The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

2 GTP

A total of __________ molecules are produced in the process equivalent to two ATP molecules.

pumps protons

As the pair of electrons from NADH passes through a series of electron acceptors within the protein complex, the complex _____________________ from the matrix through its channel to the intermembrane space

Heme Group

Cytochrome C contains a ___________ that allows it to function as a free carrier of a pair of electrons

the most conserved proteins

Cytochrome C is one of ________________ among all living organisms

Third Transmembrane Protein Complex

Cytochrome C passes the pair of electrons to the ____________ also embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

4 or 6 net ATPs produced

Depending on the shuttling system utilized, these two NADHs once shuttled may yield a theoretical total of either _____________

24 ATPs

Eight NADHs are produced in the mitochondria between the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the citric acid cycle, equivalent to a total of ______

without the pumping

FADH2 is eventually passed to coenzyme Q _________________ of any protons into the intermembrane space

Terminal Electron Acceptor

Molecular Oxygen is the _________________ of the electron transport chain

Intermembrane Space

Most of these protein complexes run completely through the inner membrane forming channels through the membrane from the mitochondrial matrix to the ______________________

Oxidizing or "Burning" of Fuels

Once a pair of electrons that entered the electron transport chain as one of the reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 has made its journey through the chain to become part of water, the process of _________________ has been completed

ADP and Inorganic Phosphate (Pi)

Proton movement through ATP synthase supplies the energy for ATP production from:

2; 2

Since FADH2 passes through ____ proton-pumping complexes, this pair of electrons is thought to create enough of a gradient to account for ____ ATP molecules formed in oxidative phosphorylation

more protons

Since NADH enters the electron transport chain earlier than a pair of electrons from FADH2 the former results in the pumping of _______________ into the intermembrane space through the transmembrane protein complexes than does the latter

3; 3

Since NADH passes through ____ proton-pumping complexes, this pair of electrons is thought to create enough of a gradient to account for ____ ATP molecules formed in oxidative phosphorylation

NADH and FADH2

The Electron Transport Chain begins with reduced coenzymes ____________________ in the mitochondrial matrix produced by the oxidation of fuel molecules

Transmembrane Protein Channels

The _________________ are also for the passage of protons, but these channels allow the flow of protons from the intermembrane space back into the mitochondrial matrix

higher concentration of protons

The _________________ in the intermembrane space causes a flow of protons back into the matrix, but this flow in the direction of the gradient now passes through the channels in the ATP synthase protein complex

30 ATP

The actual production of ATP from the complete oxidation of glucose in the human body is closer to __________

amount of energy lost as heat energy during the process

The actual production of ATP from the complete oxidation of glucose in the human body is less than the theoretical yield due to the:

the passage of protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space

The channels through the membrane exist for:

ATP Synthase

The key enzyme of oxidative phosphorylation is:

FADH2

The pair of electrons carried by __________ enters the electron transport chain, but enters via a different protein complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane, bypassing the first transmembrane complex of the chain.

Cytochrome C

The pair of electrons eventually leaves the second transmembrane complex and is eventually passed to an important protein called:

Coenzyme Q

The pair of electrons from NADH eventually leaves the first complex and is passed to a free coenzyme called:

NADH

The pair of electrons from _______________ is passed to the first transmembrane complex of the electron transport chain to begin the electron transport chain.

Molecular Oxygen

The pair of electrons in the third transmembrane protein complex is eventually passed to ___________

Second Transmembrane Protein Complex

The pair of electrons that are now carried by coenzyme Q are passed to a _________________________________ of the electron transport chain embedded in the inner mitochondrial matrix

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The production of ATP in the "turbine" fashion inside the mitochondra is referred to as:

pH gradient across that inner membrane

The pumping of protons by the protein complexes of the electron transport chain across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space creates a:

Water from Molecular Oxygen

The reduced coenzymes produced along the way have been used to create ______________ in the electron transport chain, so the complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water is now finished

cytosolic/mitochondrial shuttling system

The total is either 36 or 38 theoretical ATPs depending on the:

ATP Synthase or ATPase

There are transmembrane protein channels through the inner mitochondria membrane that are part of an enzyme complex called:

Chemiosmotic Gradient

This allows the coupling of the electron transport chain to the creation of ATP by the ATP synthase or ATPase enzyme

Electron Transport Chain

This consists of a series of proteins that are embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

energy of electron transfer

This gradient, which was created using _______________, and is sufficient in concentration difference that the osmotic flow of these concentrated protons can be used to create ATP molecules

4 ATPs

Two FADH2 molecules are produced in the citric acid cycle, equivalent to a net production of ________

Carbon Dioxide

When following the complete oxidation of glucose, the carbons of the monosaccharide are released as ___________ by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex or citric acid cycle

36 and 38

When looking at the complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, including subsequent oxidative phosphorylation, the net process could produce between ________ theoretical ATP molecules.

Water

When the pair of electrons from the third transmembrane protein complex is passed to molecular oxygen, it forms ________

2 cytosolic ATPs

_______________ are produced during glycolysis

2 cytosolic NADHs

_______________ are produced during glycolysis, but since the electron transport chain is located inside the mitochondria, these _______________ need to be shuttled into the mitochondrial matrix if they are to enter the electron transport chain.