Texas Pesticide Applicator General
________________ effects occur at the site of contact with a pesticide while ____________ effects occur away from the point of contact.
Local, systemic
A sprayer should be cleaned after ______________ day(s) of use.
1
What percent of all insects are considered pests?
1%
A fenced yard that is 200 feet wide and 300 feet long needs to be treated along a 6-inch band on the inside and a 6-inch band on the outside of the fence. How many square feet will be treated?
1,000
The Texas Structural Pest Control Act requires you to give public notice at least __________ hours before commencing indoor pesticide treatments.
48
You should replace a used nozzle when its flow rate varies ________________ percent or more from a new nozzle.
5
LD50 means "Lethal Dose Fifty." It refers to the amount of a chemical that kills ___________ the animals exposed to it in a laboratory test.
50%
How does a systemic insecticide act on the pest? A) A systemic flows inside a treated plant and kills the pest when the pest eats the planet B) A systemic enters the pest and attacks only a particular body system, such as the pest's nervous system C) A systemic kills insect pests on contact
A) A systemic flows inside a treated plant and kills the pest when the pest eats the planet
What other materials should be on hand in a good storage area? A) Activated charcoal, clay, vermiculite or pet litter B) A water hose to wash away liquid spills C) A trash can for disposal of spilled dry pesticides D) All of the above
A) Activated charcoal, clay, vermiculite or pet litter
In case of fire in your storage area, what should fire fighters wear? A) Air-supplied respirators and chemical-resistant clothing B) Gas masks and chemical-resistant clothing C) Regular respirator and rubber clothing
A) Air-supplied respirators and chemical-resistant clothing
Why are poisonous baits often used in small amounts? A) Because baits are needed only where pests gather B) So other animals won't eat them C) Because of their high toxicity
A) Because baits are needed only where pests gather
What signal word must be on the label for pesticides classified as "Relatively non-toxic"? A) CAUTION! B) DANGER! C) WARNING!
A) CAUTION!
What signal word must be on the label for pesticides classified as "Slightly toxic"? A) CAUTION! B) DANGER! C) WARNING!
A) CAUTION!
Which two answers are penalties defined by FIFRA for applicators who violate the law? A) Civil penalties when the violation is unintentional B) Criminal penalties when the violation is unintentional C) Criminal penalties when the law is knowingly violated D) Civil penalties when the law is knowingly violated
A) Civil penalties when the violation is unintentional & C) Criminal penalties when the law is knowingly violated
What is pesticide exposure? A) Coming in contact with a pesticide B) Being poisoned by a pesticide C) Neither of the above D) Both of the above
A) Coming in contact with a pesticide
When a pesticide is spilled accidentally, what should you do first? A) Contain the spill B) Call the fire department C) Let it evaporate
A) Contain the spill
What is EPA's pesticide registration decision based on? A) EPA evaluation of test data provided by the manufacturer B) The manufacturer's evaluation of test data C) EPA evaluation of test data provided by certified applicators
A) EPA evaluation of test data provided by the manufacturer
Which formulation is very hazardous because it is highly concentrated and absorbed easily by the skin? A) Emulsified concentrate B) Flowable C) Fumigant
A) Emulsified concentrate
How often should you change the cartridges on your respirator? A) Every 8 hours B) Every 24 hours C) Every 48 hours
A) Every 8 hours
What is the difference between emulsified concentrates and flowables? A) Flowables start as solids; emulsifiable concentrates start as liquids B) Flowables start as liquids; emulsifiable concentrates start as solids
A) Flowables start as solids; emulsifiable concentrates start as liquids
What is the name given to the complex prey/predator cycle in which all animals (including man) take part? A) Food chain B) Habitat C) Ecosystem
A) Food chain
Which of the following is least essential for good public relations? A) Good advertising B) Keeping good records C) Being courteous D) Listening patiently
A) Good advertising
Name the three main body parts of an insect. A) Head, thorax, abdomen B) Head, body, legs C) Head, abdomen, wings
A) Head, thorax, abdomen
What is the act ARA Title III designed to do? A) Inform communities of hazardous chemicals in the area and provide for community emergency response plans in the event of an accident B) Protect endangered species from pesticides C) Require employers to keep safety data sheets and submit copies to their local fire department
A) Inform communities of hazardous chemicals in the area and provide for community emergency response plans in the event of an accident
What are regulations? A) Interpretations of the law that have the force of law B) Interpretations of the law intended only as a guide C) Exceptions to the law
A) Interpretations of the law that have the force of law
How is LD50 used? A) LD50 is used with other tests to place pesticides in a "toxic category" and give them a "signal word." B) LD50 is used to compare the toxicity of different chemicals C) LD50 is used to tell how a chemical acts and how sensitive different organs within an animal or human might be
A) LD50 is used with other tests to place pesticides in a "toxic category" and give them a "signal word."
What is the main drawback of cartridge respirators? A) Leakage around the face shield B) Discomfort C) The expense of the cartridges
A) Leakage around the face shield
"Preslaughter interval" or "preharvest interval" refers to the ____________ number of days allowed between the last pesticide application and the slaughter or harvest days. A) Least B) Most
A) Least
If you had to treat a large athletic complex containing several soccer fields, and water was not easily available, what type of sprayer would you choose? A) Low-pressure boom sprayer B) High-pressure sprayer C) Hand-operated sprayer
A) Low-pressure boom sprayer
Which is not an advantage of piston pumps? A) Maneuverability B) There is no leakage inside the pump chamber C) Output is virtually unaffected by pressure
A) Maneuverability
Is a highly toxic material always very hazardous? A) No, if a highly toxic material is handled properly it could actually pose low risk or hazard B) Yes, no matter how it is handled a highly toxic material is always hazardous
A) No, if a highly toxic material is handled properly it could actually pose low risk or hazard
Can a harvest crop contain more than the set tolerance of a pesticide and still be legally sold? A) No, it cannot be legally sold B) Yes, it may be sold if it is not condemned or seized C) Yes, it may be sold if it is identified as contaminated
A) No, it cannot be legally sold
Which pesticide solution is most likely to be absorbed through the skin?
A) Oil-based
The best protection against groundwater pollution is ____________. A) Preventing contamination B) Stopping irrigation C) Cleaning groundwater after contamination
A) Preventing contamination
How should you change pressure to reduce liquid droplet drift? A) Reduce pressure to increase droplet size B) Increase pressure to increase droplet size C) Reduce pressure to reduce droplet size D) Increase pressure to reduce droplet size
A) Reduce pressure to increase droplet size
Which is an example of a vertebrate pest? A) Rodents B) Flies C) Arachnids
A) Rodents
How should you clean your washing machine after laundering pesticide soiled clothing? A) Run a complete, but empty cycle using hot water and detergent B) Clean the inside of the machine by hand C) Run a rinse cycle only
A) Run a complete, but empty cycle using hot water and detergent
Would you choose a selective or nonselective herbicide for weed control in a park? A) Selective B) Nonselective
A) Selective
Why must spray applications dry onto a surface before rain? A) So the rain won't cause runoff of the pesticide B) So the rain won't dilute the pesticide C) Because rainwater sometimes reacts with the pesticide and may harm the plant
A) So the rain won't cause runoff of the pesticide
Why are dust formulations usually not used outdoors on a large scale? A) They may drift away from the target area B) They are too difficult to measure accurately C) They are less effective outdoors than indoors
A) They may drift away from the target area
Why is a good supply of soap and water a "must" in any pesticide storage area? A) To make decontamination and cleanup possible B) So you can wash your hands C) To meet health regulations
A) To make decontamination and cleanup possible
Pesticide applicators generate waste during normal work operations. Which of the items below is not "regulated waste" under the Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)? A) Triple-rinsed used containers B) Excess pesticide and pesticide dilutions C) Rinsewater that contains a listed chemical and cannot be used properly
A) Triple-rinsed used containers
A pesticide becomes a pollutant and potentially dangerous when it is applied at a higher dose than recommended on the label or when it drifts off target. A) True B) False
A) True
All licensed commercial and noncommercial applicators must be certified in each application category in which they practice. A) True B) False
A) True
Among nozzle materials, brass is the least resistant to wear. A) True B) False
A) True
Applicators who will be constantly exposed to small amounts of toxic pesticides for a day or several days should wear a respirator. A) True B) Fals
A) True
Certain methods of incineration are acceptable for pesticide disposal. A) True B) False
A) True
Contact insecticides offer safety advantages in homes, while residual insecticides are useful when the insects are a constant problem. A) True B) False
A) True
During pesticide handling, you should wear both gloves and boots made of chemical-resistant material. A) True B) False
A) True
Dusters are commonly used by gardeners and pest control operators for spot treatment of pants or small areas. A) True B) False
A) True
Even though persistent pesticides remain in the environment, they do not always accumulate in animals or plants. A) True B) False
A) True
Even when you have the right mixture in your spray tank, you can still apply the wrong amount of pesticide. A) True B) False
A) True
Even with a commercial applicator license, you must still obtain a spray permit before using regulated herbicides. A) True B) False
A) True
Food may have no residues at all because the residues may have degraded or the crop may have been treated with a minimum dose of a pesticide. A) True B) False
A) True
Gas masks are used when the applicator will be exposed to toxic fumes in heavy concentrations or for long time periods. A) True B) False
A) True
Granular formulations are made of larger, more uniform particles than dust formulations. A) True B) False
A) True
If pesticide drifts onto a nontarget area, causing injury or economic loss, the applicator is legally responsible. A) True B) False
A) True
If you wash your face and hands first, it is all right to have a snack or a chew of tobacco while you are on the job. A) True B) False
A) True
In addition to state government, even county commissioners courts may set rules on the use of certain pesticides. A) True B) False
A) True
Insect growth regulators attach a growth process found only in insects so these chemicals are generally harmless to humans and other vertebrates. A) True B) False
A) True
Many common chemical names exist but only those officially accepted by EPA may be included on a label's ingredient list. A) True B) False
A) True
Materials used to absorb a spill should be treated the same as pesticide waste. A) True B) False
A) True
Mixing is the time when you are most likely to be exposed to pesticide poisoning. A) True B) False
A) True
No pesticide may be bought, sold, or used in the United States until it has federal registration for the product, the use, and the label. A) True B) False
A) True
Nozzle discharge rate and sprayer calibration should be checked with clean water before adding pesticide. A) True B) False
A) True
Pesticide residues can build up in the bodies of animals, including man. A) True B) False
A) True
Seeders and fertilizer spreaders often can be used to apply granules without equipment adjustments. A) True B) False
A) True
Soil and plant surfaces may contain pesticide residue even when they are not directly sprayed with the pesticide. A) True B) False
A) True
Some pesticides are poisonous no matter how they enter the body.
A) True
Sometimes even small environmental changes can greatly reduce the chances of survival for fish and wildlife. A) True B) False
A) True
Speciality fertilizer in containers with capacities of 50 pounds or less that are labeled for ornamental and turd use are exempt from classification as state-limited-use pesticides or regulated herbicides. A) True B) False
A) True
The effect on beneficial insects is a primary concern when choosing a broad spectrum insecticide. A) True B) False
A) True
The most hazardous activities involving pesticides are mixing and loading concentrates. A) True B) False
A) True
The safest way to move pesticides is in the back of a truck that has a steel bed with enclosed sides and a tail gate. A) True B) False
A) True
The smaller the LD50 value, the less chemical required to be fatal, so the more poisonous the pesticide.
A) True
The words, "Keep Out of Reach of Children," must appear on all pesticide labels. A) True B) False
A) True
To legally perform structural pest control, you must have a license regardless of the kinds of pesticides you use. A) True B) False
A) True
To safely clean and store a respirator: Wash the face piece with detergent and warm water. Rinse. Wipe dry with clean cloth. Store in a tightly closed plastic bag. A) True B) False
A) True
Under the Texas Pesticide Law, pesticides used in this state must be registered with the Texas Department of Agriculture, even if they are already registered with the US Environmental Protection Agency. A) True B) False
A) True
When filling a spray tank, you should always stand with your head above the container and the filling hole of the spray tank. A) True B) False
A) True
When you empty a pesticide container, you should rinse it out at least three times. A) True B) False
A) True
Wind can actually help reduce air pollution during an inversion. A) True B) False
A) True
Windy day application increases hazard to you and bystanders. A) True B) False
A) True
You must calibrate granular application equipment each time you change granular products. A) True B) False
A) True
You must wear a chemical-resistant suit when handling highly toxic pesticides. A) True B) False
A) True
You should store all clean protective equipment and clothing separately from stored pesticides. A) True B) False
A) True
You should was your gloved hands before removing the gloves. A) True B) False
A) True
You should wear a respirator when mixing soluble or wettable powders. A) True B) False
A) True
You should wear a wide-brimmed, chemical-resistant, waterproof hat (not a cap) when you are exposed to pesticide drift. A) True B) False
A) True
What conditions make early morning or evening a good time for application? A) Wind speed is lower and humidity is higher than other times of day B) Both wind speed and humidity are lower C) Both wind speed and humidity are higher
A) Wind speed is lower and humidity is higher than other times of day
Can you be sued for applying pesticides to the wrong target site, even if no damage is done? A) Yes B) No
A) Yes
If you apply a pesticide and the wind carries it off-target, are you liable even though you tried to be careful? A) Yes B) No
A) Yes
Is pesticide application legally considered an ultra-hazardous activity? A) Yes B) No
A) Yes
Should you ever was the inside of your boots? A) Yes, after each use B) Yes, at least weekly C) No - you might spread pesticide from the outside to the inside of the boot
A) Yes, after each use
_________________ devices keep spray mixture in the tank from escaping back through the hose into a water source.
Antisiphoning
An _______________ is a geologic formation of permeable rock, sand, or gravel that stores large amounts of water.
Aquifer
To triple-rinse a pesticide container, you should completely fill the container with diluent for each rinse. A) True B) False
B) False
When you are spraying near bee colonies, it is up to the owners alone to keep the bees out of your way or to remove the bees. A) True B) False
B) False
You can mix all types of pesticides together without any problem. A) True B) False
B) False
You may wear pesticide-soaked clothing again, without laundering, as soon as the clothing dries. A) True B) False
B) False
You should wear protective clothing when you are exposed to pesticide drift, but hardly ever when you are mixing and filling pesticides. A) True B) False
B) False
What is the full name and acronym of the law used to manage pesticides? A) Federal Insecticide Act (FIA) B) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) C) Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act (FEPCA)
B) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
For what kind of job would you use a spreader-sticker. A) For weed and brush control B) For treatment of waxy leaf surfaces C) For treatment of hard-to-reach tree tops
B) For treatment of waxy leaf surfaces
For most pesticide sprays, what is the recommended water pH level? A) from 2 to 3 B) From 4 to 6 C) From 5 to 8
B) From 4 to 6
What kind of chemical is used to alter or change the plant itself? A) Synthetic hormones B) Growth regulators C) Organocides
B) Growth regulators
Which type of sprayer would you probably choose to treat a small garden in a residential area? A) Air-blasted sprayer B) Hand-operated sprayer C) Mist blower
B) Hand-operated sprayer
Filling out standard forms ... A) Is unnecessary, just jot down the things you need to know B) Helps you make sure to get all the necessary data C) Is required by law
B) Helps you make sure to get all the necessary data
What sprayer would you use if the pesticide was formulated only as a wettable powder and the target site had dense foliage? A) Low-pressure boom sprayer B) High-pressure sprayer C) Ultra-low-volume sprayer
B) High-pressure sprayer
What type of sprayer would you use with a wettable powder formulation to treat an oak tree in a backyard? A) Low-pressure sprayer B) High-pressure sprayer C) Hand-operated sprayer
B) High-pressure sprayer
Which of the following does not describe integrated pest management? A) IPM combines several pest control tactics B) IPM is an anti-pesticide approach to pest control C) IPM is a way to anticipate and prevent pests from reaching damaging numbers D) IPM achieves pest control with the least risk to the environment
B) IPM is an anti-pesticide approach to pest control
If you or your partner feels sick on the job, should you leave the work undone or try to finish it? A) Always try to finish the job unless there is an emergency or you are working alone and feel as though you might faint B) If you or any other worker feels sick, do not try to finish the job. Get out of the area immediately and get help
B) If you or any other worker feels sick, do not try to finish the job. Get out of the area immediately and get help
When is the best time to add pesticide to the spray tank? A) At least 3 hours before application B) Immediately before application C) Whenever you are ready
B) Immediately before application
Which of the following is not part of assessment in IPM? A) Determining what type of pest is causing the problem B) Implementing a control strategy C) Determining the presence and infestation level of a pest
B) Implementing a control strategy
How can triple-rinsed, used pesticide containers be disposed of? A) In any sanitary landfill B) In an EPA-approved sanitary landfill C) In a private landfill
B) In an EPA-approved sanitary landfill
Through which routes of entry are you likely to be exposed during pesticide mixing? A) Dermal and swallowing B) Inhalation and dermal C) Swallowing and inhalation
B) Inhalation and dermal
Who can advise you on your insurance needs? A) Most lawyers B) Insurance agents who specialize in pesticide insurance C) Extension agents with a degree in agribusiness
B) Insurance agents who specialize in pesticide insurance
What is the main problem with runoff water from your storage area? A) It could hurt animals that might drink it B) It could contaminate ground or surface water with pesticide residue C) It is a waste of water
B) It could contaminate ground or surface water with pesticide residue
Why choose a low concentrate liquid formulation if you want to be sure to get the right mixture? A) There are clear mixing instructions on the package B) It is ready to be sprayed as purchased C) There is a mixing cup attached to the package
B) It is ready to be sprayed as purchased
What weather factors reduce drift? A) Lack of wind, low temperature, and low humidity B) Lack of wind, low temperature, and high humidity C) Low wind, high temperature, and high humidity
B) Lack of wind, low temperature, and high humidity
Acute oral toxicity and acute dermal toxicity are measured as LD50. The higher the LD50 the _______________ (more or less) toxic the pesticide.
B) Less
Are cotton or felt hats adequate head protection against highly toxic pesticides? A) Yes B) No
B) No
Should you try to fit the respirator so that some air can leak in around your face? A) Yes B) No
B) No
Why wouldn't you choose a granular if you were going to treat a tree or lettuce crop? A) Too much will stick to the leaves B) Not enough will stick to the leaves C) It will damage the plant's appearance
B) Not enough will stick to the leaves
When you plan to work with pesticides, where should you look for information about the protective clothing you need? A) In the American Chemical User's Handbook B) On the pesticide label C) In your pesticide applicator training manuals
B) On the pesticide label
Which of the following type of plants lives more than 2 years? A) Annual B) Perennial C) Biennial
B) Perennial
Which of these factors does not influence drift? A) Particle size B) Pollution C) Nozzle design and orientation D) Temperature
B) Pollution
Pesticides that degrade __________ in the environment are the least hazardous. A) Slowly B) Quickly C) At a moderate rate
B) Quickly
Which of the following is not among the SPCS application categories? A) Termite B) Seed treatment C) Wood preservation D) Commodity fumigation
B) Seed treatment
What is the most common cause of pesticide poisoning for applicators? A) Inhalation B) Skin contact C) Swallowing
B) Skin contact
What kind of pesticide standards does FIFRA allow states to establish? A) Less strict than federal standards B) Stricter than federal standards C) Only the same standards as FIFRA
B) Stricter than federal standards
Which of the following state agencies is not involved in pesticide regulation? A) Texas Department of Agriculture B) Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service C) Texas Commission on Environmental Quality
B) Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service
Which agency enforces the Texas Solid Waste Disposal Act? A) Texas Department of Agriculture B) Texas Commission on Environmental Quality C) Texas Commission on Aging D) Texas Hazardous Waste Commission
B) Texas Commission on Environmental Quality
In Agricultural IPM, economic thresholds represent... A) The most money you can afford to spend to control a pest population B) The most damage a pest population can do without causing economic loss C) The difference between the cost of pest control and the cost of pest damage
B) The most damage a pest population can do without causing economic loss
What must you measure to calibrate granular application equipment? A) The ground speed of the spreader B) The weight of granules spread over a known area C) The amount of granules placed in the spreader
B) The weight of granules spread over a known area
Nematodes are ... A) Fungal growths on roots B) Tiny worm-like organisms C) Small frogs that secrete a toxic chemical
B) Tiny worm-like organisms
What is the purpose of the tolerance program? A) To ensure that U.S. consumers are not exposed to any pesticide residues in food B) To ensure that U.S. consumers are not exposed to unsafe pesticide residue levels in food C) to ensure that U.S. consumers can tolerate pesticide residues in food
B) To ensure that U.S. consumers are not exposed to unsafe pesticide residue levels in food
Why wear protective clothing while you store pesticides, containers, and equipment? A) To protect your street clothes from contamination B) To minimize your exposure in case of a pesticide spill C) To protect the chemicals you're handling from contamination
B) To minimize your exposure in case of a pesticide spill
For which type of job are dusts not often used? A) To control external parasites or animals B) To treat recreational turf areas C) To kill indoor pests in cracks and crevices
B) To treat recreational turf areas
When should you wear elbow-length, chemical-resistant gloves? A) When handling any pesticide B) When handling any pesticide, except certain fumigants and relatively non-toxic products C) Only when working overhead
B) When handling any pesticide, except certain fumigants and relatively non-toxic products
When must you always wear a respirator? A) Any time you apply pesticides indoors B) Whenever mixing or filling highly toxic pesticides C) Only when you choose to
B) Whenever mixing or filling highly toxic pesticides
When handling highly toxic pesticides... A) You can work safely alone for up to 4 hours B) You should always work in pairs C) You should always work in teams of at least three
B) You should always work in pairs
You should always read the label before you _____________ pesticide, before you mix pesticide, before you _____________ pesticide, and before you store or dispose of pesticide.
Buy, apply
Which pesticide formulation can be dangerous if its container is punctured or overheated? A) Granular B) Liquid C) Aerosol
C) Aerosol
Which pesticide formulation is most often used in households, back yards and other small areas? A) Granular B) Liquid C) Aerosol
C) Aerosol
Regulations interpreting the Transportation Safety Act are contained in 49 CFR. What do these regulations cover? A) Some safety aspects of transporting hazardous materials, such as packing, labeling, marking, and placarding of such materials B) Most safety aspects of transporting hazardous materials C) All safety aspects of transporting hazardous materials
C) All safety aspects of transporting hazardous materials
Why should you dispose of pesticide waste in an EPA-approved sanitary landfill rather than a municipal dump? A) Because all pesticide waste must be disposed of in a federal facility B) Because municipal dumps are too close to populated areas C) Because EPA-approved landfills meet federal standards of construction and operation
C) Because EPA-approved landfills meet federal standards of construction and operation
Why should honeybees be protected? A) Because they are the most important beneficial insect B) Because poisoned bees are more dangerous to people and animals C) Because their work as pollinators is necessary for crop production
C) Because their work as pollinators is necessary for crop production
When should gas masks be used with an independent oxygen supply? A) When you are exposed to unknown vapors B) When you reenter a fumigated area C) Both A & B D) Neither A nor B
C) Both A & B
When are cartridge respirators often used? A) For a relatively short exposure period to concentrated chemicals B) For a long exposure period to low concentrations of toxic chemicals C) Both A and B D) Neither A nor B
C) Both A and B
Which of the following is not part of assessment in IPM? A) Judging the potential for pest populations to reach an intolerable level B) Forecasting weather conditions that favor disease and insect pests C) Carrying out control measures to manage pests
C) Carrying out control measures to manage pests
Which is not a type of pest that poisonous bait formulations are used to control? A) Ants and slugs B) Rats and mice C) Centipedes and millipedes
C) Centipedes and millipedes
Which of the things below is not something the EPA must do before a pesticide may be marketed in the U.S.? A) Approve each use B) Assign a product registration number C) Consult the Office of Pesticide Programs
C) Consult the Office of Pesticide Programs
How should you store opened containers of chlorates? A) Store away from other pesticides B) Store in an airtight container C) Do not store at all
C) Do not store at all
Which federal agency determines what species are endangered? A) The U.S. Department of Agriculture B) Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) of the EPA C) Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) of the Department of the Interior
C) Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) of the Department of the Interior
What formulation would you choose if you wanted to penetrate cracks, soil, burrows, and enclosed areas? A) Aerosol B) Dust C) Fumigant
C) Fumigant
How do you know if a respirator is necessary? A) If there is a strong odor B) If you feel lightheaded C) If the pesticide label says so
C) If the pesticide label says so
Miticides are very similar in action and application to ________________. A) Fungicides B) Herbicides C) Insecticides
C) Insecticides
What does chemical compatibility mean? A) Mixing the chemicals will not cause an explosion B) Mixing the chemicals will not produce a highly toxic solution C) Mixing the pesticides will not reduce their effectiveness
C) Mixing the pesticides will not reduce their effectiveness
Which of the statements below is not true about a pesticide deposit? A) A deposit is pesticide that remains on treated surfaces right after application B) Pesticide deposits may or may not be seen easily C) Most deposits remain on surfaces for a very long time
C) Most deposits remain on surfaces for a very long time
At what level is man in the food chain? A) Near the bottom B) Near the middle C) Near the top
C) Near the top
If the pesticide is not too toxic, is it OK to let children and pets play in he area while you are spraying there? A) Yes, if the pesticide is not too toxic, children and pets may play in the area B) Pets may be allowed to play in the area, but not children C) Never let children or pets play in a treatment area during spraying
C) Never let children or pets play in a treatment area during spraying
Which pump does not have an automatic pressure relief characteristic? A) Roller pump B) Centrifugal pump C) Piston pump
C) Piston pump
What should you do when you discover that one of your pesticide containers is corroding? A) Dispose of it immediately B) Wrap it in plastic that can be sealed and labeled C) Put it in a larger container that can be sealed and labeled
C) Put it in a larger container that can be sealed and labeled
How can you find out if two pesticides are compatible? A) Call your county Extension agent B) Call the manufacturer C) Read the label
C) Read the label
Which is not a reason why pesticide accidents occur? A) Lack of up-to-date knowledge B) Unsafe handling practices C) Reading and understanding pesticide labels
C) Reading and understanding pesticide labels
Which of the statements below is not true about a pesticide residue? A) Some residues may remain for months or years B) Residue information is required for each crop you treat C) Residues are found only on target crops and surfaces
C) Residues are found only on target crops and surfaces
Which act is administered by EPA to manage all solid hazardous waste? A) Occupational Safety and Health Act B) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act C) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act D) Transportation Safety Act
C) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Which of the following is not a type of support equipment? A) Filler pump B) Front-end loader C) Sprayer
C) Sprayer
All labels for slightly toxic pesticides must carry the signal word ____________.
CAUTION
A _____________ inhibitor kills immature insects by interfering with their growth and molting.
Chitin synthesis
An example of a chronic effect is the drop in _____________, an essential body enzyme, caused by organophosphates and carbamates.
Cholinesterase
__________________ _____________ is long-term repeated contact with pesticides.
Chronic exposure
_______________ _______________ is a delayed poisonous effect from exposure to a substance.
Chronic toxicity
Which federal and state laws regulate pesticide disposal methods? A) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act B) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act C) Clean Air Act D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which is a function of spray nozzles? A) To regulate the flow of liquid B) To atomize the liquid stream C) To spread droplets in a specific pattern D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which of the following is a benefit of IPM? A) IPM reduces pesticide hazards to people, wildlife, and the environment B) IPM can save money for business, industry, and home owners C) IPM helps prevent insects, pathogens, and weeds from developing resistance to pesticides D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which of the following is a benefit of IPM? A) IPM reduces pesticide hazards to people, wildlife, and the environment B) IPM can save money for farmers, ranchers, and homeowners C) IPM helps prevent insects, pathogens, and weeds from developing resistance to pesticides D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which of the following is information provided in directions for use? A) Pests to be controlled with the pesticide B) The rate for application C) Methods of application D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which of the following must you consider in choosing pesticide application equipment for a job? A) Working conditions and type of target B) Pesticide formulation C) Possible problems D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which of these factors should you consider when choosing a storage site? A) Nearness to sensitive areas B) Whether flooding is possible C) Whether the site is upwind or uphill from sensitive areas D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which type of hat is useful to protect your head and neck form highly toxic pesticides? A) Chemical-resistant rainhat B) Washable hard hat with no liner C) Certain wide-brimmed hats D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Why is proper identification of pests so important? A) Because it enables you to treat the real source of a problem and not just the symptoms B) Because it enables you to avoid injury to nontarget organisms C) Because it helps you select the right pesticide for the job D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Why is proper identification of pests so important? A) It enables you to treat the real source of a problem and not just the symptoms B) It enables you to avoid injury to nontarget organisms C) It helps you select the right pesticide for the job D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Why should you carefully dispose of surplus pesticides and empty containers? A) To prevent escape of pesticide wastes into the environment B) To avoid potential health hazards to people and animals C) To satisfy legal requirements D) All of the above
D) All of the above
If your sprayer delivers less spray to an area than you want it to, how would you change the rate? A) Increase pressure B) Reduce ground speed C) Change to larger nozzles D) Any of the above
D) Any of the above
Which of the following is not a process that causes pesticides to break down after application? A) Photodegradation B) Microbial degradation C) Chemical degradation D) Atmospheric degradation
D) Atmospheric degradation
Which of the following are types of controls used in IPM? A) Biological, chemical, and cultural controls B) Sanitation, structural modification, and physical barriers C) Preventative measures, monitoring, and assessment D) Both A & B
D) Both A & B
What is the full name and acronym of the federal agency that regulates pesticides: A) U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) B) Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) C) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Agency (FIFRA) D) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
D) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Which areas of the body absorb pesticides quickly?
D) Eyes, ears, scalp, and genitals
Which of the following is an insect? A) Centipede B) Sowbug C) Mite D) None of the above
D) None of the above
Which agency administers the Hazard Communication Standard? A) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) B) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) C) Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Board (FFDCB) D) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
D) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Which of these additional factors does not influence drift? A) Humidity B) Height of release C) Wind speed and direction D) Reentry interval
D) Reentry interval
Can you incinerate or bury surplus pesticides or container that have mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, or other inorganic chemicals in them? A) You can incinerate but not bury them B) You can bury but not incinerate them C) You can either incinerate or bury them D) You can neither incinerate nor bury them
D) You can neither incinerate nor bury them
Who ultimately bears the responsibility of protecting endangered species from pesticides? A) The federal government B) The state government C) Conservationists D) You, the applicator
D) You, the applicator
Highly toxic products must carry the signal word __________________.
DANGER
Name the three routes by which pesticide can enter your body.
Dermal, oral, and inhalation
Weather-wise applications can help you save money by saving the pesticide lost through _______________ and _________________.
Drift, run-off
Which of the following must you consider when choosing the best formulation for your job? A) Effectiveness against the pest B) The location of the manufacturer C) Type of application machinery needed D) All of the above E) A & C
E) A & C
Which of the following organisms are associated with plant disease? A) Bacteria and viruses B) Amoebas and algae C) Fungi and nematodes D) All of the above E) A & C
E) A & C
How can you prevent accidents commonly caused by equipment? A) Choose the safest equipment for your pesticide application needs B) Do not allow children or unauthorized people near pesticide equipment C) Operate equipment correctly D) Maintain equipment well E) All of the above
E) All of the above
How should you prepare for an accidental spill of a pesticide? A) Have some kind of absorptive material available B) Have bleach or hydrated lime for decontamination C) Keep soap, detergent, and water close at hand D) Have a change of clothes available E) All of the above
E) All of the above
If the site you applied a pesticide to is damaged, even though you followed the directions and dosages on the label, who could be liable? A) You B) The dealer C) The manufacturer D) The property owner E) All of the above
E) All of the above
What are the possible consequences of pesticide drift onto forage and pastureland or into drinking water? A) People, pets, and livestock can be injured by pesticide exposure B) Pasture grasses could be destroyed C) Milk or meat could have illegal residues if cattle eat contaminated forage D) Water may become too contaminated to drink E) All of the above
E) All of the above
In Structural Pest Control IPM, economic thresholds may not be relevant because... A) The most money you can afford to spend to control a pest population may not be sufficient B) A pest population can cause health and environmental damage with low infestation C) Public health pest may cause unreasonable risk to humans or animals before an economic threshold can be established D) Both A & B E) Both B & C F) None of the above
E) Both B & C
Which federal agency sets food tolerances for pesticides?
EPA
When a pesticide chemical is mixed with solvents, wetting agents, stickers, powders, granules, etc., the finished product is called a ______________.
Formulation
The toxicity of a substance is its ability to cause injury, while ______________ is the risk or chance that harm will come from using the pesticide.
Hazard
Does a hydraulic sprayer have low pressure or high pressure?
High pressure
Worn nozzle tips produce poor spray patterns and _______________ flow rates than new nozzles.
Higher
The four basic steps or parts of Structural Pest Control IPM are __________________, __________________, action, and ____________________.
Inspection, assessment, reinspection
A _______________ is the maximum amount of pesticide residue allowed on a harvested crop, set by the EPA.
Tolerance
_______________ is the capacity of a substance to injure or poison a living system, such as a human being, an animal, a lake, or a forest.
Toxicity
When a pesticide evaporates and moves off target, this is called ____________ _______________.
Vapor Drift
The signal word ______________ is required on labels for moderately toxic products.
WARNING
Would you choose an EC or a WP if phytotoxicity might be a problem?
WP
What is the common abbreviation of each of the following? Wettable powder _______________, emulsifiable concentrate ___________________, dust _____________, granules ________________.
WP, EC, D, G
In Agricultural IPM, __________________, also called scouting, involves early pest detection and proper pest identification.
Monitoring
EPA sets two kinds of tolerances: ___________ _____________ tolerances for pesticides that indirectly contact food; and _______________ tolerances for pesticides applied directly to food.
Negligible residue, finite
Products with the signal word DANGER may also have a skull and crossbones symbol and the word _____________ in red.
POISON
Diseases are caused by biological agents called __________________.
Pathogens
A _________________ pesticide is one that remains in the environment without breaking down.
Persistent
A _______________ is any chemical to control pests.
Pesticide
The four basic steps or parts of Agricultural IPM are __________________ tactics, monitoring, assessment, and ________________ tactics.
Preventative, remedial
__________ _____________ is your responsibility to inform nearby residents or adjacent landowners before you apply pesticides.
Prior Notification
Of the two types of fungicides, _______________ prevent plant diseases and ________________ cure plant diseases.
Protectants, eradicants
The length of time that should pass between treatment and returning to a treated area is called the _________________ _________________.
Reentry interval
In Structural Pest Control IPM, ________________ also called monitoring, involves early pest detection and evaluation of previous control strategies.
Reinspection
Six milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) is equal to _________ parts per million.
Six
Cholinesterase tests show whether you have been overexposed to __________________ or _______________ pesticides.
carbamate, organophosphate
When cleaning a sprayer, you should fill and flush the tank with water at least _________ times before using a cleaning solution.
two
How many square feet could you treat with a hand sprayer holding 1 gallon, if it takes 4 ounces of the spray mix to treat 100 square feet?
3,200
You must increase pressure ___ times to double the flow rate.
4
How many square feet equal 1 acre?
43,560
Once your sprayer is calibrated, its delivery rate will remain constant. A) True B) False
B) False
Only pesticides that are applied incorrectly are likely to move downward with rain or irrigation water into the water table below. A) True B) Fals
B) False
Regardless of the reentry interval stated on the label, you may reenter a treated site after sprays dry, dusts settle, and vapors dispers. A) True B) False
B) False
The risk of water pollution from burial of empty containers is less than the risk of air pollution from incineration. A) True B) False
B) False
If a pesticide label has no instructions about protective equipment, that means you need no protection while using the pesticide. A) True B) False
B) False
If unsupervised, you must have a license to legally work with restricted pesticides, but not to work with state-limited pesticides. A) True B) False
B) False
If you are careful, the storage area also may be used to store your lunch, tobacco and street clothes while you are on the job. A) True B) False
B) False
If you rinse out an empty pesticide container three times, you can use it for another purpose or let children play with it. A) True B) False
B) False
An _________________ pesticide is one that builds up in animal and plant tissues.
Accumulative
The effects of which type of exposure - acute or chronic - can be more easily detected and studied?
Acute
_______________ _______________ is a one-time or short-term contact with pesticide.
Acute exposure
_________________ ________________ refers to how poisonous a pesticide is after short-term exposure.
Acute toxicity
An _______________ is a chemical added to the pesticide mixture that makes an active ingredient more effective.
Adjuvant
What type of pesticide container should not be punctured for disposal?
Aerosol
A pesticide dose is the ________________ of pesticide to which a surface, plant, or animal is exposed.
Amount
In general, only homeowners have good use for hand-operated sprayers. A) True B) False
B) False
Thirty-two ounces of water was collected from one spray nozzle in 30 seconds. What is the nozzle delivery rate in gallons per minute? A) .03 GPM B) .5 GPM C) 1.2 GPM
B) .5 GPM
What margin of safety (safety factor) does the EPA use to set tolerances? A) 10 times B) 100 times C) 1,000 times
B) 100 times
To work for hire, using restricted or state-limited pesticides on another person's land, you must have: A) A business license from the TDA B) A commercial license from the TDA C) A private license from the TDA D) All of the above
B) A commercial license from the TDA
Which license must be obtained by a person who wants to perform pest control as an employee of a privately owned apartment building or hospital? A) A business license from the SPCS B) A noncommercial license from the SPCS C) A private license from either the TDA or the SPCS D) None of the the above
B) A noncommercial license from the SPCS
What is an endangered species? A) A plant or animal that may not be harvested or hunted, except as allowed by law B) A plant or animal that is in danger of extinction throughout all or much of its range C) An animal whose habitat has been severely damaged
B) A plant or animal that is in danger of extinction throughout all or much of its range
From a legal standpoint, pesticide equipment and containers that are left where children can find them are considered ... A) An "obvious hazard" B) An "attractive nuisance" C) A "negligent oversight"
B) An "attractive nuisance"
What does the term vertebrate mean? A) Animals with wings B) Animals with jointed backbones C) Animals that walk upright
B) Animals with jointed backbones
What should you do with rinsewater if you can't add it to the tank mix? A) Just spread it over the ground - it's harmless B) Apply it on a site with a similar pest problem C) Save it and add it to the next tank mix
B) Apply it on a site with a similar pest problem
Which is not a disadvantage of fumigants? A) Can be applied only in enclosed areas B) Are difficult to apply C) May be toxic enough to require full protective gear
B) Are difficult to apply
How should you treat collected runoff? A) As hazardous waste B) As surplus pesticide C) As rinsewater
B) As surplus pesticide
Why are aquifers important? A) Because they are the main water supply for manufacturing industries B) Because so many people use water from aquifers for drinking C) Because building and maintaining them provides jobs
B) Because so many people use water from aquifers for drinking
Why not use cotton or leather gloves when handling highly toxic pesticides? A) Because you might stain them B) Because they absorb pesticide and hold it close to your skin C) Because they reduce your dexterity, thus increasing the chance of accident
B) Because they absorb pesticide and hold it close to your skin
How should you organize the disposal section of your storage area? A) Alphabetically B) By chemical family C) By disposal method
B) By chemical family
What signal word must be on the label for pesticides classified as "Highly toxic"? A) CAUTION! B) DANGER! C) WARNING!
B) DANGER!
How often should you wash your contaminated overalls? A) Weekly B) Daily C) Never - throw them away after they become contaminated
B) Daily
Which two routes of entry are likely to be the most important to you? A) Dermal and oral B) Dermal and inhalation C) Inhalation and oral D) None of the above
B) Dermal and inhalation
How should you dispose of empty cardboard fungicide containers? A) Triple-rinse them and bury them B) Dispose of them according to label instructions C) Triple-rinse and burn them
B) Dispose of them according to label instructions
Natural rubber protects against _______________. A) Liquid formulations B) Dry formulations C) Both liquid and dry formulations
B) Dry formulations
When is the best time to fill out record sheets? A) Before you start a job B) During the job C) After you finish the job
B) During the job
What formulation would you choose if you wanted little visible residue and only moderate agitation? A) Aerosol B) Emulsifiable concentrate C) Wettable powder
B) Emulsifiable concentrate
A fogger is a good equipment choice when there is a sensitive area nearby and the wind is low. A) True B) False
B) False
Although repellants should be used according to their labels, they are not registered like other pesticides with the EPA. A) True B) False
B) False
Although the EPA registers pesticide labels, it does not require manufacturers to submit labels for registration. A) True B) False
B) False
Burial of surplus pesticides and empty containers is one of the preferred disposal methods. A) True B) False
B) False
Even if your intended use is not listed on a pesticide label, it is legal to use the pesticide anyway when you are sure it will work. A) True B) False
B) False
If a customer asks for a little of your tank mix and hands you an empty glass jar, it is all right for you to give him some as long as you warn him carefully A) True B) False
B) False
If a nozzle clogs up while you are spraying pesticides, the best way to clear it is to blow the nozzle out with your mouth. A) True B) False
B) False
Insecticide is just another word for pesticide. A) True B) False
B) False
Which of the following steps should you take if someone accuses you of pesticide misuse? A) Decline comment and refer all calls to an attorney. Obtain references from satisfied customers B) Accept responsibility for the incident and apologize. Suspend employees involved in the incident C) Take notes and photos to document conditions at the site. Identify witnesses. Notify your insurance company
C) Take notes and photos to document conditions at the site. Identify witnesses. Notify your insurance company
Which is not an agency that shares responsibility for pesticide applicator training, certification, and licensing? A) Texas Department of Agriculture (TDA) B) Texas Structural Pest Control Service (SPCS) C) Texas A&M AgriLife Research
C) Texas A&M AgriLife Research
What is the legal standing of bees killed while "visiting" a sprayed field? A) The bees are legally protected. You are liable for any harm to them B) The bees are considered "trespassers." You are not liable for them C) The bees are considered trespassers if you gave prior notice to adjacent landowners. Otherwise, you may be liable for harm to the bees
C) The bees are considered trespassers if you gave prior notice to adjacent landowners. Otherwise, you may be liable for harm to the bees
What is meant by term "reentry interval"? A) The time right after pesticide application when protected workers may not enter the treated area B) The time during pesticide application when unprotected workers may not stay in the treated area C) The time right after pesticide application when unprotected workers may not enter the treated area
C) The time right after pesticide application when unprotected workers may not enter the treated area
Why should herbicides be stored in a special place apart from other pesticides? A) They must be stored at a different temperature B) They are more hazardous than other types of pesticides C) They can vaporize and spread into adjacent pesticides
C) They can vaporize and spread into adjacent pesticides
Why should the storage area be kept cool? A) To provide a more comfortable workplace B) To prevent condensation C) To stabilize flammable chemicals
C) To stabilize flammable chemicals
What should you do to dispose of empty metal, glass, or plastic containers? A) Bury them B) Burn them C) Try to return them for recycling
C) Try to return them for recycling
Which type of sprayer is more likely to cause you to injure sensitive vegetation or wildlife by overdosing with concentrated pesticides? A) Low-pressure sprayer B) High-pressure sprayer C) ULV
C) ULV
What signal word must be on the label for pesticides classified as "Moderately toxic"? A) CAUTION! B) DANGER! C) WARNING!
C) WARNING!
Of the following statements about EPA rules on warnings to workers, which is not true? A) Warnings of pesticide application must be timely and appropriate B) Warnings of pesticide application must be in the language understood by the workers C) Warnings of pesticide application must be given in writing D) Warnings of pesticide application may be given verbally or in writing
C) Warnings of pesticide application must be given in writing
Which pesticide formulations must be diluted before they are applied? A) Wettable powders and granules B) Flowable and some aerosols C) Wettable powders and emulsifiable concentrates
C) Wettable powders and emulsifiable concentrates
When should you replace the filter on your respirator? A) After each use B) Weekly C) When it becomes dirty or breathing becomes difficult
C) When it becomes dirty or breathing becomes difficult
When does an inversion occur? A) When air near the soil surface is warmer than the air above it B) When the surface air has lower humidity than the air above it C) When the surface air is cooler than the air above it
C) When the surface air is cooler than the air above it
Which of the following is not among the TDA application categories? A) Right-of-way B) Predatory animal C) Wood preservation D) Fumigation
C) Wood preservation
Does FIFRA allow prison terms for criminal (intentional) violators? A) Yes, up to 1 year for private and commercial applicators B) No, FIFRA sets fines only C) Yes, up to 30 days for private applicators and up to 1 year for commercial applicators D) Not for private applicators but up to 1 year for commercial applicators
C) Yes, up to 30 days for private applicators and up to 1 year for commercial applicators
LC50 means "Lethal ___________ Fifty." It refers to the amount of chemical in the air that caused half of the test animals to die when they inhaled it.
Concentration
Legal disposal steps are required for both the pesticide and the pesticide _____________.
Container
In what kind of container should pesticides be stored? A) If undamaged, store in the original container B) If damaged, store in a new, clean container and attach original label C) Always store original container, whether it is damaged or not, encapsulated within a larger container D) A & B
D) A & B
Which of the following are methods of controls used in IPM? A) Biological, chemical, and cultural B) Genetic, mechanical, and physical C) Preventative measures, monitoring, and assessment D) A & B
D) A & B
What is the proper way to dispose of surplus concentrated pesticide that is still in its original container? A) If it is unopened, return it to the manufacturer or distributor B) Take it to a landfill C) Give it to another certified applicator to use D) A & C
D) A & C
A pest is considered anything that ... A) Injures humans, animals, crops, structures, or possessions B) Competes with humans, domestic animals, or crops for food or water C) Spreads disease to humans, domestic animals, or crops D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Besides meeting legal requirements, how can pesticide application records help you? A) In case of a damage suit, records can establish proof of proper pesticide use B) Records can help you trace residue and damage problems C) Records can help you make the most efficient and effective use of pesticides, thereby saving time and money D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Cleanup steps for pesticide spills include: A) Wearing suitable protection B) Using absorbent materials or sweeping compound C) Collecting used cleaners and soaked up spill and sealing in a drum D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Eradicants often are used ... A) When protectants are too expensive or not available. B) When protectants have not been applied on time C) When a disease breaks out unexpectedly D) All of the above
D) All of the above
From which of the following may nozzles be made? A) Brass B) Plastic C) Stainless steel D) All of the above
D) All of the above
How can you prevent pesticide waste surplus? A) Buy only the amount of pesticide you need B) Calibrate equipment so you apply only the amount needed C) Reuse pesticide rinsates D) All of the above
D) All of the above
If the EPA decides that a pesticide poses a risk to consumers, what can the EPA do? A) Require longer pre-harvest intervals so pesticide residues will break down B) Set restrictions on the frequency of application and rates C) Cancel or suspend use of the pesticide D) All of the above
D) All of the above
If the EPA decides that a pesticide poses a risk to workers, what can the EPA do? A) Set reentry intervals to restrict workers from entering a treated area B) Set restrictions on formulation or application rates C) Require verbal or written warnings to workers D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Some weeds can be pests by ... A) Causing hay fever in people B) Poisoning animals that eat them C) Hindering fish growth and reproduction D) All of the above
D) All of the above
What advantage do granules have over dusts and sprays? A) They drift less B) The application is simpler C) They penetrate dense foliage better D) All of the above
D) All of the above
What harm can pesticide runoff do? A) It can harm nontarget plants B) It can harm wildlife C) It can pollute water D) All of the above
D) All of the above
What problems result from buying more pesticide than you can use? A) Storage and disposal problems B) Loss of pesticide effectiveness during storage C) Unnecessary handling risks D) All of the above
D) All of the above
When is it necessary to wear goggles or a full face shield? A) Whenever pesticide could contact your eyes B) When you pour or mix concentrates C) When you work with a highly toxic spray or dust D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which factor affects the toxicity of a pesticide? A) Route of entry B) Frequency and duration (rate) of exposure C) Dose received D) All of the above
D) All of the above
________________ seals the pesticide container so that leaking of dangerous chemicals does not occur in the final disposal.
Encapsulation
An __________________ ________________ is a plant or animal that is near extinction throughout all or most of its range.
Endangered species
Which federal agency enforces food tolerances for pesticides?
FDA
With herbicide applications, preplant means before the desired vegetation is planted. ______________ means before the weeds appear and _____________ means after both the desired vegetation and weed appear.
Preemergence, postemergence
Skin rash, nausea, eye irritation, and dizziness are examples of _____________ toxic effects.
Reversible
