The Autonomic Nervous System and Homeostasis

What neurotransmitter is released by both preganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic neurons? A. Norepinephrine B. Acetylcholine C. Both epinephrine and norepinephrine D. Epinephrine

Acetylcholine

What neurotransmitter is released by the axon of a sympathetic preganglionic neuron to communicate with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron? A. Norepinephrine B. Adrenaline C. Acetylcholine D. Epinephrine

Acetylcholine

Which of the following neurotransmitters does not bind to adrenergic receptors? A. Norepinephrine B. Acetylcholine C. Epinephrine D. Noradrenaline

Acetylcholine

Which of the following statements is incorrect? A. Collateral ganglia lie near the abdominal aorta. B. Terminal ganglia are located in or near the walls of visceral organs. C. Adrenal ganglia are located within the kidney. D. Sympathetic chain ganglia lie alongside the vertebral column.

Adrenal ganglia are located within the kidney.

Which of the following statements is incorrect? A. Terminal ganglia are located in or near the walls of visceral organs. B. Collateral ganglia lie near the abdominal aorta. C. Adrenal ganglia are located within the kidney. D. Sympathetic chain ganglia lie alongside the vertebral column.

Adrenal ganglia are located within the kidney.

Which of the following terms refers to the synapse found between the preganglionic and postganglionic neuron of a visceral reflex arc? A. Spinal cord B. Target cell C. Autonomic ganglion D. Central nervous system (CNS)

Autonomic ganglion

Which of the following nervous system activities is not an effect of norepinephrine? A. Glycogen is broken down into glucose. B. Blood glucose levels decrease. C. The pancreas releases a hormone called glucagon. D. Lipids are broken down from adipocytes.

Blood glucose levels decrease.

Which of the following targets does the vagus nerve (CN X) innervate? A. Sweat glands B. Cardiac muscle cells C. Blood vessels D. Adipocytes

Cardiac muscle cells

Which of the following features is not associated with the sympathetic nervous system? A. Short preganglionic axons and long postganglionic axons B. Craniosacral division C. Mediates visceral responses to emotion D. "Fight or flight" division

Craniosacral division

Decreased parasympathetic stimulation could cause which of the following actions? A. Dry mouth B. Slow heart rate C. Frequent urination D. Bronchoconstriction

Dry mouth

Which of the following parasympathetic nerves control the production of tears and nasal secretions? A. Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) B. Facial nerve (CN VII) C. Oculomotor nerve (CN III) D. Vagus nerve (CN X)

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Which of the following cranial nerves is not involved in the parasympathetic nervous system? A. Vagus nerve (CN X) B. Oculomotor nerve (CN III) C. Facial nerve (CN VII) D. Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

What part of the brain largely controls homeostatic functions? A. Occipital lobe B. Cerebellum C. Pineal gland D. Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

Which of the following organs is innervated by parasympathetic sacral nerves? A. Heart B. Last segment of the large intestine C. Esophagus D. Lungs

Last segment of the large intestine

Which division of the nervous system functions to conserve energy and replenish the supply of nutrients? A. Sympathetic B. Sensory C. Parasympathetic D. Somatic

Parasympathetic

Which nervous system division works antagonistically to the sympathetic nervous system? A. Central nervous system B. Parasympathetic nervous system C. Somatic nervous system D. Sensory nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

Which nervous system usually maintains a heart rate of 72 beats per minute? A. Sympathetic nervous system B. Parasympathetic nervous system C. Central nervous system D. Somatic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

_____________ are long; ______________ are short. A. Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons; sympathetic postganglionic neurons B. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons; parasympathetic postganglionic neurons C. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons; sympathetic postganglionic neurons D. Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons; parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons; parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

In which of the following locations are autonomic ganglia located? A. Brain B. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) C. Central nervous system (CNS) D. Spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

The preganglionic axons of CN VII may extend to which of the following ganglia? A. Ciliary B. Submandibular C. Otic D. Pelvic

Submandibular

What two systems are interfaced by the adrenal medulla? A. Parasympathetic nervous system and endocrine system B. Sympathetic nervous system and endocrine system C. Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system D. Parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system and endocrine system

What is responsible for keeping blood vessels partially constricted at all times? A. Parasympathetic tone B. Sympathetic tone C. Cerebral cortex control D. Somatic control

Sympathetic tone

Which of the following characteristics are not associated with the autonomic nervous system? A. It is under involuntary control. B. Preganglionic axons release acetylcholine. C. The effectors are primarily skeletal muscles. D. The parasympathetic division decreases heart rate.

The effectors are primarily skeletal muscles.

Which of the following statements best characterizes the function of the parasympathetic nervous system? A. The parasympathetic nervous system prepares the body for emergency situations. B. The parasympathetic nervous system is the "fight or flight" system. C. The parasympathetic nervous system maintains homeostasis when the body is at rest. D. The parasympathetic nervous system prepares the body for physical activity.

The parasympathetic nervous system maintains homeostasis when the body is at rest.

Where do the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system originate? A. Cranial nerves and the lumbar region of the spinal cord B. Cranial nerves and the sacral region of the spinal cord C. Thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord D. Cervical region and sacral region of the spinal cord

Thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord

Damage to sacral nerves is most likely to affect which of the following targets? A. Salivary glands B. Heart and blood vessels C. Heart and lungs D. Urinary bladder and the last portion of the large intestine

Urinary bladder and the last portion of the large intestine

Which of the following events is not controlled by autonomic reflexes? A. Changing breathing rate B. Watching a dog catch a Frisbee C. Digesting breakfast D. Changing heart rate while exercising

Watching a dog catch a Frisbee

Receptors that bind norepinephrine and epinephrine are known as __________. A. adrenergic B. muscarinic C. cholinergic D. nicotinic

adrenergic

The body system that oversees vital functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestive processes, is the: A. sensory nervous system. B. autonomic nervous system. C. somatic nervous system. D. central nervous system.

autonomic nervous system.

A drug that inhibits the release of norepinephrine is likely to have the greatest effect on __________. A. preganglionic neurons B. skeletal muscle cells C. somatic motor neurons D. autonomic target cells

autonomic target cells

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons may synapse with postganglionic neurons via all of the following pathways except: A. axon synapses in terminal ganglia in the walls of the organs being innervated. B. axon will pass through the chain ganglion and synapses with a postganglionic neuron in a collateral ganglion. C. axon synapses with postganglionic neuron at the same level of sympathetic chain ganglion. D. axon will ascend or descend, and synapses with a postganglionic neuron in a different chain ganglion.

axon synapses in terminal ganglia in the walls of the organs being innervated.

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are classified as __________ receptors. A. cholinergic B. alpha C. beta D. adrenergic

cholinergic

Receptors that bind acetylcholine are known as __________. A. beta B. cholinergic C. adrenergic D. alpha

cholinergic

Parasympathetic neurons associated with the oculomotor nerve (CN III) synapse with ___________ ganglia before continuing on to their effector. A. otic B. pterygopalatine C. submandibular D. ciliary

ciliary

Most organs are innervated by neurons from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, a phenomenon referred to as __________. A. dual innervation B. antagonism C. parasympathetic tone D. sympathetic tone

dual innervation

The ability of the ANS to regulate an organ's function under both emergency situations and resting conditions is possible due to: A. sympathetic chain ganglia. B. dual innervation. C. somatic motor control. D. autonomic tone.

dual innervation

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions can maintain a balance in most organs and that ensures that the body's needs are met appropriately at all times due to: A. autonomic reflex. B. autonomic tone. C. dual innervation. D. visceral reflex.

dual innervation.

Drugs known as β-blockers are most likely to affect __________. A. pupillary dilation B. heart rate C. bronchodilation D. sweating

heart rate

Drugs known as β-blockers are most likely to affect __________. A. pupillary dilation B. heart rate C. sweating D. bronchodilation

heart rate

The part of the central nervous system that regulates the autonomic centers is the: A. cerebellum. B. cerebrum. C. thalamus. D. hypothalamus.

hypothalamus

The part of the central nervous system that regulates the autonomic centers is the: A. cerebellum. B. thalamus. C. cerebrum. D. hypothalamus.

hypothalamus

Acetylcholine binds to: A. muscarinic and beta receptors. B. nicotinic and alpha receptors. C. nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. D. alpha and beta receptors.

nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.

Athletes who are well conditioned will have strong: A. parasympathetic tone. B. autonomic ganglia. C. adrenaline rushes. D. sympathetic tone.

parasympathetic tone.

The gray rami communicantes contain: A. postganglionic sympathetic neurons. B. postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. C. preganglionic sympathetic neurons. D. preganglionic parasympathetic neurons.

postganglionic sympathetic neurons.

All of the following features are associated with the parasympathetic division except: A. ganglia located near or within target organ. B. short preganglionic axons and long postganglionic axons. C. craniosacral division. D. rest and digest.

short preganglionic axons and long postganglionic axons.

Somatic motor neurons innervate __________. A. smooth muscle cells B. cardiac muscle cells C. skeletal muscle cells D. glands

skeletal muscle cells

The effects of the ________ nervous system are generally antagonistic to the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system. A. sympathetic B. central C. sensory D. somatic

sympathetic

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse in: A. preaortic and terminal ganglia. B. sympathetic chain and terminal ganglia. C. collateral and terminal ganglia. D. sympathetic chain and collateral ganglia.

sympathetic chain and collateral ganglia.

Most of the cell bodies of the sympathetic postganglionic neurons are found in the: A. sympathetic chain ganglia. B. Terminal ganglia. C. lateral horns of the spinal cord. D. posterior horns of the spinal cord.

sympathetic chain ganglia.

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons in: A. collateral ganglia. B. dorsal root ganglia. C. sympathetic chain ganglia. D. terminal ganglia.

terminal ganglia.

Autonomic tone is: A. the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. B. the communication between the autonomic and sensory nervous system. C. the slight contraction of skeletal muscle to maintain posture. D. the communication between the autonomic and somatic nervous system.

the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.

About 90% of parasympathetic innervation to the body occurs by the: A. oculomotor nerves. B. hypoglossal nerves. C. vagus nerves. D. facial nerves.

vagus nerves.

Myelinated preganglionic fibers that connect the anterior rami of spinal nerves with the sympathetic chain ganglia travel through: A. the pelvic splanchnic nerves. B. white rami communicantes. C. gray rami communicantes. D. the collateral ganglia.

white rami communicantes.