The Industrial Revolution: The Great Exhibition of 1851 at the Crystal Palace
Objects displayed
100,000 objects with 15,000 contributers Popular attractions in the "Retiring Rooms" were provided public toilets inside private
Cotton machinery exhibit
15 different machines on one room demonstrating the cotton spinning process as cotton....
Samuel Colt
200 guns "commemorative editions" Colt Navy Revolver Colt Dragoon Revolver
Cast Iron Scissors
no curve or ornament Machine fabricated in a foundry Assembled on assembly line Focus on function
Famous Visitors
Charles Darwin, Charlotte Bronte, Charles Dickens, Lewis Carrol, George Eliot, Alfred Tennyson
Crystal Palace materials required
4500 tons of iron Hollow pillars that doubled up as drain pipes: 24 miles of guttering 300,000 sheets of glass in the largest size that had ever been made 4ft 1in X 10 in.: supplied by Chance Brothers "Glazing" affixing the glass, was carried out from special trolleys, and was fast: One man managed to fix 108 panes in a single day It took 2000 men just eight months to build, and cost just 79800, estimated in 2015 at $4 mil Caught on fire in 1936 due to some paper and was destroyed 89 firetrucks responded Winston Churchill " This is the end of an age"
United States
599 designs displayed Canoe was smaller than Canada's and was not displayed Plaster model of an American Eagle Draped banner of "Old Glory" Model of suspension truss bridge by Nathanial Rider Pipe Organ (crowd drawer) One of the most popular attractions was the reaper manufactured by Cyrus McCormick invented in 1831 in virgina He invented a revolving reel reaper
Universal Exposition 1889, Paris
A World's fair to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution (1789 storming) The entrance to the Universal Exposition of 1889 was the Eiffel Tower Gustave Eiffel Eiffel Engineering Company Two senior engineers worked on the Eiffel tower and called it the Pylon of Honor.
Chair 14 evolved
Armrest, expanded legs industrialized process makes it easy to build on
Cotton States and International Exposition
Atlanta, 1895
Bronze medal Winner
Austrian Furniture Manufacturer Thonet Brothers, bentwood chairs Industrialized processes: - Made use of steam-forming machine to soften wood -Bent, once softened, around curved molds -Assembled on an assembly line They started producing chair #14 after placing 3rd
Eiffel Tower
Composed of iron in a towering lattice pattern. Criss-cross pattern with openings Chose to work with iron because it the most resistant and is light. 700 general drawings 3,629 detailed drawings 18,038 different iron parts 2,500,000 rivets Work began on Jan 28, 1887 and was completed on March 15th 1889. 984 feet tall to the top platform 324 meters tall 81 stories. Base: Square 125 meters Hydraulic elevators installed, 1889 ( THe only of its kinds at the time) -Traction lift -Powered by water
Victorian Telegraph
Curves within curves Individually handcrafted Focus on beauty Cooke and Wheatstone, telegraph, 1850s
Camera
Daguerre Camera, displayed at Great expedition Machine Encased with a simple box No ornament Industrial Revolution design, focus on machine
Thomas Shearer
Desk Individually hand crafted(Victorian influence , ut no victorian element) Focus on function( not machine made) Compartments within drawers No ornament Does not fit within industrial revolution or victorian Vic Started the arts and crafts movement
Machine Hall
Displayed and showing machines in action. Newspapers reported about the different machines A printing machine there printed the news
Victorian Furniture
Domestic lifestyle focus Usually carved wood Stained in dark colors Carved with curves within curves Curved patterns are symmetrically placed and repeated Furniture is usually intended for display of decorative objects
The Industrial Revolution
First Industrial Revolution 1760- 1840 Began in Britain and within a few decades had spread to Europe and the United States Transition from agrarian, handicraft production to one dominated by machine manufacturing. The increasing use of steam power and the development of machine tools The change from wood and other bio-fuels to coal.
Victorian Design
Focus on adding "Beauty" to lifestyle: -Domesticity -Ornament Individually handcrafted Craftsman employed: economic stimulus
Art and Crafts movements
Functional + Handcrafted = Functional Handcrafted
The Great Exhibition of 1851
Held in Great Britain Sponsored by the monarchy Six million + attended 15,000 exhibitors (countries, artists, designers, manufacturers, shops) "To show the works of industry to all the nations"
Cast-iron and glass (greenhouse design)
Iron girder superstructure and glass "skin" Skeleton of cast-iron columns supporting a network of girders 1,851 feet long, with an interior height of 108 feet at the highest point Units were configured into 24 ft. modules that were pre-fabricated and assembled on the site. They built it around a tree
Hall of Machines at Universal Exposition 1889
Iron superstructure glass.
*****Hint
Learn Name, Date, and Artist, Spelling must be perfect
Catalogue
Lots of drawings and examples of Victorian Design Queen Victoria: "Domestic life important" "Beauty is paramount to living a happy life." "Ornament is necessary"
Chair #14
Made of six parts Steam forming machine for bending wood Rods of softened wood molded around metal form They had an iron ring mold to make the rings
Victorian Scissors,
Manufactured by the Sheffield Company in Sterling Silver Individually hand crafted Focus on beauty, not function
Exhibition of the Industry of all Nations
NYC, 1853
Richard Redgrave
Notes how utility and construction are often made secondary to decoration -A noble simplicity is the result.
Cyrus McCormic
On July 24, 1851 a contest was held at an English farm, and the McCormick Reaper outperformed a reaper manufactured by Great Britain by a land slide. Took first place gold medal.
Palace of Industry
Paris, Universola Exposition 1855
Victorian Chairs
Small in scale Intended to be more decorative than functional Decorative carvings of curved patterns and added gilt emphasize the "Beautiful"
James Watt
Steam Engine
Exhibits
The great Exhibition made a surplus of $20 million. Over 6 million visitors
Second Industrial Revolution
The transition years between 1840 and 1870 Evolution of the steam engine into steam-powered systems
Crystal Palace Catalogue
There were over 100,000 drawings of each thing at the crystal palace
Victorian vs. #14
Victorian -Ornamental Curve on back -beautiful -Handcrafted #14 -Gentle curve on back -functional -machine made
Josepth Paxton
Water color and line drawings of Crystal palace. He also took photographs Greenhouse designs using stone and glass. As much glass as possible to allow sunlight in. The committee selected him to design the crystal palace so that it could appear that it would open into the sky. It was symmetrical and balanced He used cast-iron and glass. Wooden floors and steps It was a modular system with prefabricated parts
Victorian Pattern Books
Would show pictures that could be used as guides or patterns Wood carvers, jewelers, painters, porcelain workers would often repeat the same patterns but in different materials
Popular Atractions
in the "Retiring Rooms" were provided public toilets inside private Worlds First Glass Fountain - Follet Osler (4 tons of glass; 27 feet tall)