The French Revolution and Napoleon Bonaparte
Robespierre killing Danton would be like
Jefferson killing Adams
Storming of the Bastille
July 14, 1789 when mob and some of the king's soldiers attacked the Bastille which was a jail where the gun powder was kept the effect was the people getting left out, only 7 but the impact was great and all the guards got killed
Flight to Varenne
June 20-22 1791, Louis XVI and family fled to Belgium because Marie was from Austria and they were going to be with her emperor brother, a postmaster recognized them in Varenne and they were forced back, this plan would have succeeded but the children were sick and Marie Antoinette would not leave without them
Tennis Court Oath
Because of their want for radical reforms, the Third Estate was locked out of their meeting hall by the King so they reconvened at an indoor tennis court and made an oath not to disband until they got the change they wanted
Main Naval Power in Europe
Britain
Battle of Toulon
British took port of Toulon with navy, artillery captain (France) Napoleon Bonaparte re-takes Toulon causing Bonaparte to become a hero at a young age
Radical Lawyers in the Jacobin Club
Danton, Robespierre, Desmoulins, St. Just
Bourgeoisie
French middle class or city-dweller
Gentry
French upper class
Berger
German city-dweller
Bergermister
German mayor
Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States for $15 million, some say bad move but the truth is that Louisiana belonged to Spain but was given to France because Napoleon's brother was on Spain's throne, the money was for the war effort
3rd estate reforms into the
National Assembly
When there was a republic
Robespierre made a new calander
Ruling Family of Rusia
Romanovs until 1919
Who did Napoleon's reforms help?
The little people, lower class, because he did not like the upper class/aristocracy because they made fun of him as a kid
Jacobin Club declared France
a constitutional monarchy
Bastille
a jail
Code Napoleonic/Napoleonic Code
a law code that mainly addressed civil matters, reformed marriage/divorce, reformed ownership of land by ending feudalism and serfdom, reformed the army
Death of Robespierre brought in
a more conservative era
At the Estates General meeting of 1789, the Third Estate...
called for a constitutional monarchy which was influenced by England NOT America - there was a vote taken but the First and Second Estates voted together and the Third Estate's vote only counted as much as either the First or Second Estate even though they had more people so Third Estate ignored the outcome
Estates General of 1789
called in spring of this year because Necker pushed to get it together causing King Louis XVI to call it and it was the first time in 175 years, since 1614
Friends with Robespierre's brother -
caused Bonaparte to not be in the army at first
During the Revolution what were people encouraged to call each other?
citoyen
Battle of Trafalgar
combined French and Spanish fleet was defeated by the British fleet led by Horatio Nelson in this naval battle, Nelson died during the battle and now there is a statue of him in Trafalgar Square
Right Side
conservative
Napoleon became emperor by a
coup d'etat, seizing power with 2 cohorts whom he soon dropped as they were only there to make it seem like Napoleon was not power hungry, he did this because he thought government was not solid
Trial and Execution of the Monarchs
during the Reign of Terror, execution - payback
Committee of Public Safety
established to control other committees of convention, Jacobins under Robespierre set up trials and executions, Robespierre/Danton - committee supervisor, during the Reign of Terror was responsible of thousands of executions including Dantons
Exile to Elba
following the Treated of Fontainebleau, Napoleon was exiled to Elba after a forced abduction, he was there 300 days before leaving, allowed to rule there
Riots break out in Paris because of Necker's firing
there are mob attacks including the storming of the Bastille
Napoleon's Date of Death
May 5, 1821
Marie Antoinette spent a lot of government money to pretend to be a _________________
Milk Maid
Hundred Days
Napoleon came back from his exile in Elba and made himself emperor again and had battles with the counties who had defeated him to prove his strength, but failed at the Battle of Waterloo so was again exiled
Egyptian Campaign
Napoleon decides to take the Middle East to piss off England so he invades Egypt, he wins against the Turks on land, British Admiral Horatio Nelson destroys Bonaparte's fleet at Nile Delta leaving the troops stranded in the desert
Napoleon's French
Napoleon did not hear French until age 8, made fun of for his accent, and in his diary as he was dying he said that he would never get the hang of the language
Reign of Terror
30,000 killed and mostly from the upper class, angry with clergy so they made them take oaths to France because they were against the revolution so some of the people killed were also of the church, it lasted 1 1/2 years, originally Danton but Robespierre put him to death when Danton accused Robespierre of being to radical and losing it and he lost it for good when he killed Danton, Robespierre also put Desmulins to death, Robespierre thought that Danton and his followers had relaxed methods of dealing with emergencies, time when few men tried to govern France, time of war and crisis, time that should be associated with poor people filling the court and cheering on people's executions, Austria, England, Russia invade so their people do not hear about what is happening in France because the royal houses are scared, they do not want their people hearing "liberty, equality, fraternity," Robespierre and Danton governed, financial problems worsen, thousands arrested and executed, members of Convention had Robespierre killed out of fear that he would turn against them, other members were hung
Pain
bread in French
Thomas Jefferson's Rights
life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
Camille Desmoulins
man who got up and said "to arms" causing the storming of the Bastille for gunpowder
Citoyen
means citizen, makes people seem equal, got nobles angry but they could not do anything about it
Scorched Earth Policy
military tactic where people voluntarily burn land and run away to prevent attacking groups from being sustained of their supplies
Change is in the air because...
of political events in England and America (the American Revolution), writings of the Enlightenment Thinkers, calls for change in France, Estates General
In relation to Napoleon's age, Josephine was ______
older
Sans-Cullote
poor people - literally means without fancy pants
Louis XVI fires Necker
public upset because now they know that he is not planning on using Necker's ideas
The Flight to Varenne gives
radicals supremacy because it shows the king's lack of faith, shows that he does not care, and it was a stalemate until this
Girondins
right, conservatives
Coup d'etat
seize of government power through force
Napoleon promoted based on...
skill rather than nobility - disliked nobles because he got made fun of as a child
Evolution
takes time, what the Girondins/conservatives/right siders wanted
Napoleon's captors did not just kill him because...
that would have made him a martyr
American Revolution was influenced by
the Enlightenment Thinkers
We won the American Revolution because...
the French helped us win
Fraternity in the Jacobin Club Motto said that
the Jacobin club was a mens club and there were no women
Example of Napoleon's huge Ego
the Pope traveled from Rome to crown Napoleon emperor and while the Pope is reaching for the crown, Napoleon takes the crown and crowns himself
Why is there no Louis XVII?
the children of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette died of mysterious circumstances in prison and the next Louis took the title Louis XVIII out of respect
Considered a Possible Cause of Napoleon's Death
the enemies of Napoleon could have told his cooks at St. Helena to gradually poison him with arsenic, eventually leading to his death
Words are dangerous
the kings and royal families of neighboring countries did not want their people hearing "liberty, equality, fraternity" and about the republic so they attacked
Ancien Regime
the old system
waterloo
the term waterloo now means final defeat
Staple Food
the thing that fills you up, throughout history it has been mostly grains and starch
Criminal Law
the type of law that someone gets tried for if they break a law
Last Estates General Meeting
1614, the year after Henry was stabbed and his son (Louis XIV) came to power in 1613
Revolutionary France
1791-1799, National Assembly during a constitutional monarchy, the National Assembly was trying to work with the king but the Bourbons did not want to work with Parliament, radicals - Jacobins - left, conservatives - Girondins - right, Brissots under Girondins, radicals wanted a republic
Napoleon made himself emperor in
1802
The Louisiana Purchase took place in the year ______
1803
Why is Parliament called Parliament?
Because in French as in Italian a form of Parli or (parlare in Italian) means to speak or to be heard meaning that Parliament existed so the people would be heard
Jacobin Club Motto
liberty, equality, fraternity
Latin for I
Ego
Napoleon left his troops in
Egypt and returned to France
Who attacks France to end French Revolution?
England, Prussia, Austria-Hungary
Why was Bonaparte an enigma?
Famous Frenchmen- not French but Italian, he saved the French Revolution and then became emperor
Estates General
First Estate (1% of the population made up of the clergy-church), Second Estate (2% of the population, composed of nobility), Third Estate (97% of the population, everyone else)
Wars of Expansion were mainly with
Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, Prussia, and Russia
Ruling Family of Austria-Hungary
Hapsburg
Ruling Family of Prussia
Hohenzollen
France in a state of bankruptcy because...
King Louis XVI (and wife Marie Antoinette) spent lavishly, Versailles, wars
"I am the state" -_______________
Louis XIV
"After me the flood" -____________
Louis XV
Necker
Louis XVI's finance minister who was fired for suggesting less spending
"Let them eat cake" -_____________
Marie Antoinette meaning crumbs
Italian Campaign
Napoleon trained and led a peasant army to victory in Italy against Austria-Hungary, 30,000 troops, successfully trained peasants, he did it with them (slept where they slept, ate what they ate, marched with them, etc.) winning the respect and confidence of his men, he won all of Northern Italy with his trained peasant army and stopped the threat to France by stopping army
Why is the Battle of Waterloo ironic?
Napoleon was beaten partially by his own tactics
Exile to St. Helena
Napoleon was exiled to a barren island in the South Atlantic so he could not escape, he was miserable because he could not rule or fight, was depressed, wrote memoirs, died there, followed by an English officer at all times, his health was declining
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon's last defeat causing his exile for good, 1815
Left Side
Radicals - Jacobins - Caused the term leftist
Invasion of Russia
Russia did not follow the Continental System, somewhere between 500,000 and 600,000 troops (mostly French but also a combination of troops from other countries) invaded Russia, Russians retreated and the French followed them to Moscow, the French were poorly supplied and the Russians used scorched earth tactics, winter came and Napoleon tried to go home, he returned to France with less than 100,000 troops, leaving about 5/6 of his troops dead, his enemies rise up and make him surrender
Scorched Earth Policy in Russia
Russia used this tactic by being one step ahead of the English and having the Russians take all they could with them and fleeing then burning the land because they knew that the French troops were poorly supplied and would not be able to survive the dreaded winters therefore leaving the French cold and hungry, the Russians retreated East
Napoleon put his brother Giuseppe on the throne of...
Spain and put other family members on other thrones
2 Major Battles of 1805
Trafalgar and Austerlitz
John Locke's Natural Laws
life, liberty, property
Women of Paris marched to
Versailles to convince the king to return
Napoleon's schooling
attended military school in France, he was unpopular yet brilliant, made fun of in school for his accent, his upper middle class but not not a noble or aristocracy, short "Little Corporal"
Battle of Austerlitz
battle that took place in the heart of Europe, Napoleon defeated a combined force of Russia, Prussia, and Austria-Hungary making him the master of Europe, Napoleon has Pratzen Heights - higher ground, Napoleon faked a retreat and so old military leaders on the other side said do not fall for it but Alexander wanted to get him so they attack and Napoleon troops defeat them and the leaders are forced to surrender
Civil Law
between people violating other's rights, suing
Time when Napoleon was born
born in Corsica during th time that France bought where he was living, his father was originally against this but he later decided to send Napoleon to French military school, Napoleon did not hear French until age 8
Rosetta Stone
found during Napoleon's control in Egypt, showed good in Napoleon's rule in Egypt, now in a museum in London, Jean-Francis Champolion translated it making hieroglyphs readable, had Hieroglyphs, Demotic, and Greek
Grief can cause someone's hair to...
go from black to white overnight
Continental System
good idea in theory, Napoleon wanted to economically attack Britain after realizing he could not defeat their navy so he wanted to block trade from England and the rest of Europe during the Industrial Revolution, 1806 to 1814, embargo, it failed because it hurt Europe more than England
London newspapers are known for
gossip
Josaphine cheated
he wrote a letter to her telling her how he felt betrayed but it was on a ship that the English took over so it was in all of the London newspapers causing Napoleon's embarrassment and eventually they divorced
Revolution
immediate, what the left side/Jacobins/radicals wanted
Rights of Man
issued in August 1789
Elba was a bad place to exile Napoleon because...
it was right in between Corsica, his hometown, and Italy, which was ruled by his brother, and it was not far from France
The Old System
things were bad for over 90% of French people, it was an absolute monarchy, nobility had wealth and land but no real power, small middle class composed of city dwellers (lawyers, doctors, and artists), France was in a state of bankruptcy, peasantry lived in extreme poverty
St. Helena
windy, barren island of the coast of Africa
Vin
wine in French
