The Enlightenment Questions
Which idea is central to John Locke's Two Treatises of Government? (1) A government's power comes from the consent of the people. (2) Predestination will determine who will go to heaven. (3) Famine, disease, and conflict are natural checks on population growth. (4) The have-nots will rise up and overthrow the government of the haves.
(1) A government's power comes from the consent of the people.
The Enlightenment and the American Revolution were both major influences on 19th-century uprisings in (1) Latin America (2) the Middle East (3) Vietnam (4) Japan
(1) Latin America
Which idea became a central belief of the Enlightenment? (1) The use of reason would lead to human progress. (2) Mathematics could be used to solve all human problems. (3) The ancient Romans had the best form of government. (4) People should give up their natural rights to their rulers.
(1) The use of reason would lead to human progress.
One way in which the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment were similar is that they (1) encouraged the spread of new ideas (2) strengthened traditional institutions (3) led to the Protestant Reformation (4) rejected Renaissance individualism
(1) encouraged the spread of new ideas
One way in which Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau are similar is that they were (1) philosophers during the Age of Enlightenment (2) chief ministers during the French Revolution (3) leaders of the Italian unification movement (4) supporters of the Counter Reformation
(1) philosophers during the Age of Enlightenment
The writings of the 18th-century French philosophers Diderot, Rousseau, and Voltaire influenced the (1) policies of the enlightened despots (2) start of the Neolithic Revolution (3) success of the German unification movement (4) spread of imperialism to Africa and Asia
(1) policies of the enlightened despots
Baron de Montesquieu believed that a separation of powers would (1) prevent tyranny by acting as a check on power (2) restore authority to the Roman Catholic Church (3) increase corruption of political authority (4) decrease the power of the middle class
(1) prevent tyranny by acting as a check on power
According to John Locke, the chief role of government was to (1) protect natural rights (2) fight territorial wars (3) ensure the wealth of citizens (4) redistribute land
(1) protect natural rights
According to John Locke, the purpose of government is to (1) protect the natural rights of individuals (2) serve the monarch (3) create overseas settlements (4) stimulate the economy
(1) protect the natural rights of individuals
. . . The Laws ought to be so framed, as to secure the Safety of every Citizen as much as possible. . . . The Equality of the Citizens consists in this; that they should all be subject to the same Laws. . . . - Documents of Catherine the Great, W. F. Reddaway, ed., Cambridge University Press (adapted) These ideas of Catherine the Great of Russia originated during the (1) Age of Exploration (2) Age of Enlightenment (3) Protestant Reformation (4) French Revolution
(2) Age of Enlightenment
One contribution that John Locke made to Enlightenment philosophy was the idea that (1) absolute monarchies should continue (2) the punishment should fit the crime (3) individual rights should be denied (4) governments should be based on the consent of the people
(4) governments should be based on the consent of the people
The ideas of Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu most influenced (1) the growing power of priests in the Roman Catholic Church (2) improvements in the working conditions of factory workers (3) the rise of industrial capitalism (4) movements for political reform
(4) movements for political reform
In Two Treatises of Government, John Locke wrote that the purpose of government was to (1) keep kings in power (2) regulate the economy (3) expand territory (4) protect natural rights
(4) protect natural rights
[When] the legislature shall . . . grasp [for] themselves, or put into the hands of any other, an absolute power over their lives, liberties, and estates of the people, . . . they forfeit the power the people had put into their hands for quite contrary ends, and it [passes] to the people, who have a right to resume their original liberty. . . . — John Locke, Two Treatises on Civil Government NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, August 2002. Which idea is expressed in this passage? (1) The people should give up their liberty to create an orderly society. (2) People have the right to rebel if their natural rights are denied. (3) Governments should be obeyed regardless of their actions. (4) Liberty can only be guaranteed in a direct democracy.
(2) People have the right to rebel if their natural rights are denied.
• Supported reforms • Believed in natural rights and religious toleration • Viewed themselves as servants of their state In the 18th century, European leaders that fit these characteristics were best known as (1) theocratic monarchs (2) enlightened despots (3) totalitarian dictators (4) prime ministers
(2) enlightened despots
The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers were based on (1) efforts to achieve salvation (2) faith in human reason (3) traditional practices (4) the inevitability of poverty
(2) faith in human reason
"If man in the state of nature is free, if he is absolute lord of his own person and possessions, why will he give up his freedom? Why will he put himself under the control of any person or institution? The obvious answer is that rights in the state of nature are constantly exposed to the attack of others. Since every man is equal and since most men do not concern themselves with equity and justice, the enjoyment of rights in the state of nature is unsafe and insecure. Hence each man joins in society with others to preserve his life, liberty, and property." — John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 1690 This statement provides support for the (1) elimination of laissez-faire capitalism (2) formation of government based on a social contract (3) continuation of absolute monarchy (4) rejection of the natural rights philosophy
(2) formation of government based on a social contract
Enlightenment thinkers encouraged the improvement of society through the (1) teachings of the church (2) use of reason (3) development of absolutism (4) establishment of a rigid social hierarchy
(2) use of reason
Which statement represents a key idea directly associated with John Locke's Two Treatises of Government? (1) Freedom of speech should be denied. (2) The king's power on Earth comes from God. (3) All people are born with the right to life, liberty, and property. (4) Individuals acting in their own self-interest will achieve economic success.
(3) All people are born with the right to life, liberty, and property.
Locke's Two Treatises of Government, Rousseau's The Social Contract, and Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws were works written during which time period? (1) Middle Ages (2) Renaissance (3) Enlightenment (4) Reformation
(3) Enlightenment
Why is the Enlightenment considered a turning point in world history? (1) The factory system was used to mass-produce goods. (2) Martin Luther broke away from the Roman Catholic Church. (3) Europeans changed their thinking about the role of government. (4) The Columbian exchange occurred.
(3) Europeans changed their thinking about the role of government.
... Nor is there liberty if the power of judging is not separate from legislative power and from executive power. If it were joined to legislative power, the power over the life and liberty of the citizens would be arbitrary, for the judge would be the legislator. If it were joined to executive power, the judge could have the force of an oppressor.... —Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws In this passage, Montesquieu is making reference to (1) an enlightened despotism (2) a policy of mercantilism (3) a separation of powers (4) a social contract
(3) a separation of powers
One way in which the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment are similar is that both (1) led to increased power for royal families in Europe (2) sought to reconcile Christian beliefs and science (3) questioned traditional values and past practices (4) promoted nationalistic revolutions in eastern Europe
(3) questioned traditional values and past practices
Many Enlightenment philosophers used reason to (1) reinforce traditional beliefs (2) strengthen religious authority (3) reveal natural laws (4) encourage censorship
(3) reveal natural laws
"When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates [government officials], there can be no liberty; because apprehensions [fears] may arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws to execute them in a tyrannical manner. . . ." — Baron de Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws Which solution would Baron de Montesquieu offer to avoid the enactment of tyrannical laws? (1) granting freedom of speech (2) reinstating absolute monarchies (3) separating the branches of government (4) limiting natural laws
(3) separating the branches of government
Which statement expresses an idea of the Enlightenment? (1) The king is sacred and answers only to God. (2) History is a continuous struggle between social classes. (3) Those who are the most fit will survive and succeed. (4) All individuals have natural rights.
(4) All individuals have natural rights.
Which period of history had the greatest influence on the Enlightenment ideas of natural law and reason? (1) Pax Romana (2) Middle Ages (3) Age of Exploration (4) Scientific Revolution
(4) Scientific Revolution
The writings of Jean Jacques Rousseau, Baron de Montesquieu, and John Locke were similar in that each supported the principles of (1) a military dictatorship (2) an autocracy (3) a theocratic society (4) a democratic republic
(4) a democratic republic
Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke both agreed that a government should be based on the (1) separation of nationalities (2) religious values of the people (3) equal distribution of wealth (4) consent of the governed
(4) consent of the governed
Which step did Catherine the Great take that is consistent with Enlightenment ideas? (1) ordering the burning of books (2) strengthening the institution of serfdom (3) expanding Russian territory into Ukraine (4) considering a law code that would treat all citizens equally
(4) considering a law code that would treat all citizens equally
