TEXES EC-6 Social Studies #803

14th Amendment 1868

"Citizenship for African Americans" including former slaves. Reaffirmed privileges and rights for all citizens

Legislative Branch

"Congress" House of Representatives and the Senate. "Makes the laws" Can check the Executive branch by overriding a presidential veto. Can check the Judicial Branch by approving appointments to the Supreme Court

Francisco Pizarro

"Conquered the Incas" of Peru

Judicial Branch

"Federal Court System" "Meaning of the laws" Can check both branches by ruling that laws or actions are unconstitutional

Marbury V. Madison

"Judicial Review" The idea that the courts may oversee and nullify the actions of another branch of government. Also helped to define the "checks and balances"

15th Amendment 1870

"Right to vote" for African American men

Executive Branch

"The President" "Carries out the laws" Can check the Legislative Branch by vetoing bills that have been passed by the Legislature

Latitude

(Parallels) are horizontal lines and measure distance north and south of the equator

Longitude

(Prime Meridian) are vertical lines that extend from pole to pole, and measure east to west

Which of the following amendments to the Constitution most advanced woman suffrage in the United States?

19th The 19th Amendment prohibited citizens from being denied the right to vote on the basis of gender (803-002)

A teacher plans to instruct students about the differences between traditional-, command-, and market-economic systems. Which of the following resources is best to assist students in understanding these differences?

A chart comparing how goods are produced and distributed in each economic system Economic systems are distinguished based on how decisions to produce and distribute goods are made(803-004)

Military

A committee of "military officers" or a junta rules

Federal Republic

A constitutional government in which the "powers of the central government" are restricted to create semi-autonomous bodies "states" with certain degrees of "self-governing powers" EX: United States

Compass Rose

A design on a map that shows "Cardinal directions"

Aristocracy

A group of "nobles control economy" and the government

Monarchy

A king or queen "rules and hold complete control" over the subjects. Ruler sometimes claims birth and divine rights

Republic

A representative democracy is led by someone who is not a monarch, such as a president EX: United States

Which of the following could be used as a secondary source of a lesson on the Texas Revolution?

A section about Santa Ana in a Texas history textbook A textbook interprets primary sources but is at least one step removed from the event (803-002)

Oligarchy

A small group of "powerful and wealthy people" rule the nation with the support of the military

Social Studies Instruction

A systematic inquiry which requires the acquisition and analysis of information.

Which of the following is a definition of a tariff?

A tax on imports or exports (803-004)

Women's Suffrage Movement

After being left out of the 15th Amendment women across the U.S. and TX and other states began to "fight for equal rights"

Social Studies Teacher

All elementary teachers play an important role in student's civic education. They introduce and instill the core values and ideals of what it means to be an American. Additionally, they provide foundational understanding of concepts upon which subsequent grade levels build. Social Studies education also teaches students to consider events and situations from different points of view and to connect information learned in other disciplines, such as science or English language arts

Role-playing

Allows students to step outside their usual perspective and explore issues and ideas from the view point of another person. Helps students learn empathy and the social skill of seeing situations from multiple perspectives

TX Constitution "Bill of rights"

Although it differs in some ways from the constitution of the U.S. the TX state constitution grants its inhabitants equal protection under the law

Which of the following will most likely increase both the price and the annual sales of personal computers?

An increase in the demand for personal computers An increase in the demand will likely increase both the equilibrium price and quantity sold(803-004)

Based on the information in the graph, which of the following is most likely to occur by 2025?

An increased need for elderly care facilities and home care personnel The population of people above age 65 will significantly increase, prompting the expansion of care facilities and home care services for the elderly (803-003)

State Judges

Are elected by popular vote for a period of four to six years (they are not appointed)

A fourth grade student is creating an article for a fictional newspaper that discusses a specific difference between Sam Houston and Mirabeau B. Lamar. Which of the following headlines would be most appropriate for the student to use?

Attitudes towards American Indians President Sam Houston's American Indian policy of peace, friendship, and commerce was put into law on Dec. 5, 1836. Houston sent agents among the American Indians to make treaties, distribute presents, establish forts and trading posts. President Lamar, who followed Houston as president, had neither experience with nor sympathy for the Indians and wanted to either destroy them or drive them from Texas (803-002)

California Gold Rush

Between 1849 and 1852, nearly 250,000 people migrated to California. The discovery of gold in California led to the gold rush and was the cause of the largest migration in American history

Globalization

Can be defined as a continuous increase of cross-border financial, economic, and social activities. EX: Toyota from Japan and Ford from the U.S. joined forces to build parts in Mexico

Which of the following is true of the electoral process in the U.S.?

Candidates for the U.S. Senate must be at least 30 years old (803-005)

Kindergarten

Child as an individual Homes and families State and national heritage Patriotic holidays and the contribution of historical characters

A Second grade teacher is planning a history lesson that will address the following statewide learning objective. "The students understands that multiple points of view have shaped historical research" To address the objective, the teacher should have students

Compare various primary sources documents about a controversial event. This activity promotes critical thinking skills about primary sources and how they can be used to understand multiple points of view about a certain topic. (803-001)

Which of the following map features will best help students understand the cardinal directions?

Compass Rose The compass rose, or orientation, shows the cardinal directions in relation to the information on a map(803-003)

Which TWO of the following will most likely increase labor productivity?

Competition and Division of labor Competition improves productivity by creating incentives to innovate and ensures that resources are allocated to the most efficient producers. When workers specialize in performing specific tasks (division of labor) they become more productive(803-004)

Which of the following statements correctly explains part of the system of checks and balances in the United States federal government?

Congress can override a presidential veto on legislation with a 2/3s vote from both house (803-005)

The Constitution of the U.S.

Consists of a preamble, or introduction, followed by three main articles describing the three branches of the government (Legislative, Executive, and Judicial)

Products of the Texas Economy

Cotton and eventually cattle were the main products produced in TX during the 19th century and early 20th century, it became one of the most important exports for TX. In the latter part of the 20th century, computers and electronics replaced oil as the main products of the state.

Economic Interdependence

Describes a close connection between producers and consumers of goods and services within a nation or across nations.

Which of the following types of government allows citizens the most control over government decisions?

Direct Democracy (803-005)

Primary goal of the first French explorers

Discover a western sea-route to trade with Asia

Which of the following is the primary economic reason for the initial exploration of the Americas by Europeans?

Discovering a new route to Asia One of the original reasons for the growth of exploration by the Europeans was to search for a faster and cheaper route to Asia (803-002)

Meteorological Map

Displays various meteorological features across a particular area at a particular point in time through various symbols. The purpose of this map is to provide a snapshot of weather activity in a particular area

The Apache & Comanche Indians

Domesticated the horse and became skilled hunters and warriors. These skills allowed them to fight the whites for many years for control of the central and great plains of TX

Japan is to the west of the international date line. Based on this information, in what hemisphere is japan located?

Eastern Hemisphere Is located to the east of the prime meridian. Lines of longitude are measured east and west of the prime meridian. The measurement stops at the international date line.

Trade Surplus

Exports more than Imports

What might be the benefit of devaluing the currency of an industrialized country?

Exports will increase and the economy will improve. When the value of the currency is low, the purchasing power of customers (countries) will increase. The generally results in higher exports, which in turn can improve the domestic economy. However, the import goods from other countries will become more expensive.

Pueblo Indians

Far west TX. Built a great civilization, now the southwestern U.S. Were farmers and built adobe homes. Their culture improved on the architectural tradition and farming techniques of their predecessors

13th Amendment 1865

Forbids slavery in the U.S. "Abolished Slavery"

Commanche Indians

Great Plains, flatland, and hills. They were hunters and gathers. Horses allowed them to hunt buffalo. Economic Activity: Hunters Features: Lived as nomads and built portable housing; also domesticated the horse and hunted buffalo

Social Studies Strands

Have been used as a foundation for the development of the state curriculum

Economics

How individuals and groups with limited resources make decisions to best satisfy their needs and wants

Grade 3

How individuals change their communities and the world Past and present heroes and their contributions People who overcame obstacles Economic, cultural, and scientific contributions made by individuals

Mecca

Important to the Islamic faith because it is the birthplace of the prophet muhammad

Trade Deficit

Imports more than Exports

Federal Income Tax

In 1913, the 16th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution allowed the imposition of direct taxation of citizens

Years of Social Studies required

In TX, teachers are required to teach social studies in every grade level. Therefore, by grade 7 students are expected to have seven years of social studies (K-6)

What encouraged Anglo settlers to migrate to Hispanic TX?

In an effort to boost the population of TX, the Mexican government provided large land grants to Anglo settlers. The effort was successful and Anglo settlers soon out numbered Mexican settles by a wide margin

Advanced organizers and graphic representations

Information in social studies can be presented in graphic form through the use of graphs and charts. This makes the content accessible to all children, including ELLs

Cinco de Mayo

Is a holiday commemorating the victory of the Mexican Army over the French forces of Napoleon III on May 5, 1862. The general who led the Mexican forces was born in present day TX, General Ignacio de Zaragoza

Oligopoly

Is a market where only a few firms supply a good or resource and compete against each other EX: Beer industry, Cellular Industry

Iraq

Is a muslim nation with multiple ethnic groups within its borders. The largest groups are the Arabs, consisting of Shiite and Sunni Muslims. The Kurds are the largest minority group

Hinduism

Is a polytheistic religion which believes in many gods

A Globe

Is a scale model of the Earth shaped like a sphere. Because a globe is the same shape as the Earth, it shows sizes and shapes more accurately than a Mercator Projection map-(A flat representation of Earth)

Communism

Is a system in which the state controls economic activity in the nation. The state rejects free-enterprise and capitalism. Private ownership thus is discouraged and often prohibited.

Socialism

Is a system of government in which the central government controls the production and distribution of goods, services, and labor

Tariff

Is a tax that the government charges on imports from foreign countries, often used to protect domestic producers from foreign competition

Iran

Is a theocratic Islamic republic ruled by a supreme religious leader, a president, and a parliament

World Region

Is an area of the world that shares similar, unifying cultural or physical characteristics, which are different from those of surrounding areas

Free Enterprise

Is an economic and political doctrine of the capitalist system. The concept is based on the premise that the economy can regulate itself in a freely competitive market through supply and demand and with minimum governmental intervention

Majority Rule

Is at least one more than half a given number.

Cooperative Learning

Is especially important in the social studies curriculum because of the opportunity for students to practice working together in groups. Students work in teacher selected heterogeneous groups of 3-6. Creates a sense of interdependence Individual accountability requires that each student in the group demonstrate mastery of the concepts being taught

Equal Protection Clause

Is found in the 14th Amendment. Grants all people equal protection and says that states must apply the law equally

Minority Rights

Is less than half of a given number; must accept laws passed by the majority, but have the right to disagree

Location of the United States

Is located west of the prime meridian and north of the equator

Quaternary Sector

Is the "Information workers" of the economy. This includes: Information technology and Scientific research

Tertiary Sector

Is the "Service industry" of the economy. This includes: Teaching, The law, Health care, and Banking

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Is the "total value" of a country's goods and services produced each year

Profit Movement

Is the force that "drives people to invest" their money or their time in creating a product.

Senate

Is the same for every state regardless of the population. Two for each state The U.S. Constitution provides for 2 senators to represent each of the 50 states, for a total of 100.

Cultural diffusion

Is the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another. The mixing of world cultures

Bar Graph

Is useful in analyzing one element by plotting data for each month or year, observing the trend. It uses bars to represent its content

Division of Labor

Is when the work to be performed is "divided into separate tasks" Each worker does only part of a larger job. This contributes to efficiency in the mass production process

Which of the following was the primary significance of the Battle of the Alamo during the Texas Revolution?

It galvanized Texas resistance to Mexican forces The Alamo became a rallying cry for the Texas army, which was inspired by the sacrifice of the defenders (802-002)

Constitutional Democracy or Republic

It is a democratic government regulated by a "constitution" This form of government can be led by either a president or prime minister

Grade 2

Local Community Impact of significant individuals and events in history of the community, state, and nation Concepts of time and chronology by measuring calendar time by days, weeks, months, and years Relationship between the physical environment and human activities Functions of government and the services it provides

Which of the following entities receive the majority of sale tax revenue?

Local and state governments(803-005)

Identify the main strategy used by the Federal Reserve System to address periods of slow economic activity in the U.s.

Lower the interest rate charged to U.S. banks In times of slow economic activity, the Federal Reserve's Federal Open Market Committee lowers its federal funds interest rate target to make borrowing less expensive. The expectation is that with more money available, people will invest more and create jobs, and thereby jump-start the economy

Which of the following was the primary role of the Virginia House of Burgesses?

Making laws Was the first representative legislature in North America(803-005)

New England Colonies

Massachusetts Connecticut Rhode Island New Hampshire

Per capita gross domestic product

Measures the total output of a country by dividing the gross domestic product by the population of the country. This ratio can be used to determine the standard of living in the country. A country with a large gross domestic product and a relatively small population indicates that the country has a high per capital gross domestic product and suggests a high standard of living in that country

Which of the following terms is best for a teacher to include in a lesson on demography?

Migration Migration is a part of the study of how populations change over time (803-001)

6th Grade Curriculum

Officially introduces children to the people and places of the contemporary world

The Civil Rights Act

Passed in 1964 prohibited segregation in all public facilities and discrimination in education and employment. President John F. Kennedy proposed new civil rights laws as well as programs to help the millions of Americans living in poverty.

Which of the following is commonly used as a general indicator of the standard of living in a country?

Per capita gross domestic product(803-004)

Caddos Indians

Piney Woods/East Tx They lived in villages and were the most developed group. They were farmers and had a ranked social system, as well as elaborate belief system Economic Activity: Farming Features: Built villages and lived in groups

Student makes error: The Judicial Branch "This branch uses the court system to enforce laws made by the legislative branch" It would be most appropriate for the teacher to provide the students with additional instruction on the

Powers of the executive and judicial branches The students have demonstrated that they do not fully understand the roles and powers of the executive and judicial branches. The teacher should focus on reinforcing the correct understanding of these branches before continuing the lesson (803-001)

The Articles of Confederation

Preceded the Constitution of 1787. The failures of the Articles of Confederation resulted in the need for the Constitution of 1787. This is a great introductory topic because it provides context for the drafting of the Constitution

Balance of Trade

Refers to a nation's amount of exports "compared" to the amount of its imports

Commerce Clause

Refers to the buying and selling of products or services

Committees of Correspondence

Refers to the communication system developed by Samuel Adams to keep colonists informed about what was happening in other colonies

Supply and Demand

Refers to the idea that the "amount of goods produced" will be determined by the "demand for those goods"

Relative Location

Refers to the relationship of one place to other places. Describes in "relation to a known point" EX: two blocks north of the movie theatre"

The Columbian Exchange

Refers to the trade routes established between Europe and the land Columbus found. It is called this because Columbus pioneered the trading

Cause and Effect

Related events from history. Studying these relationships helps students understand why events happened at certain times. One event may be the cause of another event. The reason for an event is the cause. The outcome of the event is the effect. One event may have many causes or one cause may have many effects

Theocracy

Ruled by a "group of religious leaders" EX: Afghanistan

Autocracy

Ruler has "unlimited power"

Which of the following most influenced the development of representative government in the U.S.?

Second Treatise of Government by John Locke Locke influenced American ideas of freedom and rights that became part of our government(803-005)

Cultural exchange

Sharing of information between two or more species for the purpose of friendship and understanding between them

Thematic Map

Show a particular topic such as population, density, distribution of world religions, or physical, social, economic, political, agricultural, or economic features.

Reference Map

Show the location of places and boundaries of countries, states, counties, and towns. EX: Atlases or road maps

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Stated that slaves were not protected by the constitution and could never be citizens of the U.S.

Brown V. Board of Education in Topeka Kansas 1954

Stated that the doctrine of separate but equal has no place in the public schools. The decision led to the "end of segregation in public schools"

The Declaration of Independence

States that "all men are created equal and endowed by their creator with certain, unalienable rights" This is the foundation of the argument that all men have a right to participate in government, because all men are equal and have an equal say in the government

Advice and Consent Clause

States that the President should use the advice and consent of the Senate to appoint federal judges and sign treaties with foreign countries

The Paul Revere engraving of the Boston Massacre (1770) should be taught at what grade level?

Students are taught U.S. History in 5th grade. The Boston Massacre was an important part of the Revolutionary War

Grade 4

Texas History

Direct Democracy

The "citizens" of the nation directly or through elected members make important decisions and become part of the government

Surplus

The "quantity supplied" of a good is GREATER than the "quantity demanded" This will cause the price of the good to decline

Scarcity

The "supply" of a good DOES NOT satisfy the "demand" for the good. This will cause the price of a good to increase

In which of the following ways does the democratic government of the united states differ from that used by the Greek city state of Athens?

The Athenian assembly allowed all qualified citizens to take part in legislation, whereas representative legislators are elected in the U.S.(803-005)

The United States Constitution differed from the Articles of Confederation in which of the following ways?

The Constitution created a separation of powers in the national government. One of the most notable features of the Constitution is that it separates the 3 branches of government, which provides for checks and balances of power (803-002)

Which of the following was primarily responsible for upsetting the balance between free states and slave states prior to the start of the Civil War?

The Mexican American War The U.S. military victory over Mexico led to the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the acquisition of new disputed territories, which included California. California was admitted into the Union in 1850 without the admission of a slave state, which upset the balance between free and slave states (803-002)

Parliamentarian Monarchy

The Monarch "shares the power with the parliament"

5th Grade Curriculum

The TEKs introduces the history of U.S. in 5th grade. From its beginning to the present

Which of the following geographic factors most influenced the settlement patterns of the earliest civilizations?

The availability of fresh water for consumption and irrigation Water was the key to survival both for drinking and growing food. Successful early civilizations have generally settled near convenient sources of water (803-003)

Grade 1

The concept of chronology developed by distinguishing among past, present, and future Anthems and mottoes for Texas and the United States Relationship among the classroom, school, and community

Meridians of longitude

The earth is divided into 24 zones based on the meridians of longitude, which are determined using the rotation of the Earth and its exposure to sunlight. This rotation creates day and night, and consequently the concept of time

Mayflower Compact 1620

The first plan of "self-government" Was drawn up and signed by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower. They pledged to consult one another to make decisions and to act by the will of the majority. It is one of the earliest agreements established a political body and to give that political body the power to act for the good of the colony

Which of the following aspects of the chart requires students to have specific knowledge of the ways in which the Civil War and the Reconstruction affected presidential elections in the U.S?

The fluctuation in the total number of electoral votes. Students must understand that the number of electoral votes in these presidential elections fluctuated because of the secession of the Confederate States during the Civil War and their later re-admittance to the union during Reconstruction (803-001)

Different types of graphics have advantages for particular uses. Teachers must evaluate and choose graphics based on the students needs. Which of the following is the greatest advantage of the population pyramid shown?

The graph shows comparison of population over time. The graph shows population for 3 different times "1900, 1950, & 2000" and overlays the population groups so that the populations of different age groups are easily comparable over time (803-001)

A lesson about Jonas Salk will focus primarily on which of the following?

The invention of the polio vaccine The polio vaccine was invented in 1952(803-003)

Industrial Revolution

The major effect on life in America was to encourage the movement of families from rural areas to cities, where urban living provided higher wages and opportunities for advancement

Sales Tax Revenue

The majority of sales tax revenue goes to local and state governments to find public works such as roads and bridges

Region of the United States

The name of the United States of America denotes a political region that is under the governing of the United States government. Within the United States of American there are many languages, religions, and climates

House of Representatives

The number of members is adjusted to reflect a proportion of the total U.S. population thus, every time there is a census, the number can change

Based on the information in the graph, which of the following statements is the most accurate?

The population of each age group increased between 1950 and 2000 The shaded area of the graph is wider for all age groups from 2000 than for 1950 (803-002)

Which of the following best accounts for the difference in population for those under five years of age in the year 1950 compared to 1900?

The post second world war baby boom After World War II the population increased dramatically as soldiers came home from the war and started families (803-003)

Which of the following is included in the TX constitution Bill of Rights?

The right to equal protection under the law (803-005)

By 1900, European nations had divided Africa into colonies based mainly on geographic factors. For Africa, the primary result of the division was

The rise of conflicts based on ethnicity The Separation and classification of peoples by European colonizers caused conflicts among ethnic and linguistic groups that continued long after decolonization (803-003)

Dictatorship

The ruler "holds absolute power" to make laws and command the army EX: North Korea

Full Faith and Credit Clause

The states must recognize the laws and judicial decisions of the other states

Himalayas Range

The top 10 mountain peaks are all part of this mountain range

The absolute location of farms in TX has the most direct effect on

The types of agricultural products grown The absolute location of the farm determines what can be grown according to the soil type, water source, and climate (803-003)

Pearl Harbor

There is a difference of one day from Honolulu to Tokyo. Honolulu is located east of the international date line, while Japan is west of the line. If we travel from Honolulu toward the west on Dec. 7th, crossing the IDL to Tokyo, we would get there on Dec. 8th. The attack was recorded on Dec. 7th, 1941, in Honolulu, but the equivalent date for Japan was Dec 8th, 1941

Coordinates

They provide the precise, or absolute location of any place, thing, or person on Earth.

Characteristics of a Globe for (PreK-3)

Three or fewer colors to represent land Two or fewer colors to represent water 12-inch globe

Which of the following is the most common reason for deforestation in developing countries?

To make more land available for farming (803-003)

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr's "I have a dream" speech

Took place during the march in Washington on support of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The eloquent speech and orderly demonstration gained more supporters for the cause.

A teacher assigns students to draw a map of their morning school bus route. The teacher asks students to estimate the schools distance from buildings or points of interest they pass by on their bus route. Which of the following learning objectives does this activity fulfill?

Understanding relative location Relative location refers to the location in relation to another specific location. This activity asks students to determine the distance of their school in relation to specific landmarks they pass on their morning bus route (803-003)

A Population Pyramid

Uses a series of bar graph to represent the population of males and females at different ages. A population pyramid is a critical resource in social studies education.

Cash Crop

Was a "crop raised" to sold rather than a crop raised to be used by the farmer EX: coffee, tobacco, and cotton

Hernando Cortez

Was a Spanish conqueror of the "Aztec Empire" in Mexico

Francisco Coronado

Was a Spanish explorer who traveled north from Mexico in search of the "fabled seven cities of gold"

The Star-Spangled Banner

Was a poem written by Francis Scott Key while he watched the Battle of Baltimore during the war of 1812

Economy of the Southern Colonies

Was based on the crops of tobacco, rice, indigo, and cotton. Plantations produced agricultural crops in large scale and exploited workers as well as the environment

The Truman Doctrine

Was designed to control the expansion of communism and the Soviet expansion. As a result the U.S. became involved in the Korean and Vietnam wars

Fall of the Roman Empire

Was marked by a high turnover of emperors and the use of non-Roman soldiers in the army. Using non-Roman soldiers in the army resulted in soldiers being more loyal to a general than to the Empire, which allowed the generals to use their military might in obtaining political power. There was much fighting amongst the generals, which weakened the ability of the Empire to fight outside threats

Manifest Destiny

Was popular in the 19th century and was the concept that it was the will of God that the United States stretch from sea to sea. The concept was used in the political sphere to justify the Mexican-American war and other military conflicts that resulted in land acquisition. The concepts was also used to justify the transcontinental railroad subsidies and as a political tool to unite Americans towards a common goal

The Great Compromise

Was the decision to have a Two-Chamber "congress" House of Representatives and the Senate

Plessy V. Ferguson 1896

Was the legal concept of "Separate but equal" or racial segregation, even in public accommodation as long as those facilities were equal to one another

19th Amendment 1920

Women's right to vote

Checks and Balances

allows each branch of the federal government to (Check) or "limit the power" of each of the other branches

Atlas

book of maps

Bill of Rights

describes the freedoms that government cannot take away from citizens of the U.S.

Gazetteer

geographical dictionary

Index

is an alphabetical list of names and subjects together with the page number where they appear in the text

Embargo

is the "prohibition" on the import or export of a good

Culture

is the sum total of knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society

Glossary

list of terms with definitions

Periodicals

newspapers and magazines

Secondary Source

non-primary source. Materials produced by people who did not actually witness or participate in the event

Almanac

published annually contains information, usually statistical on many subjects

Primary Source

records made by people who saw or took part in the event

Absolute Location

refers to the "exact location" of something on the earth's surface. Uses a grid system of latitude and longitude EX: 32'N 63'S

Federal Reserve System

to keep the banking industry strong enough to ensure a supply of currency

Battle of Gettysburg

was one of the most disastrous event of the American Civil War and perhaps in the history of the U.S.

Virginia House of Burgesses

was the first representative government in the American colonies