TExES Social Studies (232)

Innovations that facilitated European Exploration

The creation of smaller, quicker ships like the caravel and galleon were ideal for long-range travel because they were inexpensive to build, quick, and maneuverable.

3 factors behind European Exploration

- searching for new trade routes to Asia - improvements in technology - enhancement of political and economic powers

Pedro Garibay

After arresting many criollo leaders and shipping Iturrigaray back to Spain, he was made the new viceroy.

Treaty of Annexation

After several years of debate in Texas and the United States regarding the viability of annexation, the U.S. and Texas both signed this treaty on April 1844, and congress ratified it on March 1845.

Missions in Texas

After the establishment of several missions, the conversion of many Native American Tribes as well as the establishment of towns such as San Antonio , Goliad, and Nacogdoches was possible. Because of Native American attacks, the population was very small until 1785 when a peace agreement with the Comanches was drawn up.

Mary Maverick

An early Texas pioneer whose memoirs serves as a critical source of daily life in San Antonio during the Republic of Texas and early statehood.

Spain

Controlled a massive empire that included Florida, most of the American Southwest, California, Mexico, much of the Caribbean, and most of South America.

Convention of 1836

Declared its independence from Mexico and appointed Sam Houston as the major general of the Texas Army.

Haden Edwards

Declared that the Nacogdoches area was an independent nation called the Republic of Fredonia.

General Joaquin de Arredondo

Defeated the rebels at the Battle of Medina.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Deposed the centrist government in Mexico City and eliminated provisions in the law of April 6, 1830 that restricted immigration into Texas. General during the Mexican Revolution.

John Salmon "Rip" Ford

Despite news of General Lee's surrender in April 1865, _____ defeated Union forces during the Battle of Palmito Ranch on May 1865. This would be the final battle of the American Civil War.

The Constitution of 1824

Established a republican government for Mexico. Despite the best of intentions, it failed to define the rights of Mexican states within the republic including Texas. In addition, it was incredibly vague on slavery, which was active mainly in Texas.

Battle of Gonzales

First armed conflict between Mexico and the Texans. Occurred on October 1835.

Mirabeau Lamar

First vice president of Texas, and second president of the Republic of Texas. Nominated by opponents of Sam Houston (who was not permitted to serve consecutive terms), Lamar was elected in November 1838. As president, he faced many serious problems such as Mexican invasion, gaining national recognition, poor relations with Native Americans, currency inflation, bankrupt government, and no commercial treaties. First, he drove the Cherokees and Comanches from Texas.

Kiowas

Known as the "main people", migrated from western Montana to the Black Hills during the early 1700s. At this time, they obtained horses, which drastically improved their mobility and led to a lifestyle that was rather typical of the other Plain groups who hunted buffalo and lived in tepees. In contrast, they had several characteristics similar to the Aztecs such as drawing pictographic calendars to record tribal events and worshiping similar stone idol. By the 1790s, they had migrated to present-day southern Kansas and Oklahoma, becoming powerful allies of their Comanche and Apache neighbors.

United States- Mexican War

Lasted from May 1846 until March 1848. Once war was declared, American forces quickly took control of New Mexico, California, and eventually Mexico City. After the conquest of the Mexican capital, the U.S. and Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 1848. It was ratified by congress on March 10. As a result of the treaty, Mexico ceded 525,000 square miles of territory (New Mexico, and California) in exchange of $15 million and the assumption of Mexico's debts to American citizens. In addition, Mexico agreed to recognize the loss of Texas and established the Rio Grande as the border.

Moses Austin

Leader in the American lead industry and the first American to obtain permission to settle in Texas in 1820. After his death, his son took his place as the leader of the enterprise. In January 3, 1823 his son received a grant to colonize near the Brazos River.

William B. Travis

Led Texan militants when Mexican troops were sent North. He captured Anahuac on June 30, 1835.

Sam Houston

Major general of the Texas army. Also, became first president of Texas.

Wichitas

Migrated into the southern plains. The tribe gained horses during the 1700s and used the animal as a tool to more efficiently hunt buffalo and support their nomadic lifestyle. One unusual aspect of the Wichitas' lifestyle was that they had a mixed economy in which they not only hunted for food but also had a vast agricultural system in which they grew corn, beans, squash, and tobacco.

John "Jack" Coffee Hays

Military officer in the Republic of Texas, remained neutral during the Civil War. He had repelled a Mexican Invasion of Texas in 1842 and successfully thwarted numerous Native American attacks during that period. He was also instrumental in developing training techniques unique in frontier warfare. He is also remembered as a prominent Texas Ranger.

Texas State Library

Mirabeau Lamar established this library during his presidency.

Jose de Urrea

On March 9, 1836, this Mexican general was heading toward Goliad. After many victories, he captured General James Fannin and the Goliad army.

General Colonization Law of 1824

Permitted any head of household to claim land in Mexico regardless of race or immigration status.

The Council House Fight

Quarrel between Texas peace delegates and the Comanches. On March 1840 these two groups met in order to establish peace after two years of conflict. The Comanches wanted Texas to officially recognize their homeland Comancheria whereas Texans wanted prisoners of war to be released. The meeting ended in violence when shots were fired killing twelve Comanches. Any change of peace between these two groups ended, resulting in years of warfare and turmoil.

The Netherlands

Ruled over New Amsterdam (New York).

Fray Damian Massanet

Spanish Franciscan priest who co-founded the first mission in New Spain in 1683 with Francisco Hidalgo, the College of Santa Cruz de Queretaro. For over a decade the priests tried to establish missions in east Texas, but could not obtain proper support from New Spain. Since he was not able to procure the assistance New Spain, Hidalgo sent a letter to the French governor of Louisiana for assistance in 1711.

Alonso Alvarez de Pineda

Spanish adventurer. In 1519, he was the first European to explore and map what is now the coastline of Texas. He was sent on a mission by the Spanish governor of Jamaica in search of resources. His expedition established that Florida was a peninsula, established the boundaries of the Gulf of Mexico, and disproved a sea passage to Asia.

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca

Spanish explorer who explored most of the region that would eventually be known as Texas. He wrote detailed accounts of his dealings with many Native American tribes in the region in La Relacion.

Francisco de Coronado

Spanish explorer. He led an expedition through what is now the southwestern United States including North Texas. He was determined to find the mythical Seven Cities of Cibola.

Viceroy Jose de Iturrigaray

Supported the criollo but was removed from office in a coup by the peninsulars.

Generals Magruder and Edmund Kirby Smith

Surrendered their command to Union forces.

Casas Revolt

Swung the revolution back in favor of the rebels when Governor Manuel Antonio Cordero y Bustamante had 700 troops defect in January 1811 after being confronted by 7,000 rebel troops in Coahila.

Battle of Galveston

The Confederate Army recaptured Galveston Island during this Battle.

Ranching

The Spanish settlers altered the physical environment by introducing domesticated farm animals like cattle, pigs, and chickens. Before the arrival of Europeans, there were no large domestic animals in New Spain. The introduction of domestic animals was an important part of the Columbian Exchange.

Battle of Gonzales

The Texas Revolution officially started with this battle. (October 1835-May 1836)

Inventions that aided European Exploration

The astrolabe (tool used to determine latitude), magnetic compass (showed explorers what direction they were travelling, and the traverse board (helped explorers track the speed and direction of the ship) were key inventions that aided European Exploration.

Peninsulars

The ruling class born in Spain, supported the current viceroy government.

Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Kickapoo, ad Shawnee

These were part of a number of different tribes that migrated west in the early nineteenth century into Texas from east of the Mississippi.

Francisco Javier Vanegas and General Felix Maria Calleja

They had Hidalgo's army on retreat toward northern provinces.

Comanches

They migrated to Texas from Wyoming during the 1600s. By the late 1600s, the Comanches acquired horses by raiding Pueblo villages. They were the most skilled tribe in terms of horse breeding and training. The Comanches were feared and respected for their great mobility, horsemanship, and ferocity during warfare.

Lipans

They were one of the most important subgroups of the Apaches in Texas. Initially, they had made serious trouble by raiding tribes for food and plunder. They were mainly a nomadic group subsisting on hunting-gathering and raiding other tribes. They gained horses after raiding Spanish and Pueblo settlements, which made them even more formidable.

Plan de Iguala

This called for a constitutional monarchy, maintaining the rights and lands for the Catholic Church, and equality between the criollos and peninsulars.

Juan Bautista de las Casas

Unseated Governor Manuel Salcedoe of Texas in January 22, 1811.

Law of April 6, 1830

Voided the empresario contracts that did not comply with Mexican law. The law further curtailed immigration from the United States and the bringing of slaves into Mexico, and provided military forts to police the borders. This law was unpopular among not only American settlers but also Mexican political leaders who believed that American immigration into Texas only strengthened their economic viability.

Andrew J. Hamilton

Was appointed interim governor by President Johnson. Hamilton was the choice to lead Texas during Reconstruction because he had supporters from the pre-war antebellum elite and Unionists alike.

The Santa Fe Expedition

A military and commercial venture purposed with establishing the northern boundaries of Texas by claiming parts of New Mexico. President Lamar also sought to obtain control over the Santa Fe Trail in order to procure trade with New Mexico. The expedition was deemed a failure since the group was captured by Mexican forces and held captive for over a year. The failure of the Santa Fe Expedition was deemed a huge blemish on Lamar's record as president.

Juan N. Seguin

Alamo survivor. Spread the message "Remember the Alamo", which became a rallying cry for Texas independence.

Ignacio Elizondo

Ambushed the insurgents, capturing many of their important leaders including Father Hidalgo.

1821

Americans first began to settle in Texas at the end of this year when Stephen F. Austin and several families settled in Central Texas.

State Colonization Law of March 24, 1825

An attempt to bring people to the states of Coahuila and Texas, encourage agriculture, and assist commerce. Although Americans were allowed to settle in these states, Mexicans would receive first choice of lands. Americans were given a temporary pass of taxation but had to agree to take an oath to obey federal and state constitutions, practice the Christian faith, and behave with high morals. In exchange for these vows, these settlers would become citizens of Mexico.

John B, Magruder

Arrived in Texas on October 1862 after being reassigned by General Lee. His greatest success was a victory at the Battle of Galveston where the Confederate Army recaptured Galveston Island. It remained under Confederate control throughout the remainder of the war despite a war-long Union blockade of the Gulf Coast.

Two Treaties of Velasco

Battle of Gonzales ended with this in May 1836.

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Began in the 1300s. Europeans colonists wanted to exploit the natural resources of their new homes, but there was labor shortage in the Americas. The solution was to use Africans as slaves. These slaves were typically purchased by European slave traders from African tribal leaders. Although more slaves were transported to South America than North America, the long-term effects were racism in the Americas, economic stagnation in Africa, and political division in the U.S.

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of plant, diseases, animals, and technology that occurred after the voyages of Christopher Columbus in 1492.

Surrender at Goliad

Fannin surrendered here, hoping the army would be treated as honorable prisoners of war. However, Santa Anna had the entire Goliad army executed on March 1836 despite reassurances of eventual release.

Battle of Palmito Ranch

Final battle of American Civil War.

Bartolomeu Dias

First European to reach the bottom of the African continent in 1488

Jose de Escandon

First Spanish governor of Nuevo Santander, which extended from the Panuco River to the Guadalupe River in present-day Texas. He was known as the Exterminator of the Pames of Queretaro for his barbaric behavior toward Native Americans.

Portuguese Exploration

First nation that sought to find a new route. Under the leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator, they embarked on finding a route to Asia going around Africa since the Ottoman Empire cut off all trade routes. Also, they were the first to benefit from the riches of Asian trade.

General Juan Manuel Zambrano

Forcefully removed Casas from office.

Bureau of Refugees

Formed in September 1865 in order to help freed slaves transition from slavery to freedom.

Fredonian Rebellion

From the Republic of Fredonia (Nacagdoches area). Was minor, but cemented fears that continued immigration into Texas would cause even

General Thomas J. Rusk

He defeated the Cordova Rebellion with Cordova escaping to Mexico.

Isaac Burnet

He was the interim president during the New Republic and called for an election in order to accomplish four things: approve the constitution, authorize the amendment of the constitution, and elect a president, and consider annexation to the United States.

Christopher Columbus

Hired by the Spanish crown to find an Asian trade route in the West. His voyages introduced an unknown continent of resources and wealth, though he believed that he had landed in India.

Great Plains

Include the Texas panhandle, Llano Estacado, Edwards Plateau, Toyah Basin, and Llano Uplift.

Basin and Range Province

Includes the Sand Hills, Stockton Plateau, desert valleys, wooded mountain slopes, and desert grasslands.

Portugal

Influenced the Brazilian region of America.

France

Influenced the Louisiana territory and Canada.

Coahuiltecans

Lived near the Rio Grande. They survived on roots, herbs, and cactus plants. Due to their relatively remote location, decimation from disease, and inter-tribal warfare, this tribe became extinct at an early date.

Karankawas

Lived on the gulf between the current sites of Galveston and Corpus Christi. They were nomadic hunter-gatherers who relied on small game and fish for sustenance. They were known for being tall and muscular, wearing very little clothing. They were also famous for practicing ceremonial cannibalism in which they would consume parts of conquered enemies.

Caddoes

Located in Northern Texas. They were the most culturally advanced group in the region. They had matrilineal society, tracing their lineage through the maternal instead of the paternal line. They were successful agriculturalists who grew maize, beans, watermelons, figs, tobacco, and squash. They were mentioned by the Spanish explorers as "Tejas", which means "friend" in the native language.

Tonkawas

Located in central Texas. They were a mobile tribe much like the Comanches and hunted bison, deer, and an assortment of smaller game. They had early contact with the Spanish resulting in the tribe obtaining horses by the mid-1500s. They were the traditional enemy of the Apaches, often siding with whoever fought against them.

Genocide of Native Americans

Many deaths were caused by the violent actions of European settlers. However, most Native American deaths can be attributed to the spread of communicable diseases.

Eleventh Legislature

Met on August 1866, and did everything in their power to return Texas back to the antebellum status quo.

James W. Throckmorton

Named president of the Constitutional Convention of 1866.

Agustin de Iturbide

Negotiated with the Mexican revolutionary leader Vincente R. Guerrero for independence in the Plan de Iguala on February 24, 1821.

Battle of the Alamo

Occurred on March 6, 1836 when the Mexican army defeated the Texas army decisively. Although this was a victory for Mexico, the cost was incredibly high as Santa Anna lost nearly 600, or one-third of his troops.

Cultural Assimilation

Occurred when Native Americans began to adapt to the Hispanic Culture in Texas. This assimilation initially happened through intermediaries, but eventually from the Spanish themselves.

Irrigation

One of the most important ways that both Native Americans and Spanish settlers altered the geographic landscape of Texas.

Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Priest that denounced the ruling class in 1810, which began the Revolution.

Guerrero Decree

Prohibited slavery in Mexico. Inhabitants of Texas vehemently denounced this law, and Guerrero quickly succumbed to pressure excluding Texas from the decree.

Gulf Coast

Reaches from the Gulf of Mexico to the Balconies Fault and Eastern Cross Timbers inland.

The Cordova Rebellion

Rebellion plot against the Republic of Texas in the summer of 1838. Main conspirator Alcalde Vicente Cordova supported the Texas Revolution against Mexico until independence was declared. With support from the Cherokee tribe, Cordova sought to bring down the Texas government.

Joshua Houston

Sam Houston's personal servant and friend. An educated slave, he met some of the most influential men in Texas. In 1862, Sam Houston freed him even though it was technically illegal.

Louis Juchereau de St. Denis

Sent to east Texas to help set up Missions such as Mission San Francinsco de los Tejas and Mission Santisimo Nombre de Maria. These missions were abandoned in 1693 due to hostilities with Native Americans who blamed the Spanish for a smallpox outbreak. These missions were paramount because they led to the permanence of the European occupation of Texas.

Juan O'Donoju

Signed a treaty granting Mexico its independence on August 24, 1821 after noticing that the Plan de Iguala would not work.

Global Powers due to Colonization in the New World

Spain, Portugal, France, Britain, and Holland

Interior Lowlands

Stretch from Caprock Escarpment in the west, the Edwards Plateau in the south, and the Eastern Cross Timbers to the east.

Acequias

Supplied water to seven missions near San Antonio. The first crop that was grown using irrigation was corn, but soon other crops were successfully grown.

Goliad Campaign of 1835

Texans defeated Mexican forces here. The victory not only provided the rebel Texans with valuable weapons but cut off the Mexican army from the gulf, which prevented them from rearming.

Battle of San Jacinto

Texas forces either killed or captured the entire Mexican army including Santa Anna in eighteen minutes here. Santa Anna ordered his second-in-command, General Vincente Filisola to remove his army from Texas.

Lorenzo de Zavala

The constitution of the Republic of Texas was written by him. The constitution was essentially a carbon copy of the U.S. Constitution.

Criollos

Those born in New Spain who had longed for a greater say in local government, promoted a provisional government that supported deposed King Ferdinand

Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon

Took over the revolution after the execution of Miguel Hidalgo. He was more organized and politically savvy, and had a clearer plan for the future of Mexico. Unfortunately for the insurgents, he was executed.

Two Treaties of Velasco

War between Mexico and Texas ended on May 14, 1836 with these treaties in which Mexico would recognize Texas as an independent nation.

George Childress

Wrote the Texas Declaration of Independence. The Texas Declaration of Independence was modeled after the U.S. Declaration of Independence.

Battle of Medina

secured Texas for the Royal Crown.