The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
2 GTP
A total of __________ molecules are produced in the process equivalent to two ATP molecules.
pumps protons
As the pair of electrons from NADH passes through a series of electron acceptors within the protein complex, the complex _____________________ from the matrix through its channel to the intermembrane space
Heme Group
Cytochrome C contains a ___________ that allows it to function as a free carrier of a pair of electrons
the most conserved proteins
Cytochrome C is one of ________________ among all living organisms
Third Transmembrane Protein Complex
Cytochrome C passes the pair of electrons to the ____________ also embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane
4 or 6 net ATPs produced
Depending on the shuttling system utilized, these two NADHs once shuttled may yield a theoretical total of either _____________
24 ATPs
Eight NADHs are produced in the mitochondria between the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the citric acid cycle, equivalent to a total of ______
without the pumping
FADH2 is eventually passed to coenzyme Q _________________ of any protons into the intermembrane space
Terminal Electron Acceptor
Molecular Oxygen is the _________________ of the electron transport chain
Intermembrane Space
Most of these protein complexes run completely through the inner membrane forming channels through the membrane from the mitochondrial matrix to the ______________________
Oxidizing or "Burning" of Fuels
Once a pair of electrons that entered the electron transport chain as one of the reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 has made its journey through the chain to become part of water, the process of _________________ has been completed
ADP and Inorganic Phosphate (Pi)
Proton movement through ATP synthase supplies the energy for ATP production from:
2; 2
Since FADH2 passes through ____ proton-pumping complexes, this pair of electrons is thought to create enough of a gradient to account for ____ ATP molecules formed in oxidative phosphorylation
more protons
Since NADH enters the electron transport chain earlier than a pair of electrons from FADH2 the former results in the pumping of _______________ into the intermembrane space through the transmembrane protein complexes than does the latter
3; 3
Since NADH passes through ____ proton-pumping complexes, this pair of electrons is thought to create enough of a gradient to account for ____ ATP molecules formed in oxidative phosphorylation
NADH and FADH2
The Electron Transport Chain begins with reduced coenzymes ____________________ in the mitochondrial matrix produced by the oxidation of fuel molecules
Transmembrane Protein Channels
The _________________ are also for the passage of protons, but these channels allow the flow of protons from the intermembrane space back into the mitochondrial matrix
higher concentration of protons
The _________________ in the intermembrane space causes a flow of protons back into the matrix, but this flow in the direction of the gradient now passes through the channels in the ATP synthase protein complex
30 ATP
The actual production of ATP from the complete oxidation of glucose in the human body is closer to __________
amount of energy lost as heat energy during the process
The actual production of ATP from the complete oxidation of glucose in the human body is less than the theoretical yield due to the:
the passage of protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space
The channels through the membrane exist for:
ATP Synthase
The key enzyme of oxidative phosphorylation is:
FADH2
The pair of electrons carried by __________ enters the electron transport chain, but enters via a different protein complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane, bypassing the first transmembrane complex of the chain.
Cytochrome C
The pair of electrons eventually leaves the second transmembrane complex and is eventually passed to an important protein called:
Coenzyme Q
The pair of electrons from NADH eventually leaves the first complex and is passed to a free coenzyme called:
NADH
The pair of electrons from _______________ is passed to the first transmembrane complex of the electron transport chain to begin the electron transport chain.
Molecular Oxygen
The pair of electrons in the third transmembrane protein complex is eventually passed to ___________
Second Transmembrane Protein Complex
The pair of electrons that are now carried by coenzyme Q are passed to a _________________________________ of the electron transport chain embedded in the inner mitochondrial matrix
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The production of ATP in the "turbine" fashion inside the mitochondra is referred to as:
pH gradient across that inner membrane
The pumping of protons by the protein complexes of the electron transport chain across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space creates a:
Water from Molecular Oxygen
The reduced coenzymes produced along the way have been used to create ______________ in the electron transport chain, so the complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water is now finished
cytosolic/mitochondrial shuttling system
The total is either 36 or 38 theoretical ATPs depending on the:
ATP Synthase or ATPase
There are transmembrane protein channels through the inner mitochondria membrane that are part of an enzyme complex called:
Chemiosmotic Gradient
This allows the coupling of the electron transport chain to the creation of ATP by the ATP synthase or ATPase enzyme
Electron Transport Chain
This consists of a series of proteins that are embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
energy of electron transfer
This gradient, which was created using _______________, and is sufficient in concentration difference that the osmotic flow of these concentrated protons can be used to create ATP molecules
4 ATPs
Two FADH2 molecules are produced in the citric acid cycle, equivalent to a net production of ________
Carbon Dioxide
When following the complete oxidation of glucose, the carbons of the monosaccharide are released as ___________ by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex or citric acid cycle
36 and 38
When looking at the complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, including subsequent oxidative phosphorylation, the net process could produce between ________ theoretical ATP molecules.
Water
When the pair of electrons from the third transmembrane protein complex is passed to molecular oxygen, it forms ________
2 cytosolic ATPs
_______________ are produced during glycolysis
2 cytosolic NADHs
_______________ are produced during glycolysis, but since the electron transport chain is located inside the mitochondria, these _______________ need to be shuttled into the mitochondrial matrix if they are to enter the electron transport chain.