Tetrapods

tuatara are part of which group?

reptiles

The yok sac contains

rich store of nutrients for the developing embryo

Frogs and salamanders breathe through their...

skin

What are extraembryonic membranes?

specialized membranes that are not part of the embryo's body

Mouth brooding is

when the male frog guards eggs until hatch, then takes them into vocal sac to brood until tadpoles metamorphose and jump out

What kind of reptile has No teeth (keratinized plates to grip food); poor hearing but good vision & smell

Turtles

Head first appeared in...

hagfishes

Phyllobates are

frogs where the male carries tadpoles around and feeds them until independent

Why did sharks lose their vertabrate structure?

it was replaced with cartilage which is lighter and flexible and allows the shark to save energy

Vertebral column first appears in

lampreys

Brains first appeared in...

lancelets

Amphibians evolutionary innovations are

limbs; first to colonize land

Fins capable of supporting body weight that give rise to life on land are

lobe-finned fishes (Coelocanths & lungfish)

female carries developing young in dorsal pouch; male places fertilized eggs there; they get oxygen from female's blood are called

marsupial frogs

Frogs undergo what to develop legs, lungs, external eardrums, digestive system change

metamorphosis

Amniotes are

reptiles, birds and mammals

Life on land required skeletal transformation that occurred in steps

1 - Interlocking vertebrae (top) 2 - Skull separated from shoulder & pelvis enlarges and attaches to spine (middle) 3 - Neck forms as shoulder further separates from skull and both fore- and hind-limbs become capable of bearing weight

AMPHIBIANS ARE TIED TO WATER FOR....

LAYING EGGS, BREATHING & GROWING LARVAE

Milk and fur arise with

animals

Amnion is

fluide filled sac surrounding the embryo

TETRAPOD MEANS

4 footed

The Evolutionary Innovation of reptiles is

Amniotic egg; removes dependence on water for reproduction

Tetrapods includes:

Amphibians, Reptiles (including Birds) & Mammals

Turtles have a CLOACA - what is this?

COMBINED URAL-REPRODUCTIVE OPENING (REPRODUCTION & EXCRETION - SAME OPENING)

All chordates have at some point in their life these 4 characteristics:

DORSAL NERVE CORD, NOTOCHORD, GILL SLITS AND POST ANAL TAIL

AMNIOTIC EGGS as an evolutionary innovation do what?

FREE ANIMALS FROM A RELIANCCE ON WATER FOR REPRODUCTION AND ARE AN EVOLUTIONARY INNOVATION THAT CONTRIBUTED TO TETRAPOD EXPANSION ON LAND

What are 6 of the causes of amphibian declines?

Habitat destruction (wetlands) Global warming (hot & dry; stress & disease; UV) Pollution & pesticides (thin skin) - REALLY SENSITIVE TO TOXINS IN WATER, CAUSING MUTATIONS Chytrid fungus (waves of extinctions since 1990) - BECOMING MORE COMMON BECAUSE OF GLOBAL WARMING Introduced exotics (competition & predation) Disease

Characteristics of reptiles include:

Keratinized scales on skin (desiccation, abrasion) - HELP KEEP MOISTURE IN Lay eggs on land Internal fertilization Ectothermic: absorb external heat to regulate body temperature

Tadpoles lose their gills and what else when they become frogs?

Lateral line system

The lower shell in turtles is called the

PLASTRON

Independence from water for reproduction first appears in

Reptiles with the amniotic egg

Ectothermic means

TAKES ON WHATEVER TEMP. THEIR ENVIRONMENT IS - NO CONTROL OVER THEIR BODY TEMP

What is a disposal sac for metabolic waste products?

The allantois

What allows an embryo to obtain oxygen from the air for aerobic repsiration and to dispose of carbon dioxide?

The chorion and the membrane of the allantois

Ectothermic means

absorb external heat to regulate body temperature

Albumen provides

additional nutrients in the amnionic egg

Legs first appear in

amphibeans

caecilians are

amphibeans - burrowers with sensory tentacles around eyes; eat earthworms & small invertebrates

Lung derivatives first appear in

bony fishes (Ray-finned fishes)

The top shell in turtles is called the

carapace

Jaws first appear in

cartilaginous fishes (sharks & rays)

In amphibeans, lungs are homologous to

swim bladders

In surinam toads, the tadpoles develop into frogs in

the mother's back

Reptiles with the amniotic egg is analagous to what in plants?

the seed in gymnosperms & angiosperms

What is the most primitive of all the reptiles

tuatua