]. ...I have treated the natives of this province, and all the others whom I found wherever I went, as well as was possible, agree_ ably to what Your Majesty had commanded, and they have received no harm in any way from me or from those who went in my company. I remained twenty_ five days in this province of Quivira, so as to see and explore the country and also to find out whether there was anything beyond which could be of service tc Your Majesty, because the guides who had brought me had given me an account of other provinces beyond this. And what I am sure of is that there is not an) gold nor any other metal in all that country."-Francisco Coronado, Spanish conquistador, Travels in Quivira, c. 154 1. Based on Coronado's observations, which of the following best describes Spanish efforts in Mexico in the mid-16th century? A. Exploring lands new to them B. Establishing colonies C. Warring with Native Americans D. Spreading the Christian faith 2. The activities of Coronado and other Spanish and Portuguese explorers in the Americas in the 16th century primarily depended on the support of? A. Merchants and fur traders B. The Catholic Church C. Monarchs D. Enslaved Europeans

1.A. Exploring lands new to them 2.C.Monarchs

'... these people [the natives of the Indies] are the most guileless, the most devoid of wickedness and duplicity, the most obedient and faithful... They are by nature the most humble, patient, and peaceable, holding no grudges... They are also poor people, for they not only possess little but have no desire to possess worldly goods. For this reason they are not arrogant... or greedy... The common ways mainly employed by the Spaniards who call themselves Christian and who have gone there to extirpate those pitiful nations and wipe them off the earth is by unjustly waging cruel and bloody wars. Then, when they have slain all those who fought for their lives or to escape the tortures they would have to endure, that is to say, when they have slain all the native rulers and young men (since the Spaniards usually spare only the women and children, who are subjected to the hardest and bitterest servitude ever suffered by man or beast), they enslave any survivors. With these infernal methods of tyranny they debase and weaken countless numbers of those pitiful Indian nations. Their reason for killing and destroying such an infinite number of souls is that the Christians have an ultimate aim, which is to acquire gold, and to swell themselves with riches in a very brief time and thus rise to a high estate disproportionate to their merits. It should be kept in mind that their insatiable greed and ambition, the greatest ever seen in the world, is the cause of their villainies. And also, those lands are so rich and felicitous, the native peoples so meek and patient, so easy to subject, that our Spaniards have no more consideration for them than beasts. And I say this from my own knowledge of the acts I witnessed. ' 16. Which of the following most directly reflects Las Casas' rhetorical strategy in the excerpt? A. He contrasts the beast-like qualities of the Indians with the elevated human reason of the Spaniards B. He contrasts the passive ineffectiveness of the Indians with the vigorous leadership of the Spaniards C. He contrasts the Indians' traditionally Christian qualities of humility and lack of greed with the pretended Christianity of the avaricious Spaniards D. He contrasts the ignorant, heathen Indians with the educated Christian Spaniards 17. Which of the following was most clearly the motive for Las Casas' writing? A. He tried to get revenge on the Spanish conquistadors who stole his land B. He hoped that if the Spanish monarchs knew the truth they would intervene to protect the Indians C. He used the example of the Indians as an indirect way of praising Spanish culture D. He wanted to achieve literary fame by exaggerating the difficult conditions in the New World 18. Las Casas' portrayal of the barbarous Spanish treatment of Indians had which of the following unintended effects? A. It provoked an Indian uprising against Spanish rule B. It increased the Spanish conquerors' cruelty towards the natives C. It was used by Protestants as propaganda against Catholic Spain D. It prompted accusations that he was a heretic

16. C. He contrasts the Indians' traditionally Christian qualities of humility and lack of greed with the pretended Christianity of the avaricious Spaniards 17. B. He hoped that if the Spanish monarchs knew the truth they would intervene to protect the Indians 18. C. It was used by Protestants as propaganda against Catholic Spain

The colonizers brought along plants and animals new to the Americas, some by design and others by accident. Determined to farm in a European manner, the colonists introduced their domesticated livestock—honeybees, pigs, horses, mules, sheep, and cattle—and their domesticated plants, including wheat, barley, rye, oats, grasses, and grapevines. But the colonists also inadvertently carried pathogens, weeds, and rats.... In sum, the remaking of the Americas was a team effort by a set of interdependent species led and partially managed but never fully controlled) by European people." 1. The export of New World crops to the Old World transformed European society mostly by? A. Improving diets and thereby stimulating population growth B. Encouraging enclosures of open lands and pushing workers off of farms C. Promoting greater exploration of the interior of the American continents D. Fostering conflicts among major powers over access to new food supplies 2. The patterns described in the excerpt most directly foreshadowed which of the following developments? A. The spread of maize cultivation northward from present-day Mexico into the American Southwest B. The population decline in Native American societies C. The gradual shift of European economies from feudalism to capitalism D. The emergence of racially mixed populations in the Americas 3. The trends described by Taylor most directly illustrate which of the following major historical developments in the Atlantic world? A. The growth of mercantile empires that stretched across the Atlantic B. The increasing Anglicization of the English colonies C. The phenomenon known as the Columbian exchange D. The rise of the trans- Atlantic slave trade

1.A.Improving diets and thereby stimulating population growth 2.B.The population decline in Native American societies 3.C.The phenomenon known as the Columbian exchange

"... differences in food production constituted a major ultimate cause of disparities between Eurasian and Native American societies... the... proximate factors behind the conquest, the most important included differences in germs, technology, political organization, and writing. Of these, the one linked most directly to the difference in food production was germs. The infectious diseases that regularly visited crowded Eurasian societies, and to which many Eurasians consequently immune or genetic resistance, included all of history's lethal killers: smallpox, measles, influenza, plague, tuberculosis, typhus, cholera, malaria and others. Against that grim list the sole crowd [of] infectious diseases...attributed'... to pre_ Columbian Native American societies were non-syphilitic treponemas [bacterial genus]." 1. The interpretation in the passage above can best be supported historically by which of the following statements? A. The drop in Native American population in North and South America from 25 million to under 250,000 after the arrival of the Europeans B. The forced relocation of Native Americans that disrupted their normal patterns of procreation C. Bringing tobacco products from Eurasia to the Native Americans which would ruin the health of the indigenous people D. The importation of African slaves forced the Indians out of the labor force so they could no longer earn a living 2. The arrival of the Europeans brought about the decimation of the Native American population primarily because? A. There was not enough land to support both the Native Americans and the Europeans B. Of the spread of highly contagious diseases to which they had no immunity C. Most of the Indians were not prepared to give up the nomadic life of the hunter for the sedentary life of the fanner D. The prevalence of converting the Indians to the European religions which destroyed their noble character and will to live 3. The factor that brought about the difference in food production from the Eurasians to the Native Americans was? A. Technology B. Writing C. Political organization D. Germs

1.A.The drop in Native American population in North and South America from 25 million to under 250,000 after the arrival of the Europeans 2.B.Of the spread of highly contagious diseases to which they had no immunity 3.D.Germs

'...Tenochtitlan had been filled, raised, and expanded to an island city of 12-15 km (4.6-5.8 mi). Causeways with drawbridges linked the island capital to the mainland and aqueducts brought fresh water to the city's inhabitants. About 80 buildings comprised the walled ceremonial core of the city. They included temples, palaces, dormitories, ball courts, skull trophy racks, clubhouses, and platforms for dancing and ritual combat. There were gardens and even a zoo. From all accounts the palaces were splendid residences for the elites.' — Dean R. Snow, Archaeology of Native North America, 2010 1. The description of the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan in Mexico most directly supports which of the following? A. The largest and most sophisticated Indian civilizations were in the area of the present-day United States B. Native Americans did not have extensive trade networks in the pre-Columbian era C. The city of Tenochtitlan was not easy to defend from attacks by invaders D. The largest and most sophisticated Indian civilizations were in Mexico and South America 2.The excerpt suggests most clearly which one of the following ideas about Aztec society? A. The science of engineering was unknown in the Aztec world B. It was highly stratified with the emperor, aristocracy, and priests ruling over the population C. Religious ceremonies were not considered an important part of Aztec culture D. It was not martial at all, but a very peace-loving society 3. The excerpt reference to skull trophy racks best serves as evidence of which of the following? A. Aztec practice of preserving the heads of animals killed on hunting expeditions B. Aztec practice of decapitating human captives in ritual sacrifices C. The famine that killed thousands of Aztecs after a ten-year drought D. The smallpox epidemics that devastated the Aztec city in its earlier years

1.D. The largest and most sophisticated Indian civilizations were in Mexico and South America 2.B. It was highly stratified with the emperor, aristocracy, and priests ruling over the population 3. B. Aztec practice of decapitating human captives in ritual sacrifices

Native Americans engaged in agriculture 1. The image of Native Americans engaged in agriculture most directly reflects which of the following? A. Influence of English culture on Native Americans' clothing and hairstyles B. English colonists' introduction of agriculture to Native Americans C. Native American custom of performing human sacrifices for bountiful harvests D. Cultivation of crops such as maize (corn) and beans by Native Americans prior to contact with Europeans 2. The grouping of individuals in the image most clearly suggests which of the following? A. Men did the farm work in Native American societies, while women remained in the dwellings and focused on child care B. Women were the principal farmers in Native American societies, while men cleared the fields or hunted C. Only the most elderly Native Americans did the farm work, while the other tribal members hunted or prepared the food D. Only Native American children did farm labor, while adults hunted animals 3. Which of the following was the most direct effect of Native American agriculture? A. It led to a hunting and gathering economy for Native Americans B. It ended Native American dependence on archaic religious practices C. It supported economic development and social diversification in certain Native American societies D. It allowed Native American societies to overcome droughts

1.D.Cultivation of crops such as maize (corn) and beans by Native Americans prior to contact with Europeans 2.B.Women were the principal farmers in Native American societies, while men cleared the fields or hunted 3.C.It supported economic development and social diversification in certain Native American societies

"Kitche Manitou (The Great Spirit) beheld a vision. In this dream he saw a vast sky filled with stars, sun, moon, and earth. He saw an earth made of mountains and valleys, islands and lakes, plains and forests. He saw trees and flowers, grasses and vegetables. He saw walking, flying, swimming, and crawling beings. He witnessed the birth and end of things. At the same time he saw other things live on... He touched rain and wind. He felt love and hate, fear and courage, joy and sadness. Kitche Manitou meditated to understand his vision. In his wisdom Kitche Manitou understood that his vision had to be fulfilled. Kitche Manitou was to bring into being and existence what he had seen, heard, and felt." 1. Which of the following resulted from the differing worldviews of American Indians and Europeans as illustrated in the excerpt above? A. Environmental concerns due to the exploitation of natural resources B. An emphasis on the search for wealth, power, and status C. American Indians embracing new European social and economic relationships D. Debates over how American Indians should be treated and "civilized" 2.Between the 16th and 18th centuries, which aspect of American Indian and European cultures was most similar? A. Gender roles B. Trade and commerce C. Religious beliefs D. Environmental practices

1.D.Debates over how American Indians should be treated and "civilized" 2.B.Trade and commerce

Mesoamerican Maize Cultivation 10. The image above depicts the Native American cultivation of maize (corn), which was? A. A crop indigenous to Africa B. A variant of the type of corn indigenous to Europe C. A crop unfamiliar to the Europeans D. A crop introduced to America by Asians 11. The introduction of maize, beans, and potatoes to Europe and sugar cane and wheat to the Americas is most clearly an example of which of the following? A. Triangular Trade B. Treaty of Tordesillas C. Continental Divide D. Columbian Exchange 12. Which of the following was the most direct effect of the transference of New World foods to Europe? A. A change in Indian eating habits and a sharp rise in Native American population B. A change in European eating habits and a sharp rise in European population C. A change in European eating habits and a sharp decrease in European population D. A change in Indian eating habits due to widespread famine in the New World

10. C. A crop unfamiliar to the Europeans 11. D. Columbian Exchange 12. B. A change in European eating habits and a sharp rise in European population

''In this place he saw and perceyued sundry tokens of the peoples resorting thither. And being ashore, upon the top of a hill, he perceived a number of small things fleeting in the Sea a far off, which he supposed to be Porposes, or Seals, or some kind of strange fish: but coming nearer, he discovered them to be men, in small boates made of leather... Afterwards, he had conferences with them, and they came aborde his ship, and brought him Salmon and raw flesh and fish, and greedily deuoured the fame before our mens faces. And to show their agility, they tried many maisteries, upon the ropes of the ship, after our Mariners fashion, and appeared to be very strong of their arms, and nimble of their bodies. They exchanged coates of Seal, and Bear skins, and such like, with our men, and received belles, looking glasses, and other toys in recompence thereof againe.'- Martin Frobisher, Account of First Voyage to the New World, 1576 10. The description of a European's first encounter with native people in Canada most directly reflects which of the following? A. European's discovery of new species of porpoises and seals B. Native Americans' lack of athleticism and absence of curiosity C. Exchange of European manufactured goods for the natural resources of the Americas D. Demonstration of skillful cooking and religious rituals by Native Americans 11. Frobisher's reference to 'toys' in the excerpt most clearly suggests which of the following? A. He considered the items presented to the Indians to be of great practical use and high financial worth B. He viewed the items given to the Indians as having little importance or serious value C. He expected that the Native Americans' children would play with the trade items D. He believed that the Indians' seal coats and bear skins would have little value in the European market 12. One long-term direct effect of the trade between the Europeans and the Native Americans was? A. Indians' refusal to ally with any of the European powers in their wars on the North American continent B. Indians' token representation on the British Board of Trade C. Indians' acquisition of guns, which increased the deadliness of intertribal warfare D. Indians' movement for the abolition of African slavery

10. C. Exchange of European manufactured goods for the natural resources of the Americas 11. B. He viewed the items given to the Indians as having little importance or serious value 12. C. Indians' acquisition of guns, which increased the deadliness of intertribal warfare

'We saw two companies of boats of wild men... a great number of men went on shore making a great noise, beckening unto us that wee should come on land, showing us certain skins upon pieces of wood, but because we had but one only boat, we would not go to them... they seeing us flee, prepared two of their boats to follow us... as it were desiring our friendship... we would not stand to their courtesy, but made signes unto them that they should turn back, which they would not do, but with great fury came toward us: and suddenly with their boats compassed us about: and because they would not away from us by any signes that we could make, we shot off two pieces among them, which did so terrify them, that they put themselves to flight... We likewise made signes unto them, that we wished them no evil: and in signe thereof two of our men ventured to go on land to them, and carry them knives with other Iron wares, and a red hat to give unto their Captain. Which when they saw, they also came on land, and brought some of their skinnes, and so began to deale with us, seeming to be very glad to have our iron ware and other things, stil dancing with many other ceremonies... They gave us whatsoever they had, not keeping any thing, so that they were constrained to go back againe naked, and made signes that the next day they would come againe, and bring more skinnes with them... for they gave us all whatsoever they had, and that was but of small value. We perceived that this people might very easily be converted to our Religion.' 10. The excerpt references to 'wild men,' skins of 'small value,' and a people who 'might very easily be converted to our Religion' most directly reflect which of the following? A. Cartier's admiration of the natural lifestyle of the Indians B. Cartier's exaggeration of the facts for the entertainment of his readers C. Cartier's anthropological understanding of the indigenous people D. Cartier's sense of the superiority of Europeans to the native tribes 11. Cartier's description of the natives' reaction to the Europeans most clearly indicates which of the following? A. They were hostile, war-like, and determined to ban the Europeans from their land B. They were welcoming, generous, and valued European goods C. They had seen many Europeans before and were familiar with guns D. They had an agriculture-based economy 12. Which of the following contributed most directly to Cartier's first contact with the Indians? A. Cartier was on a scientific expedition to study the native tribes B. Cartier was trying to find a northern sea route to Asia for France C. France was seeking Indian allies in a war against Spain D. France was seeking Indian allies in a war against England

10. D. Cartier's sense of the superiority of Europeans to the native tribes 11. B. They were welcoming, generous, and valued European goods 12. B. Cartier was trying to find a northern sea route to Asia for France

"Concerning the treatment of Native American workers:When they were allowed to go home, they often found it deserted and had no other recourse than to go out into the woods to find food and to die. When they fell ill, which was very frequently because they are a delicate people unaccustomed to such work, the Spaniards did not believe them and pitilessly called them lazy dogs, and kicked and beat them; and when illness was apparent the) sent them home as useless, giving them some cassava for the twenty- to eightyá league journey. They would go then, falling into the first stream and dying there in desperation; others would hold on longer, but very few ever made it home. I sometimes came upon dead bodies on my way, and upon others who were gasping and moaning in their death agony, repeating 'Hungry, hungry."' 10. . Which of the following best explains the underlying cause of the Spanish actions described by Las Casas? A. Racism B. Religion C. Desire for wealth D. Fear of native power 11. The primary audience that Las Casas hoped to influence by his writing was? A. Monarchs of Spain B. Roman Catholic Church C. Conquistadores D. Native Americans 12. Which of the following factors that affected Native Americans is directly implied but not stated in this excerpt? A. Many Spaniards were sympathetic to the Native Americans B. The Catholic Church was trying to help the Native Americans C. European diseases were killing millions of Native Americans D. The Spanish faced strong resistance from Native Americans

10.A.Racism 11.A.Monarchs of Spain 12.C.European diseases were killing millions of Native Americans

'Before we came to this land we lived yonder under the sun [pointing with his finger nearly southwest, by which I understood that he meant Mexico]; we lived in a fine country where the earth is always pleasant; there our Suns [chiefs] had their abode, and our nation maintained itself for a long time against the ancients of the country, who conquered some of our villages in the plains but never could force us from the mountains. Our nation extended itself along the great water [the Gulf of Mexico] where this large river [the Mississippi] loses itself; but as our enemies were become very numerous, and very wicked, our Suns sent some of their subjects who lived near this river, to examine whether we could retire into the country through which it flowed. The country on the east side of the river being found extremely pleasant, the Great Sun, upon the return of those who had examined it, ordered all his subjects who lived in the plains, and who still defended themselves against the ancients of the country, to remove into this land, here to build a temple, and to preserve the eternal fire..." 10. According to the excerpt, based on oral tradition, which of the following best reflects the reason for the Natchez Indians' migration? A. Trade was severely restricted between the different Indian tribes in Mexico B. The Mexican climate became too hot for the Natchez' agricultural endeavors C. The Natchez tribe was unable to defeat its enemies, an indigenous people of Mexico D. The Natchez tribe sought a fabled gold mine in the northern land 11. Which of the following factors most directly contributed to the choice of the new location of Natchez settlement? A. Coastline of the Gulf of Mexico B. Direction of the setting of the sun C. Route of the Mississippi River D. Migratory path of birds 12. The description of Natchez Indians' decision-making best serves as evidence of which of the following? A. The Natchez had a relatively egalitarian society that operated by group consensus B. The Natchez had a hierarchical society with a small group of nobility ruling over the majority C. The Natchez had a very individualistic society with each member heeding his/her personal direction D. The Natchez had a unified society lacking highly differentiated gender roles

10.C. The Natchez tribe was unable to defeat its enemies, an indigenous people of Mexico 11.C.Route of the Mississippi River 12.B.The Natchez had a hierarchical society with a small group of nobility ruling over the majority

11. The reties above indicate which of the following? A. These Indians were likely to be exclusively sedentary agriculturalists B. These relics suggest that the Moundbuilders were hunter-gatherers and farmers C. The tribes used the horse to help in the acquisition of food D. Fish was a major source of protein for the Moundbuilders 12. It is clear that the Moundbuilders were skilled...? A. Equestrians B. Buffalo hunters C. Pottery makers D. Home builders

11. B.These relics suggest that the Moundbuilders were hunter-gatherers and farmers 12.C.These relics suggest that the Moundbuilders were hunter-gatherers and farmers

"During the sixteenth century, the European colonizers had expected to live as economic parasites on the labor of many Indians, but the epidemics upset their best-laid plans. Left with large tracts of fertile but depopulated lands, the colonists cast about for a new source of cheap and exploitable labor that was less susceptible to disease. Beginning in 1518 to Hispaniola, the colonizers imported growing numbers of slaves from West Africa. Prior to 1820, at least two-thirds of the twelve million emigrants from the Old to the New World were enslaved Africans . . . Most of the slaves were put to work on tropical or subtropical plantations raising crops- primarily sugar, rice, indigo, tobacco, cotton, and coffee-for the European market." 11. Beginning in the 16th century, Spanish colonizers imported increasing numbers of slaves from West Africa for all of the following reasons except? A.The native peoples did not make good slaves because most of them died of disease B. They had no other readily available source of labor to work to their plantations C. The number of immigrants from Spain to their colonies remained small D. In the half century after 1518, European demand for tobacco increased dramatically 12. During the 16th century, the number of people from England and continental Europe who immigrated to Spain's New World colonies and settled there...? A. Grew exponentially with each passing decade B. Remained small C. Fluctuated wildly due to the frequent wars among the great powers D. Never dropped below 10,000 per year 13. Prior to 1607,...? A. Spain remained the dominant colonial power in the New World B. The Portuguese claimed large tracts in the New World, but were unable to retain any of them because they lacked enough soldiers and settlers to hold them C. The English established far more colonies in the New World than other European powers D. The French had already replaced the Spanish as the dominant colonial power in North America

11.D.In the half century after 1518, European demand for tobacco increased dramatically 12.B.Remained small 13.A.Spain remained the dominant colonial power in the New World

"1609...as for com provision and contribution from the savages, we had nothing but mortal wounds with clubs and arrows; as for our hogs, hens, goats, sheep, horse...our commanders, officers, and savages daily consumed them,... then swords, arms, pieces, or anything, we traded with the savages, whose cruel fingers were so often imbrewed [stained] in our bloods...after Captain Smiths departure, there remained not past 60 men, women, and children,...preserved for the most part by roots, herbs, acorns,...so great was our famine that a savage we slew and buried the poorer sort took him up again and eat him;...one amongst the rest did kill his wife, powdered (salted) her, and had eaten part of her before it was known, for which he was executed, as he well deserved. Now whether she was better roasted, boiled, or carbonadoed [broiled] I know not, but such a dish as powdered wife I never heard of.... This was that time, which still to this day we called the starving time...." 13. The description of the indigenous people is contrary to which 19th century view of the Indians? A. Idealization by the Romantics B. Eradication by the industrialists C. Toleration by the homesteaders D. Racism by the Know-Nothings 14. Smith's description of the relations between the colonist and the indigenous people is similar to? A. Jeffersonian views on nature B. Those southerners who favored outlawing slavery C. The attitude of the Jackonians as demonstrated by the Trail of Tears D. Advocates of the Dawes Act 15. Which statement in the above passage could be viewed as an attempt by Smith to invoke "gallows" humor? A. "...as for com provision and contribution from the savages, we had nothing but mortal wounds with clubs and arrows" B. "Now whether she was better roasted, boiled, or carbonadoed I know not, but such a dish as powdered wife I never heard of..." C. "so great was our famine that a savage we slew and buried the poorer sort took him up again and eat him" D. "...one amongst the rest did kill his wife, powdered (salted) her, and had eaten part of her before it was known, for which he was executed, as he well deserved"

13. A.These relics suggest that the Moundbuilders were hunter-gatherers and farmers 14.C.These relics suggest that the Moundbuilders were hunter-gatherers and farmers 15. B.These relics suggest that the Moundbuilders were hunter-gatherers and farmers

'The Apaches, of whom we have also seen some, are innumerable, and although I heard that they lived in rancherias, a few days ago I ascertained that they live like these in pueblos, one of which, eighteen leagues from here, contains fifteen plazas. They are a people whom I have compelled to render obedience to His Majesty, although not by means of legal instruments like the rest of the provinces. This has caused me much labor, diligence, and care, long journeys, with arms on the shoulders, and not a little watching and circumspection; indeed, because my maese de campo was not as cautious as he should have been, they killed him with twelve companions in a great pueblo and fortress called Acoma, which must contain about three thousand Indians. As punishment for its crime and its treason against his Majesty, to whom it had already rendered submission by a public instrument, and as a warning to the rest, I razed and burned it completely...' 13. The Indian attack on the Spanish scouting party depicted in the excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following? A. Indians raided to acquire Spanish weaponry to trade with other tribes B. The Spaniards had plundered gold from the New Mexico Indians C. Indians resisted the Spanish occupation of the New Mexico territory D. New Mexico Indians allied themselves with the French explorers of the Southwest 14. Which of the following was Don Juan de Onate's reaction to Indians' attempt to maintain cultural autonomy? A. Breaking their religious idols and eradicating their temples B. Enslaving most of the Indian women and children for labor in the fields C. Killing only the Indian leaders and burning their pueblo to the ground D. Killing large numbers of natives, amputating one foot off of the male captives, and destroying their community 15. One direct effect of Onate's cruelty was? A. His recall from his appointment as governor of New Mexico B. Long-term peaceful relations between the Spanish and the New Mexico Indians C. His promotion to the position of viceroy of New Spain D. The New Mexico Indians' negotiation of a treaty with the French

13. B. The Spaniards had plundered gold from the New Mexico Indians 14. D. Killing large numbers of natives, amputating one foot off of the male captives, and destroying their community 15. A. His recall from his appointment as governor of New Mexico

'SIR: Since I know that you will be pleased at the great victory with which Our Lord has crowned my voyage, I write this to you, from which you will learn how in thirty-three days I passed from the Canary Islands to the Indies... The harbours of the sea here are such as cannot be believed to exist unless they have been seen, and so with the rivers, many and great, and of good water, the majority of which contain gold. In the trees, fruits and plants, there is a great difference from those of Juana. In this island, there are many spices and great mines of gold and of other metals. The people of this island and of all the other islands which I have found and of which I have information, all go naked, men and women... They have no iron or steel or weapons, nor are they fitted to use them. In conclusion, to speak only of what has been accomplished on this voyage, which was so hasty, their Highnesses can see that I will give them as much gold as they may need...'- Christopher Columbus, 'The Letters of Columbus toFerdinand and Isabel,' 1493 13. The excerpt from Columbus' letter best serves as evidence of which of the following? A. He accurately believed that he had discovered a new route to Asia from Europe and had arrived in the Indies, off the Asian coast B. He accurately believed that he had discovered a new route to America from Europe and had arrived in the Caribbean islands C. He mistakenly believed that he had discovered a new route to Asia from Europe and had arrived in the Indies, off the Asian coast D. He mistakenly believed that he had discovered a new route to Africa from Europe and had arrived in Madagascar, off the African coast 14. The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following goals of Columbus' expedition? A. To convert the Indians to Christianity B. To discover gold and other precious metals C. To study the Native Americans' culture D. To gather botanical specimens 15. One direct long-term effect of Columbus' voyage report was that it? A. Increased the number of Indians in the Caribbean islands B. Led to the decrease of European voyages to Asia C. Led to the discovery of gold and silver by others in South America and greatly enriched the monarchy in Spain D.Led to the transformation of European weaponry and the decline of Spain as a world power

13. C. He mistakenly believed that he had discovered a new route to Asia from Europe and had arrived in the Indies, off the Asian coast 14. B. To discover gold and other precious metals 15. C. Led to the discovery of gold and silver by others in South America and greatly enriched the monarchy in Spain

'Then Motecuhzoma [Moctezuma] gave the messengers his final orders. He said to them: 'Go now, without delay. Do reverence to our lord the god. Say to him: 'Your deputy, Motecuhzoma, has sent us to you. Here are the presents with which he welcomes you home to Mexico.''...One by one they did reverence to Cortes by touching the ground before him with their lips. They said to him: 'If the god will deign to hear us, your deputy Motecuhzoma has sent us to render you homage. He has the City of Mexico in his care.' ...Then they arrayed the Captain [Cortes] in the finery they had brought him as presents. With great care they fastened the turquoise mask in place, the mask of the god with its cross band of quetzal feathers... The Captain asked them: "And is this all? Is this your gift of welcome? Is this how you greet people?"...the messengers reported to the king. They told him... what they had seen... Motecuhzoma was astonished and terrified by their report... He was also terrified to learn how the cannon roared... how it caused one to faint and grow deaf. The messengers told him: 'A thing like a ball of stone comes out of its entrails: it comes out shooting sparks and raining fire... If the cannon is aimed against a mountain, the mountain splits and cracks open."...The messengers also said: 'Their trappings and arms are all made of iron... Their deer carry them on their backs wherever they wish to go. These deer, our lord, are as tall as the roof of a house... When Motecuhzoma heard this report, he was filled with terror... It was as if he were conquered by despair..."- Miguel Leon-Portilla, ed., excerpt from The Broken Spears, The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico, 16th century 13. The description of Cortes' treatment by Moctezuma's messengers is best explained by which of the following? A. Aztecs' use of plants with strong hallucinogenic qualities B. Aztecs' rituals of courtesy towards strangers C. Aztecs' preparation for a human sacrifice D. Aztecs' assumption that the Spaniard was a god 14. According to the excerpt, Moctezuma's terror was evoked by which of the following? A. Europeans' weaponry and horses B. Europeans' lack of gratitude C. Aztecs' end of the world prophecy D. Aztecs' dwindling supply of turquoise 15. Which of the following was the most direct effect of Moctezuma's fatalistic attitude about the Spaniards' arrival? A. Moctezuma's suicide by poison B. Incan invasion of the Aztec Empire C. Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire D. Ascension of Moctezuma's son to the throne

13. D. Aztecs' assumption that the Spaniard was a god 14. A. Europeans' weaponry and horses 15. C. Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire

'Propaganda published by the Puritans to justify attempts to exterminate Algonkians, and the proclivity of the European intellectual tradition to set up contrasts, have given some the impression that all the Algonkians were nomadic children of nature while the Iroquois were a civilized nation. But careful reading of the historic sources and the archaeological record suggests that in... the Northeast, those regions in which maize agriculture was usually reliable as the basis of the food supply, protohistoric Iroquois and Algonkians were quite similar in economy, community organization, and technology. The real contrast was that forced by ecology between the agricultural peoples and those who lived north of the climatic zone with at least 130 frost-free days annually. Where fewer than 130 frost-free days regularly occur each year, even the varieties of... maize carefully selected by the Indians for maturation under borderline ecology could not produce dependable crops. Therefore, peoples north of this zone had to rely on hunting and fishing for subsistence and could not build large, sedentary towns. It happened that at historic contact, all the Iroquois were agricultural and the nonagricultural north was exclusively Algonkian-speaking, but this must not cloud the fact that the Atlantic Slope from southern Maine through the Carolinas was occupied by agricultural Algonkian towns.' 13. Which of the following best reflects the thesis of anthropologist Alice Beck Kehoe regarding the differences between Algonkian and Iroquois societies? A. Adaptation to different climate zones produced differences in tribal cultures B. Different genetic origins resulted in different tribal cultures C. Different religious beliefs created differences in tribal cultures D. Linguistic differences led to different tribal cultures 14. The excerpt most clearly suggests that which of the following is a misrepresentation of the Algonkians? A. They were quite similar to the Iroquois B. They all lived in agricultural, civilized towns C. They were highly admired by the Puritans D. They were all nomadic hunters and gatherers 15. One significant result of the extraordinary physical diversity of the North American continent was the? A. Clustering of Native American tribes only along the coastal areas B. Variety of Native American written languages in the pre-Columbian era C. Diversity in Native American tribes' social structures, economies, and spoken languages D. Lack of Native American tribal conflict over territory

13.A.Adaptation to different climate zones produced differences in tribal cultures 14.D.They were all nomadic hunters and gatherers 15.C.Diversity in Native American tribes' social structures, economies, and spoken languages

"Apart from his navigational skills, what most set Columbus apart from other Europeans of his day were not the things that he believed, but the intensity with which he believed in them and the determination with which he acted upon those beliefs... "Columbus was, in most respects, merely an especially active and dramatic embodiment of the European- and especially the Mediterranean- mind and soul of his time: a religious fanatic obsessed with the conversion, conquest, or liquidation of all non-Christians; a latter-day Crusader in search of personal wealth and fame, who expected the enormous and mysterious world he had found to be filled with monstrous races inhabiting wild forests, and with golden people living in Eden." 13. Which of the following European nations would be the least likely to share the characteristics Stannard uses in describing Columbus? A. England B. France C. Portugal D. Spain 14. Which of the following is a reason historians are most likely to criticize the view of Columbus expressed in this excerpt? A. It ignores the period in which Columbus lived B. It displays a bias against Christians C. It skips over the progress brought by Columbus D. It uses highly charged language

13.A.England 14.D.It uses highly charged language

" . . . [A]lthough disastrous for American natives, the post-1492 exchange of New and Old World microbes and plants provided a double boon to Europeans. First, they obtained an expanded food supply that permitted their reproduction at an unprecedented rate. Second, they acquired access to fertile and extensive new lands largely emptied of native peoples by the exported diseases. In effect, the post-Columbian exchange depleted people on the American side of the Atlantic while swelling those on the European and African shores. Eventually, the surplus population flowed westward to refill the demographic vacuum created on the American side of the Atlantic-world." 14. It is important to remember that the "fertile and extensive new lands" that the Spanish, French, Dutch, and English colonized in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries had been "largely emptied of native peoples by the exported diseases" because? A. Most important historical events are caused by climatic and biological changes B. The defeat of the native peoples of Americas was due largely to their lack of knowledge C. The native peoples failed to prosper despite the fertility of their extensive lands D. European conquest of the native peoples was due primarily to the impact of disease 15.The "expanded food supply" made possible by exporting plants such as maize, cassava (manioc), potatoes, and sweet potatoes from the Americas, which made possible a significant increase in population in both Europe and Africa, paved the way for the largest population flow westward in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. What caused this largest population movement? A. The African slave trade B.Immigration from the British Isles and Western Europe to North America C. Immigration from Spain and Portugal to Central and South America D. Irish immigration to the English colonies of North America 16. Another important aspect of the post_ Columbian exchange that had a significant impact on the native peoples and their relationship with the European colonizers was the importation into the New World of? A. Venereal diseases, especially syphilis B.Plants such as tomatoes and cabbage C. Animals such as horses and sheep that helped the native peoples resist the Europeans D. Beavers and other fur-producing animals, which initiated the lucrative fur trade

14.D.European conquest of the native peoples was due primarily to the impact of disease 15.A.The African slave trade 16.C.Animals such as horses and sheep that helped the native peoples resist the Europeans

"Maize swept into Africa as introduced disease was leveling Indian societies. Faced with labor shortage, the Europeans turned their eyes to Africa. The continent's quarrelsome societies helped them siphon off millions of people." 3. The main impact of European exploration on American Indians at the onset of the establishment of the Columbian Exchange was? A. The native population was forced off the land as slave labor was imported from Africa B. The introduction of diseases like smallpox led to a decimation of the American Indian Population C. Spanish and Portuguese explorers cut American-Indian nations off from trade routes, leading to mass starvation D. The introduction of the horse by the Spanish-led American Indians to hunt more and depend upon maize and other crops less 4. The most significant impact of the introduction of sugarcane in the West Indies was? A. The need for slave labor from Africa to maintain constant production of sugar B. The desire of the Spanish to settle the Western Hemisphere with permanent settlements made up of families C. The development of a continuous war between Spain and Portugal over Caribbean islands D. The destruction of the ecosystem of many Caribbean islands resulting in the death' of thousands of natives 5. As described, the Columbian Exchange was significant in. that it had the greatest impact on which group of people? A. Africans, they received a greater variety of foodstuffs from Europe, in turn increasing their population significantly B. Europeans; their wealth increased C. Native Americans; they were enslaved by the encomienda system by the thousands D. Europeans; new, easier-to-grow foodstuffs such as corn and potatoes were brought from the New World and allowed impoverished population groups to survive and increase their numbers

3. B.The introduction of diseases like smallpox led to a decimation of the American Indian Population 4.A.The need for slave labor from Africa to maintain constant production of sugar 5.D.Europeans; new, easier-to-grow foodstuffs such as corn and potatoes were brought from the New World and allowed impoverished population groups to survive and increase their numbers

"For I knew that they were a people who could be more easily freed and converted to our holy faith by love than by force, gave to some of them red caps, and glass beads to put round their necks, and many other things of little value, which gave them great pleasure, and made them so much our friends.... It appeared to me to be a race of people very poor in everything.... They have no iron, their darts being wands without iron, some of them having a fish's tooth at the endÉ.They should be good servants and intelligent, for I observed that they quickly took in what was said to them, and I believe that they would easily be made Christians as it appeared to me that they had no religion." 3. In the passage above, Columbus likely mentioned the American Indians' interest in glass beads and weapons...? A.To demonstrate the social diversification among societies in these areas B. As an example of their largely mobile and nomadic lifestyles C. To prove the cultural inferiority of racially mixed populations D. Because it exemplified the very different worldview of American Indians 4. After Columbus's arrival in the West Indies, Spanish religion and Christian conversion were often used as a rationale to? A. Racially mix populations B. Trigger extensive demographic change C. Transform the diverse environment D. Justify the subjugation of American Indians 5. The sentiments expressed by Columbus in the excerpt above best support which future Spanish goal? A. Shifting the Spanish economy from feudalism to capitalism B. Organizing new methods for conducting international trade C. Implementing a plantation-based agricultural system D. Attempting to change American Indians' beliefs and worldviews

3.D.Because it exemplified the very different worldview of American Indians 4.D.Justify the subjugation of American Indians 5.D.Attempting to change American Indians' beliefs and worldviews

Hernan Cortez is greeted by Moctezuma's messenger in 1519 4.The image above of the Spanish explorer's arrival in Mexico most directly reflects which of the following? A. Native Americans' unfamiliarity with the use of horses in warfare gave mounted Europeans a decisive military advantage B. Europeans presented Spanish-grown fruits as gifts to the Native Americans C. Native Americans presented indigenous horses as gifts to the newly-arrived Spanish D. The Spanish and the Native American societies were at similar levels of technological development 5. The image above is most clearly an example of which of the following developments? A. The devastation of the Native American population by European-transmitted diseases B. The effects of recent scientific discoveries on the Europeans' conception of Native Americans C. The Europeans' promotion of manufactured goods in the Americas D. The European introduction of horses and other livestock: sheep, cattle, pigs, and goats, to the Americas 6. One significant effect of the encounter of Spaniards with Native Americans in Mexico was? A. The decline in global trading networks B. The resistance of the Spanish by an Aztec-Incan alliance C. The emergence of a racially-mixed population: the Mestizos D. The disappearance of the Native Americans' domesticated dogs

4. A. Native Americans' unfamiliarity with the use of horses in warfare gave mounted Europeans a decisive military advantage 5. D. The European introduction of horses and other livestock: sheep, cattle, pigs, and goats, to the Americas 6. C. The emergence of a racially-mixed population: the Mestizos

'When we saw all those cities and villages built in the water, and other great towns on dry land, and that straight and level causeway leading to [Tenochtitlan], we were astounded. These great towns and [pyramids] and buildings rising from the water, all made of stone, seemed like an enchanted vision from the tale of Amadis. Indeed, some of our soldiers asked whether it was not all a dream... It was all so wonderful that I do not know how to describe this first glimpse of things never heard of, seen or dreamed of before.' 4. The description by a Spanish conquistador who accompanied Cortes' expedition to the Aztec Empire best serves as evidence of which of the following? A. Spaniards' belief that Moctezuma was a god B. Spaniards' awe of the Aztecs' engineering skills C. Spaniards' use of hallucinogenic plants D. Spaniards' sense of white racial superiority 5. The excerpt's reference to 'an enchanted vision from the tale of Amadis' most directly reflects which of the following? A. Influence of Spanish fictional narratives of fantastic adventures on the conquistador's view of the new culture B. World-weary conquistador's jaded reaction to the new culture C. Uneducated conquistador's poor abilities of characterization D. Influence of the conquistador's superstitious nature on his opinion of the new culture 6. One significant effect of the wealth found by Cortes in the Aztec Empire was? A. Ending of the Aztec practice of human sacrifice B. Financing of the Spanish exploration of the African continent C. Building of a trade network with indigenous peoples on the Pacific islands D. Launching of Spanish expeditions in search of fabled cities of gold in North America

4. B. Spaniards' awe of the Aztecs' engineering skills 5. A. Influence of Spanish fictional narratives of fantastic adventures on the conquistador's view of the new culture 6. D. Launching of Spanish expeditions in search of fabled cities of gold in North America

'The Indians are so accustomed to running that, without resting or getting tired, they run from morning till night in pursuit of a deer, and kill a great many, because they follow until the game is worn out, sometimes catching it alive. Their huts are of matting placed over four arches. They carry them on their back and move every two or three days in quest of food; they plant nothing that would be of any use. They are very merry people, and even when famished do not cease to dance and celebrate their feasts and ceremonials. Their best times are when 'tunas' (prickly pears) are ripe, because then they have plenty to eat and spend the time on dancing and eating day and night. As long as these tunas last they squeeze and open them and set them to dry. When dried they are put in baskets like figs and kept to be eaten on the way. The peelings they grind and pulverize... the woman... took them to a river that flows between mountains where there was a villageÉand these were the first adobes we saw that were like unto real houses... permanent houses, inhabited, the people of which ate beans and squashes, and... had also seen maize.'- Alvar Nœ-ez Cabeza de Vaca, Indians of the Rio Grande, 16th century. 4. The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following views of the Native Americans of the Southwest? A. There were only nomadic, hunter-gatherer tribal people B. The tribes all lived in adobe houses in farming communities C. There was a mixture of nomadic, hunter-gatherer tribes and agricultural, settled tribes D. The tribes lived in an industrialized, densely-populated area 5. The excerpt most clearly suggests which one of the following ideas? A. The Indians of the Southwest never experienced food shortages B. The type of housing used by Indians was linked to the source of their food supply C. Deer-hunting was rarely engaged in by Southwest Indians D. The Southwest Indians relied on tuna fishing for their food supply 6.The excerpt's references to the prickly pear cactus most clearly demonstrate which of the following? A. The prickly pear was played with as a toy in southwestern Indian sports B. The prickly pear was used by indigenous peoples of the Southwest for medicinal purposes C. The prickly pear was dried and pulverized by Southwest Indians for religious rituals D. The prickly pear was a staple in the diet of many indigenous peoples of the Southwest

4. C. There was a mixture of nomadic, hunter-gatherer tribes and agricultural, settled tribes 5. B. The type of housing used by Indians was linked to the source of their food supply 6. D. The prickly pear was a staple in the diet of many indigenous peoples of the Southwest

'In those same days the Onondagas had no peace. A man's life was valued as nothing. For any slight offence a man or woman was killed by his enemy and in this manner feuds started between families and clans. At night none dared leave their doorways lest they be struck down by an enemy's war club. Such was the condition when there was no Great Law... Dekanawida requested some of the Mohawk chiefs to call a council, so messengers were sent out among the people and the council was convened. Dekanawida said, '... We have obtained the consent of five nations. These are the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas. Our desire is to form a compact for a union of our nations... Before we do firmly establish our union each nation must appoint a certain number of its wisest and purest men who shall be rulers... These men shall be selected and confirmed by their female relations in whose lines the titles shall be hereditary.' Then calling each chief to him he said: 'You must be patient and henceforth work in unity. Never consider your own interests but work to benefit the people and for the generations not yet born. You have pledged yourselves to govern yourselves by the laws of the Great Peace.'... Then... the Confederacy was established.' 4. The excerpt, based on oral history, depicts which of the following developments in the pre-Columbian era? A. Achievement of a treaty with the English settlers B. Negotiation of a trade agreement with the Algonquian-speaking tribes C. Establishment of the Iroquois Confederacy D. Founding of an Onondaga Indian reservation 5. Which of the following contributed most directly to the change described in the excerpt? A.Area's impoverishment and need for trading networks B. Threat posed by the arrival of European colonists C. Spread of disease among the Native American tribes D. Region's history of brutal internecine warfare 6. According to the excerpt, Iroquois Five Nations women played which of the following roles? A. They chose the male leaders who would represent their lineages and chiefdoms on the Iroquois council B. They prepared food for the council meetings and gossiped C. They danced in the tribal ceremonies and performed peace rituals D. They served on the tribal councils and issued laws for the people

4.C.Establishment of the Iroquois Confederacy 5.D.Region's history of brutal internecine warfare 6.A.They chose the male leaders who would represent their lineages and chiefdoms on the Iroquois council

"Columbus's ships,... short-circuited millions of years of divergent evolution in the two hemispheres by rapidly introducing Old World plants, animals, and micro-organisms into New World environments, and vice versa.... The New World happened to be much a healthier place than the Old before 1492, hosting few or none of the devastating diseases... Thus, when Europeans arrived, they generally found life in the Americas to be... healthy.... By contrast, American Indians-never before exposed to vicious Old World pathogens like smallpox... began dying at apocalyptic rates.... new diseases ... killed off as much as 90% or more of the indigenous population .... The adoption of efficient, carbohydrate-rich [Indian] crops such as com, potatoes, and cassava allowed Europeans and Africans to overcome chronic food shortages.... while Native American populations were decimated by Old World diseases, European and African populations swelled as American crops helped to overcome Old World famine." 4. The primary European disease that decimated the Indian population as well as playing havoc with the European settlers was? A. Polio B. Influenza C. Measles D. Smallpox 5. Which of the following is the best statement of what both parties received as a result of the "Columbian Exchange" in the passage above? A. Europeans gained jobs, Indians gained goods B. Europeans acquired land, Indians gold and silver C. Europeans got crops, Indians got diseases D. Both Europeans and Indians became healthier 6. Which of the following statements is the clearest interpretation of the above passage? A. Many historians now believe that diseases introduced after Columbus's arrival killed off as much as 90% or more of the indigenous population of the Americas B. Historian Alfred Crosby called the introduction of Old World plants, animals, and micro-organism s into the New World the Columbian Exchange C. The Indians received germs from Europe into their healthy environment while the Europeans gained food stuffs to overcome famine in what amounted to an unequal exchange that benefitted one party over the other D. Millions of years of evolution were short_ circuited by Columbus's ships and the European ships that followed by bringing together plants, animals, and micro-organisms from the Old World into the New World environments

4.D.Smallpox 5.C. Europeans got crops, Indians got diseases 6. C.The Indians received germs from Europe into their healthy environment while the Europeans gained food stuffs to overcome famine in what amounted to an unequal exchange that benefitted one party over the other

"I said everything to them I could to divert them from their idolatries, and draw them to a knowledge of God our Lord. Moctezuma replied, the others assenting to what he said, that they had already informed me they were not the aborigines of the country, but that their ancestors had emigrated to it many years ago; and they fully believed that after so long an absence from their native land, they might have fallen into some erros; that I having more recently arrived must know better than themselves what they out to believe; and that if I would instruct them in these matters, and make them understand the true faith, they would follow my directions, as for being the best. Afterwards, Moctezuma and many of the principal citizens remained with me until I had removed the idols, purified the chapels, and placed the images in them, manifesting apparent pleasure."- Letter from Hernan Cortes to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, on his interaction with the Mexica (Aztecs), 1520 5. The interaction between Cortes and Moctezuma most strongly demonstrates Cortes' A. Desire for increased power and status B. Support for the European shift from feudalism to capitalism C. Promotion of long-distance trade D. Consolidation of plantation- based agriculture 6. Moctezuma's statement that the Mexica "were not the aborigines of the country" most likely refers to which of the following developments? A. Widespread deadly epidemics before the arrival of the Spanish B. The presence of different and complex societies before European contact C. Use of the encyclopedia system by the Mexica before the arrival of the Spanish D. The development of African slavery in the Spanish colonies 7. Which of the following was a primary feature of social relations established in the Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere? A.The development of a rigid racial hierarchy B. The growth of friendship and cooperation with native peoples C. The emergence of racially mixed populations mingling European settlers, Native Americans, and Africans D. A close-knit, homogeneous society with a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce based on export crops.

5. A. Desire for increased power and status 6. B. The presence of different and complex societies before European contact 7. C. The emergence of racially mixed populations mingling European settlers, Native Americans, and Africans

''At the time the first Europeans arrived, the Indians of the Great Plains between the Rocky Mountains and the forested areas bordering on the Mississippi lived partly by corn culture but mostly by the buffalo on foot with bow and arrow. Although Europeans regarded all Indians as nomads (a convenient excuse for denying them the land they occupied), only the Plains Indian really were nomadic. Even they did not become so until about A.D. 1550, when they began to break wild mustangs, offspring of European horses turned loose by the Spaniard." 5. Based on the previous excerpt, which of the following had the greatest impact on the lives of the Great Plains Indians? A.The introduction of corn as a staple crop B. The understanding of the concept of land ownership as enforced by the Europeans C. The development of the vast trade network with Europeans D. The use of horses by the Great Plains Indians after the animal was introduced to North America by the Spanish 6.According to the excerpt, the Europeans justified which of the following using the livelihood of the Great Plains Indians as evidence? A. All-out warfare to eradicate the native population B. The creation of an extensive trade network C. European land policy based on the concept that American Indians did not own land D. The creation of the encomienda system to Christianize the Plains Indians 7. Based on the previous excerpt, which of the following statements' is correct? A. Despite being a nomadic people, the Great Plains Indians had a developed social structure B. The Great Plains Indians lived in small, democratically run communities C. Although nomadic, the Great Plains Indians generally remained in two seasonal locations D. The Great Plains Indians depended upon the river systems for trade

5.D.The use of horses by the Great Plains Indians after the animal was introduced to North America by the Spanish 6.C.European land policy based on the concept that American Indians did not own land 7.A.Despite being a nomadic people, the Great Plains Indians had a developed social structure

"The common ways mainly employed by the Spaniards who call themselves Christian and who have gone there to extirpate those pitiful nations and wipe them off the earth is by unjustly waging cruel and bloody wars. Then, when they have slain all those who fought for their lives or to escape the tortures they would have to endure, that is to say, when they have slain all the native rulers and young men (since the Spaniards usually spare only the women and children, who are subjected to the hardest and bitterest servitude ever suffered by man or beast), they enslave any survivors. With these infernal methods of tyranny they debase and weaken countless numbers of those pitiful Indian nations."-Bartolome de Las Casas, A Brief Description of the Devastation of the Indies (1542) 6. Which of the following Spanish practices is de Las Casas referring to? A. Asiento system B. Headright system C. Encomienda system D. Hacienda system 7. Bartolome de Las Casas is most known for? A. Speaking out against the atrocities by the Spanish against the native peoples of the Americas B. Advocating the conversion of indigenous people to Christianity by allowing Spanish conquistadors to own them and teach them scripture C. Suppressing native people in order to gain new land for Spanish Christians wishing to start religious societies in the New World D. Starting missions in the New World as sanctuaries for native peoples fleeing persecution by Spanish conquistadors 8. Through his view of the Spanish treatment of native peoples, de Las Casas most likely influenced which of the following? A. Columbian Exchange B. Triangular Trade C. The Black Legend D. Middle Passage

6.C.Encomienda system 7.A.Speaking out against the atrocities by the Spanish against the native peoples of the Americas 8.C.The Black Legend

"It is to be understood, that the people which now inhabit the regions of the coast of Guinea, and the middle parts of Africa, as Libya the inner, and Nubia, with diverse other great and large regions about the same, were in old time called Ethiopians and Nigritae, which we now call Moores, Moorens, or Negros, a people of beastly living, without a god, law, religion, or common wealth, and so scorched and vexed with the heat of the sun, that in many places they curse it when it rises...There are also other people of Libya called Garamantes, whose women are common: for the contract on matrimony, neither have respect to chastity." 6. The passage above from a 16th-century British source best demonstrates? A. Debates over how to civilize these groups to European standards B. The relationship of people to the natural environment C. The extensive demographic and social change during this time D. European belief in white superiority to justify subjugation of Africans 7. In the British North American colonies at the end of the 17th century, the ideas expressed in the passage above led to the emergence of significant...? A. Racially mixed populations B. Racial stereotyping and the development of strict racial categories C. Problems of slavery and the slave trade D. Labor-intensive production based on white indentured servants

6.D.European belief in white superiority to justify subjugation of Africans 7.B.Racial stereotyping and the development of strict racial categories

"The oldest... is the myth of the Noble Red man or the Child of Nature, who is credited either with a habit of flowery oratory of implacable dullness or else with an imbecilic inability to converse in anything more than grunts and monosyllables. That first myth was inconvenient. White men soon found their purposes better served by the myth of ruthless, faithless, savages, and later when the 'savages' had been broken, of drunken, lazy, good-for-nothings. All three myths coexist today, sometimes curiously blended in a schizophrenic confusion such as one often sees in moving pictures .... Part of the myth of the first Americans is that all of them... had one culture and were at the same stage of advancement. The tribes and nations that occupied North America varied enormously, and their condition was anything but static." 7. The ideas of which French philosopher popularized the myth of the Noble Red man or Child of Nature in the 19th century? A. Jean Jacques Rousseau B. Voltaire C. Marquis de Lafayette D. Jean Paul Sartre 8. Which of the following is NOT a myth about the Native Americans? A. Glorification of the natural life as personified by the noble savage B. Canny, astute, businessmen as demonstrated by Indian casinos C. Ruthless, blood-thirsty savages as depicted in films D. Simultaneous cultures among all the Indians when the Europeans arrived 9. The image of the Indian as the noble child of nature predominated in much of the mid-19th century as a part of which artistic, literary, and cultural movement? A. Feudalism B. Gothic Revival C. Classicism D. Romanticism 10. A revival of Indian mores and culture was a significant part of which 20th century social and cultural movement? A. Lost Generation B. Progressivism C. Counterculture D. Yuppies

7. A.Jean Jacques Rousseau 8.B.Canny, astute, businessmen as demonstrated by Indian casinos 9. D.Canny, astute, businessmen as demonstrated by Indian casinos 10.C.Canny, astute, businessmen as demonstrated by Indian casinos

Artist's rendition of ancient Cahokia on the banks of the Mississippi River 7. The image of ancient Cahokia on the banks of the Mississippi River most directly reflects which of the following? A. An ancient people with ties to Africa built a large settlement in the Mississippi Valley before the arrival of Europeans B. A very large city was built by Native Americans in the Mississippi Valley before the arrival of Europeans C. An elaborate ceremonial place for Native American treaty-making with Europeans was built in the Mississippi Valley D. A sacred site for burials was built in the Mississippi Valley for all North American Indian tribes 8. The man-made earthwork in the center of the image most clearly suggests which of the following? A. Influence of ancient Egyptians, who used mounds as temple and burial sites, on the Cahokian Indian culture B. Availability of earth-moving machines in the Mississippi Valley area C. Scarcity of forests and wooden building materials in the Mississippi Valley area D. Identity of Cahokian Indians as mound-builders who used earthworks as temple and burial sites 9. Which of the following contributed most directly to the decline of such a large, settled community? A. A major rebellion of the slaves who had been captured in the Cahokians' battles with enemy tribes B. An epidemic of disease that had been precipitated by contact with European traders C. A relatively rapid colder climate shift which greatly reduced the agricultural surplus that had allowed an urbanized culture to emerge D. The devastation that had resulted from warfare with the powerful Choctaw tribe

7. B.A very large city was built by Native Americans in the Mississippi Valley before the arrival of Europeans 8.D.Identity of Cahokian Indians as mound-builders who used earthworks as temple and burial sites 9.C.A relatively rapid colder climate shift which greatly reduced the agricultural surplus that had allowed an urbanized culture to emerge

Iroquois Onondaga village under attack led by French explorer Samuel de Champlain 7. The image of the French attack on the Indian village most directly reflects which of the following? A. Small number of Native American fighters facing the large number of Europeans B. Lack of Indian fortifications built for the defense of the village C. Disparity in weapon technology between the Europeans and the Native Americans D. Layers of fur worn by the Indians in contrast to the iron armor of the Europeans 8. Native Americans viewed warfare differently from Europeans in which of the following ways? A. The Indian model of revenge was alien to most Europeans who never fought out of vengeance B. The Indian military discipline was alien to most Europeans who engaged in guerilla fighting. C. The European method of scalping enemies was alien to most Indians who never took trophies of battle. D. The European model of total conquest was alien to most Indians who fought to settle specific issues. 9. Which of the following contributed most directly to Samuel de Champlain's war against the Iroquois? A. Iroquois tribe's violation of a treaty with France B. Champlain's desire to solidify an alliance with the Hurons for the fur trade C. Champlain's goal to eradicate all Native Americans from New France D. Iroquois' murder of Champlain's wife and his desire for revenge

7. C. Disparity in weapon technology between the Europeans and the Native Americans 8. D. The European model of total conquest was alien to most Indians who fought to settle specific issues. 9. B. Champlain's desire to solidify an alliance with the Hurons for the fur trade

'One other rare and strange accidentÉwhich mooved the whole countrey that either knew or hearde of us, to have us in wonderfull admiration. There was no towne where we had any subtile devise practised against us, we leaving it unpunished or not revenged (because wee fought by all meanes possible to win them by gentlenesse) but that within a few dayes after our departure from everie such towne, the people began to die very fast, and many in short space; in some townes about twentie, in some fourtie, in some sixtie, and in one sixe score, which in trueth was very manie in respect of their numbers. This happened in no place that wee coulde learne but where wee had bene, where they used some practise against us, and after such time; The disease also so strange, that they neither knew what it was, nor how to cure it; the like by report of the oldest men in the countrey never happened before, time out of minde. A thing specially observed by us as also by the naturall inhabitants themselves... This marvelous accident in all the countrie wrought so strange opinions of us, that some people could not tel whether to think us gods or men, and the rather because that all the space of their sicknesse, there was no man of ours knowne to die, or that was specially sicke...'- Thomas Hariot, The Algonquian Peoples of the Atlantic Coast, 1588 7. Hariot's description of encounters with the Algonquians best serves as evidence of which of the following? A. Conversion to Christianity of many Native Americans by Europeans B. Decimation of the Native American population as a result of warfare with Europeans C. Europeans' unintentional transmission of Old World diseases, especially smallpox, to the New World natives who had no immunities to them D. Europeans' effective use of scientific discoveries to protect them from New World diseases spread by Native Americans 8. According to Hariot's understanding, which of the following most directly contributed to the outbreak? A. Indians' unsanitary methods of preparing food B. Intermarriage of Indians with the Europeans C. Epidemic of disease among the deer hunted by the Indians D. Evil plotting and practices of some Indians against the Europeans 9. Which of the following was the most direct effect of the Indian exposure to European diseases? A. Deaths of many more Native Americans by disease than by warfare, making European conquest easier B. Development of immunities by the Indians, making European conquest more difficult C. Decline of Native Americans' belief in their spiritual leaders, making European conquest easier D. Emergence of scientific interests among Native Americans, making European conquest more difficult

7. C. Europeans' unintentional transmission of Old World diseases, especially smallpox, to the New World natives who had no immunities to them 8. D. Evil plotting and practices of some Indians against the Europeans 9. A. Deaths of many more Native Americans by disease than by warfare, making European conquest easier

'To summarize the significance of the horse in forming Plains Indian culture, it can be understood as a factor in three areas: migration, the economy, and human psychology. Once people enjoyed the mobility that the horse provided, they were able to occupy the Plains more widely... Journeying on horseback reduced the travel time between water sources and effectively shrunk the Plains for human travelers... Not only could the group travel readily among natural resource areas, but it could also launch quick, low-mortality raids to fend off competitors from its hunting or gardening territory, to disrupt competitive trade, or to plunder other settlements. The horse also gave a huge advantage in buffalo hunting, resulting in a more dependable food supply, and it was itself an emergency food when bison were scarce... The horse also became a major economic factor within and between social groups. It became a standard of value and a means of exchange... Differences in horse wealth began to lead to distinctions between richer and poorer individuals, so that some tribes, such as the Comanches and Kiowas, had named categories that begin to look like social classes... Although Indians of the Plains were technically hunter-gatherers, they came to resemble people of another subsistence mode, the pastoralists. Pastoralists may be defined as people who either obtain the majority of their food from herd animals or center their activities around the needs and behaviors of their herd animals. Pastoralists are often nomadic, occupying grasslands or arid lands not well suited to agriculture and pursuing a raid-and-trade relationship with neighboring settled peoples.'- Daniel J. Gelo, Indians of the Great Plains, 2012 7. According to anthropologist Daniel J. Gelo, the Spanish introduction of the horse to the Americas resulted in the Plains Indians' resemblance to pastoralists because? A. Of their agricultural and sedentary lifestyle B. Of their similar ceremonial dances and tribal rituals C. Of their reliance on horse herds and buffalo as a food supply D. Of their similar gender division of labor 8. The excerpt most directly reflects which one of the following ideas? A.The horse became a common staple of the Plains Indian diet B. The Plains Indians had peaceful relations with neighboring tribes C. Sources of water were less important to Plains Indians than food supply D. The introduction of the horse led to social stratification in Plains Indian culture 9. The excerpt reference to the reduction of travel time for the Plains Indians suggests that? A. Horses enabled the Plains Indians to visit their relatives in other parts of the Americas B. Horses allowed the Plains Indians to more effectively exploit the natural environment C. Horses helped transport Plains Indians who were handicapped or weakened by disease D. Horses replaced mules as a means of conveyance for Plains Indians

7. C. Of their reliance on horse herds and buffalo as a food supply 8. D. The introduction of the horse led to social stratification in Plains Indian culture 9. B. Horses allowed the Plains Indians to more effectively exploit the natural environment

"To oppose those hordes of northern tribes, singly and alone, would prove certain destruction. We can make no progress in that way. We unite ourselves into one common band of brothers. We must have but one voice. Many voices makes confusion. We must have one fire, one pipe and one war club. This will give us strength. If our warriors are united they can defeat the enemy and drive them from our land; If we do this, we are safe...." 8. According to Johnson, which of the following was the primary reason for the tribes to unite? A. To increase trade B. To provide for self-defense C. To gain additional land D. To make the Tuscarora leader 9. Which of the following factors best explains why Native American efforts to unite were rare? A. Most tribes were isolated from each other B. Europeans discouraged tribes from uniting C. People had different foods and cultures D. Tribes had traditions of independence

8.B.To provide for self-defense 9.D.Tribes had traditions of independence

"Developed between A.D. 900 and 1100, Cahokia and its immediate suburbs covered about six square miles and had a population of at least ten thousand (some estimates run as high as forty thousand). Even at the smallest calculation, Cahokia ranked as the greatest Indian community north of Mexico. At its peak, Cahokia contained about one hundred earthen temple and burial mounds as well as hundreds of thatched houses for commoners. The city was surrounded by a stockade, a wall of large posts two miles in circumference with a watchtower every seventy feet." 8.Based on the excerpt, which of the following is true about Cahokia? A.The Cahokians were a nomadic people B. The culture of Cahokia was not as advanced as other Indian nations in North America C. The social structure of Cahokia was based on an egalitarian philosophy D. Cahokia had developed a complex society 9. The Cahokia were most like which of the following Native American nations? A. The Cahokia were much like the Great Plains Indians, following their food source, the bison B. The Cahokia were much like other American Indian nations on the eastern seaboard C. he Cahokia relied on local crops and self-sufficiency for survival D. The religious beliefs of the Cahokia people were much like the Aztecs in central Mexico 10. Which of the following statements about pre-Columbian American Indians is true? A. American Indian nations coexisted peacefully on the North American continent B. American Indians were predominantly nomadic C. The lifestyle of each American Indian community was greatly influenced by the environment in which it lived D. Pre-Columbian American Indians did not have a monetary system to enhance trade

8.D.Cahokia had developed a complex society 9.B.The Cahokia were much like other American Indian nations on the eastern seaboard 10.C. The lifestyle of each American Indian community was greatly influenced by the environment in which it lived

"When Europeans first touched the shores of the Americas, Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and turnips had not traveled west across the Atlantic, and New World crops such as maize, white potatoes, sweet potatoes, and manioc had not traveled east to Europe. In the Americas, there were no horses, cattle, sheep, or goats, all animals of Old World origin. Except for the llama, alpaca, dog, a few fowl, and guinea pig, the New World had no equivalents to the domesticated animals associated with the Old World, nor did it have the pathogens associated with the Old World's dense populations of humans and, such associated creatures as chickens, cattle, black rats, and Aedes egypti mosquitoes. Among these germs were those that carried smallpox, measles, chickenpox; influenza, malaria, and yellow fever." 9. Perhaps the .most devastating aspect of the Columbian Exchange was? A. The extinction of animals in the New World by invasive species B. The European diseases that decimated indigenous populations in the Americas C. The slave trade that became part of the Columbian Exchange between Africa and the New World D. The wave of explorers that ensued and began to populate the Americas and push the native peoples out of their homelands 10. Which of the following had .a profound effect on the growth of agriculture in the New World? A. The introduction of maize, white potatoes, and sweet potatoes to the Americas B. The waves of settlers and explorers that began to populate the New World C. The horses, cattle, sheep, and goats that came from the Old to New World D. The rise of African slavery that originated as part of the Middle Passage

9.B.The European diseases that decimated indigenous populations in the Americas 10.C.The horses, cattle, sheep, and goats that came from the Old to New World