The Industrial Revolution: The Great Exhibition of 1851 at the Crystal Palace

Objects displayed

100,000 objects with 15,000 contributers Popular attractions in the "Retiring Rooms" were provided public toilets inside private

Cotton machinery exhibit

15 different machines on one room demonstrating the cotton spinning process as cotton....

Samuel Colt

200 guns "commemorative editions" Colt Navy Revolver Colt Dragoon Revolver

Cast Iron Scissors

no curve or ornament Machine fabricated in a foundry Assembled on assembly line Focus on function

Famous Visitors

Charles Darwin, Charlotte Bronte, Charles Dickens, Lewis Carrol, George Eliot, Alfred Tennyson

Crystal Palace materials required

4500 tons of iron Hollow pillars that doubled up as drain pipes: 24 miles of guttering 300,000 sheets of glass in the largest size that had ever been made 4ft 1in X 10 in.: supplied by Chance Brothers "Glazing" affixing the glass, was carried out from special trolleys, and was fast: One man managed to fix 108 panes in a single day It took 2000 men just eight months to build, and cost just 79800, estimated in 2015 at $4 mil Caught on fire in 1936 due to some paper and was destroyed 89 firetrucks responded Winston Churchill " This is the end of an age"

United States

599 designs displayed Canoe was smaller than Canada's and was not displayed Plaster model of an American Eagle Draped banner of "Old Glory" Model of suspension truss bridge by Nathanial Rider Pipe Organ (crowd drawer) One of the most popular attractions was the reaper manufactured by Cyrus McCormick invented in 1831 in virgina He invented a revolving reel reaper

Universal Exposition 1889, Paris

A World's fair to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution (1789 storming) The entrance to the Universal Exposition of 1889 was the Eiffel Tower Gustave Eiffel Eiffel Engineering Company Two senior engineers worked on the Eiffel tower and called it the Pylon of Honor.

Chair 14 evolved

Armrest, expanded legs industrialized process makes it easy to build on

Cotton States and International Exposition

Atlanta, 1895

Bronze medal Winner

Austrian Furniture Manufacturer Thonet Brothers, bentwood chairs Industrialized processes: - Made use of steam-forming machine to soften wood -Bent, once softened, around curved molds -Assembled on an assembly line They started producing chair #14 after placing 3rd

Eiffel Tower

Composed of iron in a towering lattice pattern. Criss-cross pattern with openings Chose to work with iron because it the most resistant and is light. 700 general drawings 3,629 detailed drawings 18,038 different iron parts 2,500,000 rivets Work began on Jan 28, 1887 and was completed on March 15th 1889. 984 feet tall to the top platform 324 meters tall 81 stories. Base: Square 125 meters Hydraulic elevators installed, 1889 ( THe only of its kinds at the time) -Traction lift -Powered by water

Victorian Telegraph

Curves within curves Individually handcrafted Focus on beauty Cooke and Wheatstone, telegraph, 1850s

Camera

Daguerre Camera, displayed at Great expedition Machine Encased with a simple box No ornament Industrial Revolution design, focus on machine

Thomas Shearer

Desk Individually hand crafted(Victorian influence , ut no victorian element) Focus on function( not machine made) Compartments within drawers No ornament Does not fit within industrial revolution or victorian Vic Started the arts and crafts movement

Machine Hall

Displayed and showing machines in action. Newspapers reported about the different machines A printing machine there printed the news

Victorian Furniture

Domestic lifestyle focus Usually carved wood Stained in dark colors Carved with curves within curves Curved patterns are symmetrically placed and repeated Furniture is usually intended for display of decorative objects

The Industrial Revolution

First Industrial Revolution 1760- 1840 Began in Britain and within a few decades had spread to Europe and the United States Transition from agrarian, handicraft production to one dominated by machine manufacturing. The increasing use of steam power and the development of machine tools The change from wood and other bio-fuels to coal.

Victorian Design

Focus on adding "Beauty" to lifestyle: -Domesticity -Ornament Individually handcrafted Craftsman employed: economic stimulus

Art and Crafts movements

Functional + Handcrafted = Functional Handcrafted

The Great Exhibition of 1851

Held in Great Britain Sponsored by the monarchy Six million + attended 15,000 exhibitors (countries, artists, designers, manufacturers, shops) "To show the works of industry to all the nations"

Cast-iron and glass (greenhouse design)

Iron girder superstructure and glass "skin" Skeleton of cast-iron columns supporting a network of girders 1,851 feet long, with an interior height of 108 feet at the highest point Units were configured into 24 ft. modules that were pre-fabricated and assembled on the site. They built it around a tree

Hall of Machines at Universal Exposition 1889

Iron superstructure glass.

*****Hint

Learn Name, Date, and Artist, Spelling must be perfect

Catalogue

Lots of drawings and examples of Victorian Design Queen Victoria: "Domestic life important" "Beauty is paramount to living a happy life." "Ornament is necessary"

Chair #14

Made of six parts Steam forming machine for bending wood Rods of softened wood molded around metal form They had an iron ring mold to make the rings

Victorian Scissors,

Manufactured by the Sheffield Company in Sterling Silver Individually hand crafted Focus on beauty, not function

Exhibition of the Industry of all Nations

NYC, 1853

Richard Redgrave

Notes how utility and construction are often made secondary to decoration -A noble simplicity is the result.

Cyrus McCormic

On July 24, 1851 a contest was held at an English farm, and the McCormick Reaper outperformed a reaper manufactured by Great Britain by a land slide. Took first place gold medal.

Palace of Industry

Paris, Universola Exposition 1855

Victorian Chairs

Small in scale Intended to be more decorative than functional Decorative carvings of curved patterns and added gilt emphasize the "Beautiful"

James Watt

Steam Engine

Exhibits

The great Exhibition made a surplus of $20 million. Over 6 million visitors

Second Industrial Revolution

The transition years between 1840 and 1870 Evolution of the steam engine into steam-powered systems

Crystal Palace Catalogue

There were over 100,000 drawings of each thing at the crystal palace

Victorian vs. #14

Victorian -Ornamental Curve on back -beautiful -Handcrafted #14 -Gentle curve on back -functional -machine made

Josepth Paxton

Water color and line drawings of Crystal palace. He also took photographs Greenhouse designs using stone and glass. As much glass as possible to allow sunlight in. The committee selected him to design the crystal palace so that it could appear that it would open into the sky. It was symmetrical and balanced He used cast-iron and glass. Wooden floors and steps It was a modular system with prefabricated parts

Victorian Pattern Books

Would show pictures that could be used as guides or patterns Wood carvers, jewelers, painters, porcelain workers would often repeat the same patterns but in different materials

Popular Atractions

in the "Retiring Rooms" were provided public toilets inside private Worlds First Glass Fountain - Follet Osler (4 tons of glass; 27 feet tall)