The endocrine system
what hormone is made by the hypothalamus but stored and released by the posterior pituitary? -luteinizing hormone -cortisol -growth hormone -prolactin -antidiuretic hormone
-ADH
Which of the following statements is false? -Exercise will decrease glucagon secretion. -A carbohydrate-rich meal decreases glucagon secretion. -Exercise will increase release of fatty acids. -A carbohydrate-rich meal increases insulin secretion.
-Exercise will decrease glucagon secretion.
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones? -GH (growth hormone) -prolactin (PRL) -oxytocin -thyroid hormones
-GH (growth hormone) Yes, GH stimulates IGFs from the liver. IGFs are required for the growth effect of GH on bone and skin.
Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum? -tyrosine kinase -IP3 -DAG -cAMP
-IP3 Yes, inositol trisphosphate releases calcium from intracellular storage sites.
Body cells that respond to insulin include: -Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body. -Intestinal cells only. -Liver cells only. -Muscle cells only. -Liver cells and muscle cells only.
-Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body
A liver cell responds to insulin by: -Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen. -Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose -Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon. -Releasing insulin -Releasing glucagon.
-Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.
When blood glucose levels are high -The liver releases glucagon. -The pancreas releases glucagon. -The liver releases insulin. -The pancreas releases glucose. -The pancreas releases insulin.
-The pancreas releases insulin The pancreas responds to high blood glucose levels by releasing insulin.
Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins? -activation of a G protein, tyrosine kinase receptor, phosphorylation of intracellular proteins -activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of phospholipase C, activation of DAG and IP3 -activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP
-activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP Yes, Gs proteins are stimulatory proteins that activate cAMP.
After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do? -acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene -activates a protein kinase -directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome -phosphorylates a protein
-acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene Yes, then mRNA is synthesized.
Which of the following is an example of a neuroendocrine gland? -adrenal cortex -thyroid gland -adrenal medulla -anterior pituitary
-adrenal medulla Neuroendocrine glands consist of nervous tissue, but they release chemicals that act as hormones.
What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland? -luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) -thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) -growth hormone (GH) -adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Yes, ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol. Stress and ACTH are the main stimuli for cortisol.
Insulin is produced by the __________ cells of the pancreas.
-beta Beta cells are found in the pancreatic islets, also known as the islets of Langerhans.
What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor? -chaperone proteins (chaperonins) -transcription factors -Receptors can't enter the nucleus until the hormone is bound to it.
-chaperone proteins (chaperonins) Yes, each receptor has two binding sites. The chaperone protein blocks the DNA binding site until a hormone binds at the hormone binding site.
What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons? -control secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -control secretion of thyroid hormones -control secretion of oxytocin -control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
-control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Yes, neurohormones from the ventral hypothalamic neurons, known as releasing (RH) and inhibiting (IH) hormones, control the release of anterior pituitary hormones such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and TSH.
The outer region of the adrenal gland is called the __________. -medulla -cortex -hypophysis -islet of Langerhans
-cortex The cortex secretes steroidal-based hormones including mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens.
Steps of RAAS
-decreased blood volume, pressure or sodium -release of renin from kidneys -production of angiotensin I -production of angiotensin II -release of Aldosterone
Hypothyroidism results in: -high T3 -low TRH -high TSH -high T4.
-high TSH Hypothyroidism results in decreased levels of T3 and T4 because of an underactive thyroid. This reduces the negative feedback to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and causes an increase in TRH and TSH secretion.
The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called -negative feedback. -diabetes. -positive feedback. -homeostasis. -None of the above.
-homeostasis
the endocrine system uses chemical messengers called ________ which typically use the blood or lymphatic systems to get to their target cells where they bind to a __________
-hormones -receptor
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized? -anterior pituitary -kidney -posterior pituitary -hypothalamus
-hypothalamus Yes, ADH is synthesized mainly in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. It is stored in the posterior pituitary in axon terminals.
Growth hormone (GH) stimulates all the following actions except -stimulating the liver to produce insulin-like growth factors. -stimulating protein synthesis. -increasing the rate of glycogen formation. -increasing fat breakdown.
-increasing the rate of glycogen formation
What is the function of leptin?
-induces satiety Leptin produced by adipocytes targets the hypothalamus and induces the feeling of fullness or satiety.
What element is necessary for the production of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)? -potassium -calcium -iodine -magnesium
-iodine
What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose? -Cells in the pancreas. -Intestinal cells. -Liver cells and cells in the pancreas. -Muscle cells. -Liver cells.
-liver cells
Hyperthyroidism results in: -high TRH -low TSH -high TSH -low T3 and T4.
-low TSH Hyperthyroidism results in increased levels of T3 and T4 because of a hyperactive thyroid. This will increase the negative feedback to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and cause a decrease in TRH and TSH secretion.
Which of the following hormones causes the testes to produce testosterone? -Luteinizing hormone (LH) -Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) -Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
-luteinizing hormone (LH)
The pineal gland produces the hormone __________.
-melatonin Melatonin's main target tissues are the sleep-regulating centers in the brainstem, where it appears to adjust the sleep phase of the sleep/wake cycle.
Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex? -antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -cortisol -oxytocin
-oxytocin Yes, suckling of the infant (or stretching of the uterus) increases release of oxytocin, which causes the milk let-down effect (or increased uterine contractions).
Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone? -phosphodiesterase -phospholipase C -protein kinase C -adenylate cyclase
-phosphodiesterase Yes, phosphodiesterase is an intracellular enzyme that degrades cAMP.
Which of the following hormones is important for T lymphocyte maturation?
-thymosin Thymosin is secreted by the thymus.
Which of the following belongs in the box with the question mark? -thyroid gland -pancreas -adrenal medulla -posterior pituitary
-thyroid gland TSH from the anterior pituitary stimulates the thyroid gland.
Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty? -cortisol -thyroid hormone -insulin
-thyroid hormone Yes, thyroid hormones are lipid soluble and their receptors are bound to the response elements of the DNA.
_____ diabetes, no insulin is produced
-type 1
_____ diabetes, target cells do no respond normally to insulin.
-type 2
Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor? -intracellular receptors -tyrosine kinase receptors -G proteins
-tyrosine kinase receptors Yes, insulin binds to tyrosine kinase receptors and works without a second messenger.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) promotes:
-vasodilation
The images show the events that occur in your body after you eat a sugary snack. Put the events in the correct sequence.
1) blood glucose becomes high 2) pancreas releases insulin 3) insulin binds to receptors on target cells 4) cells take in glucose 5) blood glucose returns to normal
put the following in order to correctly represent the multi-tiered negative feedback control of hormones by the hypothalamus -thyrotropin release hormone TRH -thyroid stimulating hormone TSH -thyroid hormones -thyroid gland
1. thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH 2. thyroid stimulating hormone TSH 3. thyroid gland 4. thyroid hormones
Which of the following happens during special senses transduction? -A sensory neuron releases neurotransmitter to stimulate a receptor cell. -A receptor cell causes an increase in a physical stimulus. -A receptor cell stimulates a motor neuron. -A physical stimulus causes a receptor cell to increase the amount of neurotransmitter it releases.
A physical stimulus causes a receptor cell to increase the amount of neurotransmitter it releases. During transduction, a physical stimulus changes the membrane potential of a receptor cell and causes it to increase or decrease the amount of neurotransmitter it releases.
What hormones does the posterior pituitary release?
ADH and oxytocin
cardiac artria is paired with what hormone?
ANP
Which hormones work synergistically to retain water?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone
Which of the following hormones play key roles in the body's long-term response to stress?
Cortisol, growth hormone, and glucagon
The adrenal glands produce several hormones. Based on what Wally's mother has told you, which hormone(s) are not being produced normally in Wally's case?
CortisolAldosteroneWally's signs and symptoms and the tests the doctor has ordered indicate that he is unable to make either cortisol or aldosterone.Because the adrenal cortex is such a complicated gland, producing three major hormones, adrenal defects can vary. Some children with adrenal defects cannot make aldosterone, some cannot make androgens, and some make too much aldosterone or too many androgens. The diagnosis of adrenal defect does not tell you all that much − you have to look at the signs and symptoms and infer what hormone deficiencies appear to be present.
As a child grows, his medication doses may need to be increased. The doctor has ordered glucose, sodium, and potassium measurements on Wally's blood. If Wally's medications are inadequate, what will happen to his blood glucose, sodium, and potassium levels, and why?
Decreased glucose Decreased Na+ Elevated K+
T/F: steroid hormones do not require a carrier protein for transport in the bloodstream, because they are water soluble
False
Anterior pituitary hormones?
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL
define hormonal stimuli
Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones
Which of the following structures is not a primary target of cortisol? -The liver -Adipose tissue -Muscle tissue -nervous tissue
Nervous tissue
Thymosin and thymopoietin assist in the maturation of __________.
T lymphocytes
what hormone stimulates the release of TSH from the anterior pituitary?
TRH
What do the parathyroid gland do?
The chief cells of the parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is a major factor in maintaining the blood calcium ion concentration in the normal range.
What is a major function of the endocrine system?
The endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream to reach receptors on target cells.
T/F: hormones are used to coordinate relatively slow, long term activities
True
Paracrine signals:
act on neighboring cells
Leptin is a hormone produced by the ____.
adipose tissue
Hypersecretion of which of the following hormones is most likely to lead to high blood pressure and hypernatremia (excess blood sodium ion concentration)?
aldosterone
this hormone is released by the adrenal cortex and regulates sodium levels?
aldosterone
Glucagon site of secretion?
alpha cells of islets of Langerhans in pancreas
Insulin stimulates all of the following actions except -synthesis of fat from lipids. -an increase in the permeability of cell membranes to glucose, increasing glucose uptake. -an increase in blood glucose. -glycogenesis.
an increase in blood glucose
The hypophyseal portal system transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the ______________ pituitary
anterior
ACTH and GH site of secretion?
anterior pituitary
All the following tropic hormones are released by the anterior pituitary except
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
____ signals consist of chemicals secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid that elicit effects from the same cell.
autocrine
The ____ cells of the pancreatic islets secrete insulin.
beta
_____ are the major targets of growth hormone.
bone and skeletal mucsle
Prolactin primary functions?
breast growth and development
Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus are carried to the anterior pituitary _________
by the portal veins
A second messenger for hormone response is _____.
cAMP
A hormone released by the kidneys that stimulates the absorption of calcium ions from the digestive tract is ____.
calcitriol
Unlike the nervous system, the effects of hormones:
can require seconds to hours to days to elicit their effect.
define humoral stimuli
changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate secretion of hormones
Which of the following hormones acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent?
cortisol
Which of the following molecules has an anti-inflammatory effect?
cortisol
Which of the following hormones is not steroid-based?
epinephrine
Because of the body's general response to stress, the blood concentration of
epinephrine and cortisol rise
__________ is an ovarian hormone that stimulates bone growth
estrogen
Which of the following hormones stimulate the development of female secondary sex characteristics such as adipose deposition in the breast?
estrogens
Aldosterone regulates __________.
extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels
T/F: Elevated cortisol levels (above normal) will increase the production of CRH by the hypothalamus and ACTH by the anterior pituitary, because of negative feedback.
false
T/F: The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion
false
T/F: calcitonin is released from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland when calcium levels in the blood fall below normal
false
T/F: calcitonin stimulates osteoclast activity and increases calcium release from long bones
false
T/F: hGH stimulates the release of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and raises blood glucose levels.
false
T/F: most cells do not require insulin in order to obtain glucose from the blood
false
T/F: most of the pancreatic tissue volume is endocrine
false
T/F: the adrenal cortex secretes protein hormones
false
T/F: the adrenal medulla surrounds the adrenal cortex
false
T/F: thyroid hormones are made from the amnio acid tryptophan
false
T/F: endocrine cells secrete their products onto epithelial surfaces through ducts
false hormones secreted by gland into blood which act on multiple sites in the body (ductless).
T/F: glucagon stimulates glycogenesis and lipogenesis
false it stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
______ exerts its effects primarily upon the reproductive organs.
follicle-simulating hormone (FSH)
Aldosterone ___.
functions to increase sodium reabsorption
Alpha cells of the pancreas produce ____.
glucagon
The alpha cells of the pancreas produce
glucagon
Which of the following hormones are released in response to decreases in blood glucose concentration?
glucagon
the alpha cells of the pancreas secrete the hormone ______
glucagon
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) site of secretion?
heart
The _____ is the organ responsible for producing atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
heart
when thyroid hormones levels get low, the anterior pituitary will begin to release thyroid stimulating hormone. This represents what type of endocrine stimulus?
hormonal
Which type of stimulation is expected to regulate the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary?
hormonal stimulation
a drop in blood sugar would would elicit what type of stimulus to the endocrine system?
humoral
Insulin operates under __________.
humoral stimulation
What type of hormones can cross the plasma membrane to bind to a receptor in the cytosol or nucleus?
hydrophobic hormone
ADH (anti-diuertic hormone) site of secretion?
hypothalamus
All the following structures are primary organs of the endocrine system except the ________. -hypothalamus -anterior pituitary -thymus -thyroid gland
hypothalamus
The _____ is the link between the nervous and the endocrine systems.
hypothalamus
Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by all the following factors except
increase plasma volume
Thyroxine (T4) functions to
increase the general rate of metabolism
T3 primary functions?
increased basal metabolic rates
Testosterone
increases muscle mass
What hormone is the primary antagonist of glucagon?
insulin
Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?
insulin
_____ is required for thyroid hormone synthesis.
iodine
hormone secretion is regulated by signals from the nervous system, from other hormones, and from _____________ changes in the blood
ion or chemical
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release.
Renin is produced by the ____.
kidney
What hormones are produced by zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?
mineralocorticoids
most hormones use _________ feedback loops
negative
define neural stimuli
nerve impulses stimulate hormone release, most are under control of the sympathetic nervous system
the release of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine from the adrenal medullas represents what type of stimulus?
neural
The cells of the nervous system communicate via _____, whereas the cells of the endocrine system communicate via ____.
neurotransmitters hormones
calcitonin inhibits the activity of _______ cells in bone, decreasing the release of calcium into the extracellular fluid
osteoclasts
LH primary functions?
ovulation
what gland had exocrine and endocrine functions?
pancreas
Which of the following glands have both endocrine and exocrine functions?
pancreas.
Which hormone should be checked for normal levels in an individual with recurring kidney stones?
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
how is the mechanism of action of peptide hormones different from the mechanism of action of steroid hormones?
peptide hormones require second messengers for their action, whereas steroid hormones diffuse into the cell through the membrane and directly produce their effect
Melatonin Site of secretion
pineal gland
Melatonin is secreted by the ____ to regulate the sleep/wake cycle.
pineal gland
A patient presents with fatigue, lower than normal body temperature, and lower than normal blood pressure. Blood test results included low T3 and T4, but an elevated TSH. What type of thyroid dysfunction does this patient most likely have?
primary hypothyroidism
What is delivered over the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?
releasing and inhibiting hormones
Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ion concentrations by causing the kidneys to
retain sodium and excrete potassium.
Which of the following hormones would not be water-soluble?
steroids
Cortisol acts to
stimulate gluconeogenesis.
how is the function of the adrenal medulla regulated?
sympathetic axons
The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium by
targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts to release calcium
Testosterone is produced by the __________.
testes
The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the
the concentration of serum calcium
the cellular effects of hormones are seen right after:
the hormone binds to receptor
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are related because
the hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that influence the pituitary gland.
what gland regresses in size as a person ages?
thymus
Which of the following structures is a primary endocrine organ? -heart -thyroid gland -testes -pineal gland
thyroid gland
What hormone(s) determines the basal metabolic rate at rest when fasting?
thyroid hormones
T/F: Glucagon is referred to as the "starvation or fasting" hormone
true
T/F: Human growth hormone and Cortisol stimulate glycogenolysis and lipolysis in order to increase blood glucose levels and provide alternate fuels.
true
T/F: Insulin release is stimulated by increased levels of glucose in the blood stream following a meal.
true
T/F: a single endocrine hormone can alter the activities of multiple tissues at one time
true
T/F: active vitamin D, known as calciriol, promotes the absorption of dietary calcium from the small intestine
true
T/F: most thyroid hormones are transported bound to transport proteins
true
T/F: paracrine and autocrine factors are locally acting
true
T/F: parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts, and increase reabsorption of calcium ions in the kidneys, thus increasing blood calcium levels
true
T/F: steroid hormones are made from cholesterol
true
T/F: the hypothalamus controls the production and release of anterior pituitary hormones
true
T/F: the most important hormone in maintaining metabolism and body heat is thyroxine (also called thyroid hormone)
true
T/F: the posterior pituitary does not synthesize or produce any hormones
true
T/F: thyroglobulin is found in thyroid follicles
true
T/F: thyroid hormones are hydrophobic
true
T/F: triiodothyronine is much more active than thyroxine
true
_____ is caused by the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas by the immune system.
type 1 diabetes mellitus
ADH primary functions?
water conservation
Which region of the adrenal gland produces mineralocorticoids?
zona glomerulus
List the steps of cAMP signaling:
- water soluble hormone binds receptor - receptor activates G protein - G protein activates adenylate cyclase - adenylate cyclase generates cAMP - cAMP activates protein kinases
The anterior pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is __________. -TSH -CRH -PRL -ACTH
-ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced by cells called corticotrophs and stimulates the development of the adrenal glands and their synthesis of various steroid hormones.
Which of the following is a hormone released at the posterior pituitary? -prolactin -TSH -ADH -somatostatin
-ADH The antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also called vasopressin) is a hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the kidneys to retain water.
All the following tropic hormones are released by the anterior pituitary except -FSH -TSH -ACTH -ADH
-ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor? -cortisol -aldosterone -angiotensin II -ADH (vasopressin)
-ADH (vasopressin) Yes, ADH increases water reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the nephron and its secondary function is to act as a vasoconstrictor.
Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone? -TSH -T3 -T4 -TRH
-TSH TSH, or thyroid stimulating hormone, is released by the pituitary in response to stimulation by the hypothalamic hormone TRH. As its name suggests, TSH stimulates the thyroid gland.
Which of the following hormones will be elevated in a patient with primary hypothyroidism, which results in a nonfunctional thyroid gland? -TSH -T3 and T4 -CRH -iodine
-TSH Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) will be elevated because the negative feedback from thyroid hormones is not working.
The steroid hormone is hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophobic
What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Hypocalcemia
The doctor also ordered measurement of Wally's Na+ and K+ levels. How is the adrenal gland related to these?
If the adrenal does not produce aldosterone, Na+ cannot be reabsorbed from the urine, and K+ cannot be secreted into it. K+ will build up in the blood, and Na+ will be lost in the urine.ldosterone's major role is to activate the Na+/K+ ATPase in the kidneys. This pump moves 3 Na+ from the urine to the blood and 2 K+ from the blood to the urine, removing K+ from the body. In addition, since the pump reabsorbs 3 Na+ ions while only 2 K+ ions are moved to the urine, water will move from the urine to the blood by osmosis. This is vital for maintaining blood volume and blood pressure.
How is the adrenal gland related to glucose levels?
If the adrenal does not produce cortisol, the child will not be able to increase blood glucose during illness or stress. one of the basic problems facing a person with an inability to make cortisol; this child will have trouble raising blood glucose when he is facing stress or illness. This situation is described as "stress intolerance."
What is NOT an effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? -increased release of calcium ions from bone -increased osteoblast activity -increased absorption of calcium ions by the small intestine -increased reabsorption of calcium ions from fluid in the kidneys
Increased osteoblast activity
What inhibits aldosterone release?
decreased blood potassium ion concentration
Aldosterone regulates:
extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels
What type of tissue makes up the adenohypophysis or anterior pituitary gland?
glandular epithelium
Excess cortisol could result in: -an alkaline blood pH -increased parasympathetic nervous system activation -high blood glucose levels -low blood pressure.
high blood glucose levels
The endocrine system secretes ____ into the blood to be transported to their target cells.
hormones
Endocrine glands secrete _____ into the bloodstream, where they travel to specific sites called ____.
hormones target tissues
Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of the endocrine system? -maintains fluid balance -regulates metabolic reactions -controls memory and learning -promotes growth
controls memory and learning Memory and learning are higher-level functions of the nervous system.
What first tier hormone stimulates cortisol production?
corticotropic-releasing hormone (CRH)
Which of the following effects is not associated with parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
increased osteoblast activity
What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones? -activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell -increasing protein kinases -phosphorylation of intracellular proteins
-activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell Yes, lipid-soluble hormones diffuse into the nucleus or they diffuse into the cytoplasm and then move into the nucleus, where they affect transcription and translation.
Cancer cells secrete signaling chemicals such as growth factors and interleukins that promote cancer cell growth and survival. This is an example of __________.
-autocrine signaling In autocrine signaling, a chemical secreted by cells into the interstitial fluid elicits effects in the same cell or cell type.
_____ diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal
-both type 1 and type 2
One example of a hormone involved in the response to stress is ________
-cortisol Cortisol is essential for the stress response, because it increases the availability of metabolic fuel molecules.
Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors? -insulin -epinephrine -cortisol
-cortisol Yes, cortisol is one of the lipid-soluble steroid hormones. Thyroid hormones are also lipid soluble.
A patient presents with buffalo hump, weight gain, increased blood pressure, suppression of the immune response, and osteoporosis. The most likely diagnosis will be __________. -aldosterone hyposecretion -aldosterone hypersecretion -cortisol hyposecretion -cortisol hypersecretion
-cortisol hypersecretion Those are symptoms of cortisol hypersecretion, also known as Cushing disease.
Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face." -pheochromocytoma -Cushing's disease -Addison's disease
-cushing's disease Yes, a patient with Cushing's would have hypertension, increased blood glucose, and an unusual fat distribution on the face, known as a "moon face." These symptoms are due to increased levels of cortisol and can also be seen in patients after long periods of steroid treatment.
Increased levels of T3 and T4 will result in __________.
-decreased TRH Secretion of both TRH from the hypothalamus and TSH from the anterior pituitary is inhibited by rising levels of free T3 and T4.
Sky diving causes release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla. Which of the following is an effect of epinephrine? -constriction of airway passages -constriction of pupils -decreased digestive and urinary functions -decrease in blood pressure
-decreased digestive and urinary functions Epinephrine is also known as adrenaline and is released after sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla. Just like sympathetic stimulation, it causes a decrease in digestive and urinary functions.
In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen? -decreased insulin secretion -decreased sweating -decreased cardiac output -decreased or difficulty breathing
-decreased insulin secretion Yes, insulin decreases plasma glucose and during stress we need an increase in plasma glucose as well as other body fuels. Therefore, insulin secretion would be decreased, in turn increasing plasma glucose.
Hypothyroidism will result in __________.
-elevated TSH When thyroid hormones levels are low, the pituitary gland will secrete more TSH to stimulate the thyroid gland. However, if the thyroid gland does not function properly, the elevated TSH will not have the desired effect.
Which of the following hormones is NOT important for fluid homeostasis? -epinephrine -aldosterone -ADH -ANP
-epinephrine Epinephrine from the adrenal medulla is not involved in fluid homeostasis but with the stress response.
Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress? -ADH (vasopressin) -cortisol -epinephrine -aldosterone
-epinephrine Yes, epinephrine is part of the immediate or rapid response to stress. Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla as a result of the increase in the sympathetic nervous system. In fact, the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla act like modified postganglionic neurons.
If you are busy all day and do not have time to eat, the hormone that will be released by your pancreas is __________.
-glucagon Glucagon is released when blood glucose is low.
Which of the following is NOT one of the effects of the hormone insulin? -gluconeogenesis in the liver -glycogen synthesis -synthesis of fat -stimulation of cells to uptake and utilize glucose
-gluconeogenesis in the liver The synthesis of glucose in the liver is stimulated by the hormone glucagon, not insulin.
High levels of testosterone inhibit the release of:
-gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma? -low blood glucose -slow heart rate -cool, dry skin -heart palpitations
-heart palpitations Yes, due to the increase in epinephrine, heart rate would be increased and you would feel like your heart was pounding or racing.
Chemical messengers that reach their target cells traveling in blood are called __________.
-hormones Hormones interact with their target cells and influence their functions in order to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis; promote growth; regulate metabolic reactions; and more.
Which of the following is an effect of thyroid hormones T3 and T4? -increase in the metabolic rate -calcium homeostasis -fluid homeostasis -inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system
-increase in the metabolic rate Thyroid hormones increase the rate at which cells carry out both catabolic and anabolic reactions.
Low levels of T3 and T4 will cause: -decreased TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary via a negative feedback loop -decreased TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary via a positive feedback loop -increased TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary via a negative feedback loop -increased TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary via a positive feedback loop.
-increased TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary via a negative feedback loop The low levels of T3 and T4 are detected by receptors in the hypothalamus, and the anterior pituitary then increases the production of TSH to stimulate the thyroid gland.
Which of the following is NOT one of the effects of PTH? -calcium absorption in the small intestine -increased blood calcium concentration -increased calcium reabsorption in the kidneys -increased calcium storage in bones
-increased calcium storage in bones PTH stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone and release calcium.
What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone? -thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) -a circadian rhythm of release -negative feedback -thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
-negative feedback Yes, negative feedback controls the levels of circulating thyroid hormone. If levels are high, negative feedback will decrease thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to some degree), thus decreasing the thyroid hormones.
A tumor in the hypothalamus, which results in hypersecretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) will ultimately affect the __________. -kidneys -adrenal cortex -thyroid -ovaries and testes
-ovaries and testes GnRH has an effect on the gonads (ovaries and testes), because it stimulates release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary.
The hormone calcitonin is produced by the __________ cells of the thyroid. -thyroid -chief -colloid -parafollicular -follicle
-parafollicular Parafollicular cells are found between thyroid follicles.
Which of the following enzymes are important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signaling?
-phosphodiesterase The increase in cAMP levels is usually short-lived because the enzyme phosphodiesterase is constantly present in the cytoplasm of the target cells.
Place the following hormones in the correct order of their control, from first tier to third tier. -thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), production of T3 and T4 -thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), production of T3 and T4, thyrotropic-releasing hormone (TRH) -thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), production of T3 and T4 -thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), production of T3 and T4, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
-thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), production of T3 and T4
What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane? -lipid-soluble hormones, such as thyroid hormones and cortisol -water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine
-water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine Yes, peptides and catecholamines are water-soluble hormones that cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane.
Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels? -α1 receptors -α2 receptors -β receptors
-β receptors
Compared to the effects of nervous system, the effects of the endocrine system __________. -are mediated by neurotransmitters -are faster -last longer -do not have an effect on homeostasis
Last longer Hormones require seconds to several hours or days to elicit their effects, but these effects are generally longer-lasting than those of the nervous system.
When blood glucose levels are low: -The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. -The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. -The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase -The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. -Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen.
The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.
Most hormone secretion is regulated as part of a ________.
a negative feedback loop
Hyperthyroidism is most likely to result in
a tendency toward weight loss
_____ are hormones that act on the same target cells but have opposite effects.
antagonists
What stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or vasopressin?
increasing solute concentration of the blood
The diagram shows the steps in the homeostasis pathway that occur when blood glucose levels fall.
low blood glucose cells in the pancreas glucagon liver cells glycogen breakdown; glucose released into blood
Which hormones causes contractions of the uterus during childbirth?
oxytocin
With which gland does the hypothalamus have a close anatomical and physiological relationship?
pituitary gland
Increased thirst
polydipsia
Excessive hunger
polyphagia
Large urine output
polyuria
what does TSH target?
thyroid gland
thermoregulation is a function of which of the hormones?
thyroid hormones
Insulin administered by injection is the main treatment for __________.
type 1 diabetes mellitus Type 1 diabetes is caused by the destruction of the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas. This leads to hyperglycemia.