The Different Types Of Cells (Living Environment Regents Course)

Which shows the correct hierarchy of cells?

a) cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism b) tissue, cell, organelle, organ, organism c) organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell d) cell, organism, organ, organ system, tissue

Which organelle is correctly paired with its function?

a) nucleus--performs photosynthesis b) vacuole--packages proteins c) ribosome--synthesizes proteins d) mitochondria--transport

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells Regeneration

*In eukaryotes, organisms with nuclei in their cells, the chromosomes replicate through mitosis. That's the process of cell division that goes on all the time in your body. The chromosomes slowly fade out and are replaced by helical DNA strands. A nucleus forms around these strands, and the cell splits in the middle to form two new cells. *In most prokaryotes, organisms without nuclei, the chromosomes replicate through a similar process called binary fission. Bacteria are prokaryotes that reproduce this way. This cell elongates and then splits into two identical daughter cells.

Plant and Animal cells (continuation)

A plant xylem cell is long and hollow with holes so it can transport water and minerals through the plant. Plant cells can make their own food, and animal cells can't. Plant cells' green color comes from green organelles called chloroplasts. Chloroplasts trap light energy and enable plants to conduct photosynthesis. Animal cells are surrounded with a flexible cell membrane. Plant cells have a membrane too, but outside of that, they protect themselves with a stiff outer wall. Both plant cells and animal cells work in teams. When you take a tiny piece of a plant there are tons of cells clustered together in that piece working together.

Cells

All living things are made of one or more cells—they're the building blocks of life. If you could look at yourself through a microscope, you could see that you're divided into millions of tiny sections. These sections are called cells. Cells live with other cells like them in groups called tissues. It's basically a blob of jelly-like fluid called cytoplasm, surrounded by a cell membrane. It's basically a blob of jelly-like fluid called cytoplasm, surrounded by a cell membrane. The membrane lets good stuff in and keeps bad stuff out. Floating around in the cytoplasm are organelles. The Organelles do all the work that cells need to do, like make proteins, turn food into energy, and get rid of waste. Just like the body has organs for different functions, the cell has organelles for its functions. To remove waste, your body has the kidneys and intestines. A cell has lysosomes and peroxysomes. Inside the human body, cells range from microscopic to over a meter long! You have about 75 trillion cells in your body, enough to stretch around the earth 47 times.

Bacteria (Continuation)

Bacteria actually come in lots of different shapes and sizes. But the most common forms are rods, spheres, and spirals. Some can't move, but others move using whip-like strands called flagella. But whatever they look like, bacteria are prokaryotic cells meaning that their nuclear material is not surrounded by a membrane. Unlike animal and plant cells, most bacterial cells don't contain many complex organelles; inside their cell walls, they're pretty simple. Some bacteria are able to generate their own energy through photosynthesis, and some survive by digesting chemicals in their environments. Most bacteria reproduce asexually in a process called fission. Fission produces two cells with the same genetic material as the parent cell. The cell continues to stretch and narrow in the middle. Then the opposite sides in the middle touch and the cell has formed two separate cells identical to the original cell.

What is Bacteria?

Bacteria are single-celled microscopic organisms, and they make up one of the six kingdoms of life on Earth. They're also the most abundant form of life on Earth—there's something like five nonillion of them right now. Even though they're too small to see with the naked eye, bacteria are all around us. They live in our food, our water, our air, and even inside our bodies! In fact, there are more bacteria inside your digestive tract than there are human beings who have ever lived! Bacteria in the digestive tract are pretty important. They break down molecules that my body can't digest by itself. Bacteria are responsible for strep throat, food poisoning, tuberculosis, and a whole bunch of other diseases!

Bone Cells

Bone Cells are the toughest body cell systems and are bound together by calcium and phosphate. As you knows they give strength, support and frame-work to the body by enclosing organs in skeletal system,

Cancer Cells

Cancer results from the development of abnormal properties in normal cells that enable them to divide uncontrollably and spread to other locations. Cancer cell development can be caused by mutations that occur from factors such as chemicals, radiation, ultraviolet light, chromosome replication errors, or viral infection. Cancer cells lose sensitivity to anti-growth signals, proliferate rapidly, and lose the ability to undergo apoptosis or programmed cell death.

Cell Structures (Continuation)

Cytoplasm flows around the cell carrying structures called organelles. The organelles have different jobs: 1) Mitochondria break down food and release energy. 2) Lysosomes break down food, cell waste, and worn out cell parts. 3) Vacuoles and vesicles are storage organelles that hang onto water, waste products, and food until they're needed. The endoplasmic reticulum is that ribbony-looking thing. There are actually two types: rough and smooth. *The smooth ER is used to create and store large molecules like steroids and to store charged particles called ions. *The rough ER is studded with smaller structures called ribosomes. Ribosomes are responsible for making proteins, which cells need for pretty much everything they do. Once the ribosomes manufacture proteins, the rough endoplasmic reticulum transports them to other locations in the cell. Membrane-covered sacs called Golgi bodies pack up proteins that are ready to be sent out to your body.

Cell Structures

Each Cell carries out the daily activities of energy consumption, protein production and waste management. A flexible cell membrane forms the outer layer of a cell. It regulates the chemical balance of the cell by deciding what gets in, and what stays out. The nucleus is like a command center for that cell. It's the boss that hands out orders to the other cell parts. The nucleus is guided by the cell's DNA, which contains all of your body's instructions for life. Inside the cell membrane, there's a mixture of chemicals and water that's called cytoplasm.

Endothelial Cells

Endothelial cells form the inner lining of cardiovascular system and lymphatic system structures. These cells makes up the inner layer of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and organs including the brain, lungs, skin, and heart. Endothelial cells are responsible for angiogenesis or the creation of new blood vessels. They also regulate the movement of macromolecules, gases, and fluid between the blood and surrounding tissues, and help to regulate blood pressure.

Fat Cells

Fat cells, also called adipocytes, are the major cell component of adipose tissue. Adipocytes contain droplets of stored fat that can be used for energy. When fat is being stored, fat cells swell and become round in shape. When fat is being used, these cells shrink in size. These cells also have a function as they produce hormones.

Blood Cells

From transporting oxygen throughout the body to fighting infection, cells of the blood are vital to life. The three major types of cells in the blood are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells determine blood type and are also responsible for transporting oxygen to cells. White blood cells are immune system cells that destroy pathogens and provide immunity. Platelets help to clot blood and prevent excessive blood loss due to broken or damaged blood vessels.

Muscle Cells

Muscle cells also called as myocytes and are present in muscle tissue. They are rich in proteins actin and myosin, mostly long, large and have ability to contract and relax providing movements. They are of three types as skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle cells.

Nerve Cell

Nerve cells or neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system. Nerves send signals among the brain, spinal cord, and other body organs via nerve impulses. A neuron consists of two major parts: a cell body and nerve processes. The central cell body contains the neuron's nucleus, associated cytoplasm, and organelles. Nerve processes are "finger-like" projections (axons and dendrites) that extend from the cell body and are able to conduct and transmit signals.

*********** Regents Question ************ This chain shows the order of cells. From the first step to the last step

Organells ► Cells ► Tissues ► Organes ► Organ System ► Organism

Sex Cells

Sex cells or gametes are reproductive cells produced in male and female gonads. Male sex cells or sperm are motile and have a long, tail-like projection called a flagellum. Female sex cells or ova are non-motile and relatively large in comparison to the male gamete. In sexual reproduction, sex cells unite during fertilization to form a new individual.

Bacteria (Continuation)

Some bacteria, though, exchange genetic material in a process that's closer to sexual reproduction. Two bacteria's can exchange genetic material through a thin tube. Bacteria can reproduce very quickly—sometimes as fast as once every 20 minutes! Because their structure is so simple, bacteria can mutate really quickly, too, which means they can evolve pretty fast. One thing's for certain, though: Life as we know it wouldn't exist without bacteria. Bacteria are among the oldest forms of life on the planet! No one really knows the exact order of events, but it's thought that early bacteria evolved around 3.5 billion years ago, roughly the same time as other prokaryotes called archebacteria, or archaea. You already know where bacteria live. You can find archaea in some of the most extreme places on the planet, like hot springs, salt lakes, and deep ocean vents with no sunlight. Seeing how these guys survive in such inhospitable environments gives scientists a peek at what life was like billions of years ago.

Stem Cells

Stem cells are unique cells of the body in that they are unspecialized and have the ability to develop into specialized cells for specific organs or to develop into tissues. Stem cells are able to divide and replicate many times in order to replenish and repair tissue. Scientists are utilizing stem cells to generate other cells for tissue repair, organ transplantation, and for the treatment of disease.

Skin Cells

The skin is composed of a layer of epithelial tissue (epidermis) that is supported by a layer of connective tissue (dermis) and an underlying subcutaneous layer. The outermost layer of the skin is composed of flat, squamous epithelial cells that are closely packed together. The skin protects the internal structures of the body from damage, prevents dehydration, acts as a barrier against germs, stores fat, and produces vitamins and hormones.

Plant and Animal cells

There are two basic types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells don't have any membrane around their nuclear material. They're single-celled organisms that can live on their own. Eukaryotic cells are what we're made of. They have a nucleus of hereditary material that's surrounded by a membrane and controls the life of the cell. Plant and animal cells are both eukaryotic. Cells come in all different shapes and sizes. The size and shape of a cell can sometimes tell you something about its job. One nerve cell in your leg can be a meter long! Those little "fingers" on each end, called dendrites, let signals jump from one nerve synapse to the next. A red blood cell is about one-tenth the size of a period on your computer screen. It's a tiny flexible disk that can move through even the narrowest blood vessels.