Tetrapods
tuatara are part of which group?
reptiles
The yok sac contains
rich store of nutrients for the developing embryo
Frogs and salamanders breathe through their...
skin
What are extraembryonic membranes?
specialized membranes that are not part of the embryo's body
Mouth brooding is
when the male frog guards eggs until hatch, then takes them into vocal sac to brood until tadpoles metamorphose and jump out
What kind of reptile has No teeth (keratinized plates to grip food); poor hearing but good vision & smell
Turtles
Head first appeared in...
hagfishes
Phyllobates are
frogs where the male carries tadpoles around and feeds them until independent
Why did sharks lose their vertabrate structure?
it was replaced with cartilage which is lighter and flexible and allows the shark to save energy
Vertebral column first appears in
lampreys
Brains first appeared in...
lancelets
Amphibians evolutionary innovations are
limbs; first to colonize land
Fins capable of supporting body weight that give rise to life on land are
lobe-finned fishes (Coelocanths & lungfish)
female carries developing young in dorsal pouch; male places fertilized eggs there; they get oxygen from female's blood are called
marsupial frogs
Frogs undergo what to develop legs, lungs, external eardrums, digestive system change
metamorphosis
Amniotes are
reptiles, birds and mammals
Life on land required skeletal transformation that occurred in steps
1 - Interlocking vertebrae (top) 2 - Skull separated from shoulder & pelvis enlarges and attaches to spine (middle) 3 - Neck forms as shoulder further separates from skull and both fore- and hind-limbs become capable of bearing weight
AMPHIBIANS ARE TIED TO WATER FOR....
LAYING EGGS, BREATHING & GROWING LARVAE
Milk and fur arise with
animals
Amnion is
fluide filled sac surrounding the embryo
TETRAPOD MEANS
4 footed
The Evolutionary Innovation of reptiles is
Amniotic egg; removes dependence on water for reproduction
Tetrapods includes:
Amphibians, Reptiles (including Birds) & Mammals
Turtles have a CLOACA - what is this?
COMBINED URAL-REPRODUCTIVE OPENING (REPRODUCTION & EXCRETION - SAME OPENING)
All chordates have at some point in their life these 4 characteristics:
DORSAL NERVE CORD, NOTOCHORD, GILL SLITS AND POST ANAL TAIL
AMNIOTIC EGGS as an evolutionary innovation do what?
FREE ANIMALS FROM A RELIANCCE ON WATER FOR REPRODUCTION AND ARE AN EVOLUTIONARY INNOVATION THAT CONTRIBUTED TO TETRAPOD EXPANSION ON LAND
What are 6 of the causes of amphibian declines?
Habitat destruction (wetlands) Global warming (hot & dry; stress & disease; UV) Pollution & pesticides (thin skin) - REALLY SENSITIVE TO TOXINS IN WATER, CAUSING MUTATIONS Chytrid fungus (waves of extinctions since 1990) - BECOMING MORE COMMON BECAUSE OF GLOBAL WARMING Introduced exotics (competition & predation) Disease
Characteristics of reptiles include:
Keratinized scales on skin (desiccation, abrasion) - HELP KEEP MOISTURE IN Lay eggs on land Internal fertilization Ectothermic: absorb external heat to regulate body temperature
Tadpoles lose their gills and what else when they become frogs?
Lateral line system
The lower shell in turtles is called the
PLASTRON
Independence from water for reproduction first appears in
Reptiles with the amniotic egg
Ectothermic means
TAKES ON WHATEVER TEMP. THEIR ENVIRONMENT IS - NO CONTROL OVER THEIR BODY TEMP
What is a disposal sac for metabolic waste products?
The allantois
What allows an embryo to obtain oxygen from the air for aerobic repsiration and to dispose of carbon dioxide?
The chorion and the membrane of the allantois
Ectothermic means
absorb external heat to regulate body temperature
Albumen provides
additional nutrients in the amnionic egg
Legs first appear in
amphibeans
caecilians are
amphibeans - burrowers with sensory tentacles around eyes; eat earthworms & small invertebrates
Lung derivatives first appear in
bony fishes (Ray-finned fishes)
The top shell in turtles is called the
carapace
Jaws first appear in
cartilaginous fishes (sharks & rays)
In amphibeans, lungs are homologous to
swim bladders
In surinam toads, the tadpoles develop into frogs in
the mother's back
Reptiles with the amniotic egg is analagous to what in plants?
the seed in gymnosperms & angiosperms
What is the most primitive of all the reptiles
tuatua
