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Reynolds v. Sims
Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533, was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that the electoral districts of state legislative chambers must be roughly equal in population.
Elastic Clause
a statement in the U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 8) granting Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated list of powers.
War Powers Act
checked and limit the power of the president by requiring the approval of congress to put American troops in combat areas.
Reapportionment
ensures each political district has been created equally using census data.
Gerrymanderig
manipulate the boundaries of (an electoral constituency) so as to favor one party or class.
Commerce Power
Congress's power to regulate the channels and instrumentalities of interstate commerce.
Gibbons v. Ogden
Supreme Court case establishing the principle that states cannot, by legislative enactment, interfere with the power of Congress to regulate commerce.
Treaty
a formally concluded and ratified agreement between countries
Incumbent
necessary for (someone) as a duty or responsibility.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965
outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting.
Census
principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy
Eminent Domain
the right of a government or its agent to expropriate private property for public use, with payment of compensation.
McCulloch v. Maryland
was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision that defined the scope of the U.S. Congress's legislative power and how it relates to the powers of American state legislatures.
Baker v. Carr
was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that redistricting qualifies as a justiciable question under the Fourteenth Amendment, thus enabling federal courts to hear Fourteenth Amendment-based redistricting cases.