The Language of Medicine Chapter 1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9, 10, 11,12
Endodontist
A dentist specializing in the inner parts of the tooth
Tissue
A group of similar cells working together to do a specific job
Abductor
A muscle that draws a limb away from the body
Adductor
A muscle that draws the limb toward the body. Eg. adrenal glands
Bulbourethral Glands
A pair of exocrine glands near the male urethra. They secrete fluid into the urethra. Also called Cowper glands
Palatonpharyngoplasty
A procedure used to treat cases of snoring or sleep apnea caused by obstructions in the throat or nose
Histologist
A scientist who specializes in the study of tissues
Inguinal hernia
A small loop o the bowel protrudes through a weakened lower abdominal muscle
Antigen
A substance that produces (-gen) an antibody
Jaundice
A symptom illness marked by yellow-orange discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from excess bilirubin in the blood
Bilirubin
A yellow-orange pigment found in bile produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during normal red blood cell destruction
C6
Abducens- eye movement
Ascites
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
Cholelithiasis
Abnormal condiiton of gallstones
Cholelithiasis
Abnormal condition of forming gallstones
Choledocholithiasis
Abnormal conditions of stones in the common bile duct
Anal fistula
Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
Superior (cephalic)
Above another structure; pertaining to the head
Suprapubic
Above the pubis (pelvic bone)
Achlorhydria
Absence of hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice
C11
Accessory- swallowing; head and shoulder movement
Colorectal cancer
Adenocarcinoma of the colon or the rectum or both
Contralateral
After a stroke involving the motor (movement) area of the brain, the contralateral side of the body often demonstrates a deficit. This means that if the brain damage is on the right side of the brain, the patient will have paralysis on the left side of the body.
Postprandial
After meals
Antisepsis
Against infection
alveolus (plural: alveoli)
Air sac in the lung.
Cytoplasm
All the material that is outside the nucleus and yet contained within the cell membrane
Sign
An objective finding that is perceived by an examiner, such as fever, rash, or abnormal blood cell counts.
Parasitism
Another example of symbiosis, occurs when one organism benefits and the other does not.
Abnormal
Away from rule or order
Deep
Away from the surface
Posterior (dorsal)
Back surface of the body
Vertabrae
Backbones
Castroesophageal reflux disease
Backflow of solids and liquid against irs normal direction of movement
Chlamydial Infection
Bacterial invasion (by Chlamydia trachomatis) of the urethra and reproductive tract
Anterpartum
Before birth or labour
Ventr/o
Belly side of the body
Inferior (caudal)
Below another structure; pertaining to the tail or lower portion of the body
BPH
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (also called benign prostatic hypertrophy)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Benign growth of cells within the prostate gland.
Colonic polyps
Benign growths protrude from the mucous membrane lining the colon
vasectomy
Bilateral surgical removal of a part of the vas deferens
Nat/i
Birth
Melena
Black, tarry stools; feces containing blood
Spinal Column
Bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord
Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and collection of nerves
neonatology
Branch of medicine that studies the disorders and care of the newborn
Glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glycogen to release sugar
Emulsification
Breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles
lumbar puncture (LP)
CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis
what is it called when blood vessels are damaged in the cerebrum. This causes bleeding and decreased blood flow to nerve cells in specific areas of the brain.
CVA (cerebrovascular accident) or stroke
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn "HDN" or Erythroblastosis fetalis
Can occur in 1st pregnancy if a mother has had an Rh+ blood transfusion. Can occur in 2nd pregnancy if embryo also has Rh+ and the Rh- mother has Rh+ antibodies enter the embryo's blood stream?
Graves Disease
Causing hyperthyroidism
Epithelial Cell
Cells that line the skin and organs
Umbilical
Central region near the navel
Meta-
Change
DNA
Chemical found within each chromosome. Arranged like a sequence of recipes in code, it directs the activites of the cell
Thorac/o
Chest
Thoracic T (T1-T12)
Chest region. Each bone is joined to a rib
Triglycerides
Chief form of fat (lipids) in body cells; composed of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol
Syphillis
Chronic STD caused by a spirochete (sprial-shaped bacterium). Have chancre sore on penis
Crohn disease "Crohn's"
Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract (terminal ileum and colon). Marked by diarrhea, pain, fever, anorexia, weakness, and weight loss
Cirrhosis
Chronic, degenerative disease of the liver
Sphincter
Circular ring of muscles that surrounds an opening or orifice
Adipose tissue
Collection of fat cells
-fusion
Coming together, to pour
Diarrhea
Complete discharge, flow
Diameter
Complete measure
pregnancy
Condition in a female of having a developing embryo and fetus in her uterus for about 40 weeks
Hypospadias; hypospadia
Congenital abnormality in which the male urethral opening is on the undersurface of the penis, instead of at its tip
Connective
Connective tissue supports and binds other body tissue and parts. Bones, cartilage, and fibrous tissue are connective tissues
Nucleus
Control center of the cell. It contains chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell
Days 15-28
Corpus luteum develops. Corpus luteum functions as an endocrine organ and secretes the hormone progesterone into the bloodstream. This hormone stimulates the building up of the lining of the uterus in anticipation of fertilization of the egg and pregnancy.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Cranial Nerves (12 pairs), Spinal Nerves (31 pairs), Autonomic Nerves--> Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nerves
Mort/o
Death
Orthodontist
Dentist specializing in straightening teeth
Periodontist
Dentist specializing in treating the gums
Dyplasia
Difficult or abnormal growth
Constipation
Difficulty in passing feces
Dysphagia
Difficulty in swallowing
DRE
Digital Rectal Examination
Elimination
Discharge from the body of indigestible materials or wastes
Pylorus
Distal region of the stomach near the duodenum
Sigmoid colon
Distal, lower end of the colon
Pleura
Double-layered membrane surrounding each lung
Peritoneum
Double-layered membrane surrounding the abdominal organs
Premolar teeth
Either of the two teeth on each side of each jaw, just behind the canine teeth and in fron of the molars
Ejaculation
Ejection of sperm and fluid from the male urethra
Defecation
Eliminating of wastes and undigested foods though the rectum
-blast
Embryonic, immature
Pituitary gland
Endocrine gland at the base of the brain
Thyroid gland
Endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck
Adrenal Glands
Endocrine glands located above each kidney. They secrete chemicals (hormones) that affect the body's functioning.
Varicocele
Enlarged, dilated veins near the testicle
Hepatomegaly
Enlargement of the liver
Lipase
Enzyme (-ase) that digests fats; produced by cells in the pancreas and into the duodenum
Protease
Enzyme that digests proteins
Saliva
Enzyme-containing digestive juice secreted by salivary glands
ED
Erectile Dysfunction
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
Excision of benign prostatic hyperplasia using a resectoscope through the urethra
Cholecystectomy
Excision or removal of the gallbladder
Prostate Gland
Exocrine gland at the base of the male urinary bladder. The prostate secretes the fluid part of semen into the urethra during ejaculation
Perineum
External region between the anus and scrotum in the male
Scrotum
External sac that contains the testes
C7
Facial-face and scalp movement; taste; ear sensation
Ileus
Failure of peristalsis with obstruction of the intestines
Achalasia
Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter to relax; dilation of the esophagus and loss of peristalsis occurs
adnexa uteri
Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments.
Distal
Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure
Tachypenia
Fast breathing
Reproductive System
Female: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uretus* (womb), vagina, mammary glands Male: Testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland
Rectum
Final section of the colon
Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)
Finger palpation through the anal canal and rectum to examine the prostate gland
Villi
Fingerlike, microscopic projections on the inner surface of the small intestine; sites of absorption of foods and fluids
Dactyl/o
Fingers, toes
Cecum
First part of the large intestine (colon). connects to the ileum at the ileocecal valve (sphincter)
Sarc/o
Flesh
Cartilage
Flexible connective tissue attached to bones at joints. For example, it surrounds the trachea and forms part of the external ear and nose
Rugae
Folds or creases in the mucous membrane of the stomach or the hard palate of the mouth
Prepuce
Foreskin; fold of skin covering the tip of the penis
Furc/o
Forking, branching
Lithogenesis
Formation of stone (calculi)
Cytoplasm
Formation of the cell
Canine teeth
Four point, dog-like (canine means dog) teeth. Each canine or cusped tooth is third from the middle of the jaw
Anterior (ventral)
Front surface of the body
Sacral S (S1-S5)
Fused to form one bone, the sacrum
Eructation
Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
Flatus
Gas expelled through the anus
GU
Genitourinary
Pancreas
Gland under and behind the stomach; produces enzymes to digest food and the hormone insulin to transport sugar to cells
C9
Glossopharyngeal- tongue and throat sensations; throat movement
Inguin/o
Groin
Irritable bowel syndrom
Group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension
Flagellum
Hair-like projection on a sperm cell that makes it motile (able to move)
Chancre
Hard ulcer or sore
Circulatory System
Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland
Rectocele
Hernia of the wall of the rectum
HSV
Herpes Simplex Virus
Hyperbilirubinemia
High levels of bilirubin (yellow/orange pigment) in the bloodstream; jaundice
Hyperglycemia
High levels of sugar in the bloodstreams; diabetes mellitus
Transverse (cross-sectional or axial plane)
Horizontal Plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions
Transverse Plane (cross sectional or axial0
Horizontal plane running across the body parallel to the ground. This cross-sectional plane divides the body or structure into upper and lower portions.
Adrenaline
Hormone also known and epinephrine. It causes the bronchial tubes to widen, the heart to beat more rapidly, and blood pressure to rise
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating (-tropin) the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone
Incisor
Hormone secreated by specialized cells in the pancreas. Insulin facilitates transport of sugar from the blood into body cells
Insulin
Hormone secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas. Insulin facilitates transport of sugar from the blood into body cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver
Testosterone
Hormone secreted by the interstitial tissue of the testes; responsible for male sex characteristics
HPV
Human Papillomavirus
C12
Hypoglossal- speech; swallowing
12 Cranial Nerves
I. Olfactory, II. Optic, III. Oculomotor, IV. Trochlear, V. Trigeminal, VI. Abducens, VII. Facial, VIII. Vestibulocochlear, IX. Glossopharyngeal, X. Vagus, XI. Accessory, XII. Hypoglossal
Ili/o
Ilium (part of the pelvic bone)
Erectile Dysfunction
Inability of an adult male to acheive an erection; impotence.
Choledochotomy
Incision of the common bile duct
Seps/o
Infection
Herpes Genitalis
Infection of skin and genital mucosa, caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV)
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection
Infection of the skin and mucous membranes in the anogenital region by the human papillomavirus
Periodontal disease
Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth and surrounding bone
Sialadentitis
Inflammation of a salivary gland
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of diverticula; abdominal pain and rectal bleeding are symptoms
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gums
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix
Ulcerative colitis
Inflammation of the colon and rectum with the presence of ulcers; an inflammatory bowel disease
Gonorrhea
Inflammation of the genital tract mucosa, caused by infection with gonococci (berry shaped bacteria)
Ileitis
Inflammation of the ileum (third part of the small intestine)
Viral hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
Stomatitis
Inflammation of the mouth
Herpetic stomatitis
Inflammation of the mouth cause by infection with the herpes virus. Painful, fluid-filled blisters are produced by the infection and known as cold sores or fever blisters
Aphthous stomatitis
Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers; canker sores
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum
Enterocolitis
Inflammation of the small intestine and colon
endometrium
Inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus
amnion
Innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus
Endoscope
Instrument for visually examining within the body
Viscera
Internal organs
Bowel
Intestine. The large bowel is called the colon and the small bowel is the small intestine
Congenital Anomaly
Irregularity of a structural organ at birth
Fetal Alcohol Sydrome
It's characterized by prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency, craniofacial anomolies such as microchephaly, and limb and heart defects
Icterus
Jaundice; yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes cause by high levels of bilirubin in the blood
Urinary or Excretory System
Kidneys, ureters* (tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder), urinary bladder, urethra* (tube from the blader to the outside of the body)
Anorexia
Lack of appetite. sign of malignancy or liver disease
Dehydration
Lack of fluid, water
Laparoscopy
Laparococy visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen and abdominal organs through small abdominal incisions
Colon
Large intestine (bowel)
Portal vein
Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
Liver
Large, reddish-brown orgain in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen. It secretes bile, forms blood proteins and metabolizes fats, proteins, and sugars
Left Inguinal Region
Left lower region near the groin. Also called the Left Iliac Region.
Left Lumbar Region
Left middle region near the waist
Left Hypochondriac Region
Left upper region below the rib cartilage
Sagittal (lateral) Plane
Lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides. The midsagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves. A lateral (side-to-side) chest x-ray film is taken in the sagittal plane
Sagittal (lateral) plane
Lengthwise, vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides. From the Lain sagitta, meaning arrow.
Dialysis
Literal meaning is complete separation.
Chromosomes
Literally "bodies of color" bc they absorb dyes
Lumbar L (L1-L5)
Loin (waist) or flank region (between the ribs and the hipbone)
Lumb/o
Lower back (side and back between the ribs and the pelvis)
base of the lung
Lower portion of the lung; from the Greek "basis", foundation. Basilar means pertaining to the base.
Supine
Lying on the back (face up, palms up) (e.g. belly "up")
Prone
Lying on the belly (face down, palms down) (e.g "on" belly)
adenoids
Lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils.
Penis
Male external organ of reproduction
Testis plural: testes
Male gonad (testicle) that produces spermatozoa and the hormone testosterone. Remember: testis means one testicle, and testes are two testicles
Esophageal cancer
Malignant tumor of the esophagus
Carcinoma of the prostate (prostate cancer)
Malignant tumor of the prostate gland
Gastric cancer
Malignant tumor of the stomach; stomach cancer
carcinoma of the testes (testicular cancer)
Malignant tumor of the testicles
Cib/o
Meals
PSA test
Measurement of levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood
Mesentery
Membrane that holds the intestine together; a fold of the peritoneum attaching the small intestine to the dorsal (back) body wall
Semen Analysis
Microscopic examination of ejaculated fluid
Hypogastric
Middle lower region below the umbilical region
Hypogastric Region
Middle lower region below the umbilical region
Epigastric
Middle upper region above the stomach.
Digestive System
Mouth, pharynx* (throat), esophagus, stomach, intestines (small and large), liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Buccal mucosa
Mucous membrane lining the cheek
hymen
Mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina
Diagphram
Muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities. the moves up and down and aids in breathing
Muscuskeletal System
Muscles, bones, and joints
vas deferens
Narrow tube (one on each side) that carries sperm from the epididymis into the body and toward the urethra. Also called ductus deferens
Seminiferous tubules
Narrow, coiled tubules that produce sperm in the testes.
Phimosis
Narrowing (stricture) of the opening of the prepuce over the glans penis
Umbilic/o
Navel, umbilicus
Proximal
Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure
Cervical C (C1-C7)
Neck region. how many?
Spinal Cord
Nervous tissue within the spinal cavity
Enteroenterostomy
New opening between two previously unconnected parts of the small intestine; anastomosis
Colostomy
New opening of the colon through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body
Gastrostomy
New opening of the stomach through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body
Gastrojejunostomy
New surgical opening between the stomach and the jejunum; an anastomosis. The procedure is part of the gastric-bypass surgery
Thel/o
Nipple
Apnea
No breathing
Anoxia
No oxygen
a-, an-
No, not, without
NSU
Nonspecific Urethritis (not due to gonorrhea or chlamdial infection)
Bifurcation
Normal splitting into two branches, such as bifurcation of the traches to form the bronchi
Respiratory System
Nose, pharynx, larynx* (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, lungs (where the exchange of gases takes place)
Kary/o
Nucleus
C3
Oculomotor-eye movement
C1
Olfactory- Smell
Superficial
On the surface
Epididymis plural: epididymides
One of a pair of long, tightly coiled tubes on top of each testis. It carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vas deferens
Mediastinum Cavity
One of two smaller cavities in the thoracic cavity. Centrally located space between the lungs It contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes
Ureter
One of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder. Spelling clue: has two e's
Intussusception
One portion of the intestine slips into an adjoining part; telescoping of the intestines
Peptic ulcer
Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum
C2
Optic-Vision
Ectopic Pregnancy
Out of place pregnancy Ectopic means pertaining to out of place and modifies the noun "pregnancy"
Ox/o
Oxygen
atrial fibrillation
P waves replaced by irregular and rapid fluctuations. There are no effective atrial contractions
What are the deflections called?
P, QRS, and T waves
Disk "Disc"
Pad of water and cartilage between vertebrae. Shock absorber
Dsypnea
Painful breathing
Dysentery
Painful, inflamed intestines commonly cause by bacterial infection
Seminal Vesicles
Paired sac-like male exocrine glands that secrete fluid (a major component of semen) into the vas deferens
Pap test
Papanicolaou smear-test for cervical or vaginal cancer
Hematochezia
Passage of bright red blood from the rectum
Absorption
Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine and into the bloodstream
PID
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Biliary
Pertaining to bile or affecting the bile ducts. Bile ducts empty bile into the small intestine (duodenum).
Bilateral
Pertaining to both sides
Parenteral
Pertaining to by some route other than through the gastrointestinal tract, as by intravenous injection
Distal
Pertaining to far or distant
Perianal
Pertaining to surrounding the anus
Celiac
Pertaining to the abdomen
Posterior
Pertaining to the back
Dorsal (posterior)
Pertaining to the back. (cranial and spinal)
Cecal
Pertaining to the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine
Dentibuccal
Pertaining to the cheek and teeth
Thoracic
Pertaining to the chest
Colonic
Pertaining to the colon
Duodenal
Pertaining to the duodenum
Esophageal
Pertaining to the esophagus
Facial
Pertaining to the face
Ventral
Pertaining to the front
Ventral (anterior)
Pertaining to the front. (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic)
Inguinal
Pertaining to the groin
Iliac
Pertaining to the ilium
Visceral
Pertaining to the internal organs
Labial
Pertaining to the lip
Lumbosacral
Pertaining to the lower back and sacrum
Medial
Pertaining to the middle or near the medial plane of the body.
Oral
Pertaining to the mouth
proximal
Pertaining to the nearest
Pharyngeal
Pertaining to the pharynx or throat
Sacral
Pertaining to the sacrum
Lateral
Pertaining to the side
Spinal
Pertaining to the spine
Tracheal
Pertaining to the trachea
Vertebral
Pertaining to the vertebra(e)
Umbilical
Pertaining to theumbilicus
Submandibular
Pertaining to under the lower jaw
Hypoglossal
Pertaining to under the tongue
Sublingual
Pertaining to under the tongue
Idiopathic
Pertaining to unknown cause of disease
PVP
Photo Selective Vaporization of the Prostate; Green Light PVP
Karyotype
Picture of classification of the nucleus
Karyotype
Pictures of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. The chromosomes are arranged in numerical order to determine their number and structure
Top/o
Place, position, location
Tox/o
Poison
Sterilization
Procedure that removes an individual's ability to produce or release reproductive cells
Catabolism
Process of breaking down complex materials (foods) to form simpler substances and release energy
anabolic
Process of building up
anabolism
Process of building up complex materials (protiens) from simple materials. Produces proteins such as hormones and enzymes that are important to growth of cells. Occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell
Mastication
Process of chewing
Thoracotomy
Process of cutting into the chest
Craniotomy
Process of cutting the skull
Gluconeogenesis
Process of producing new sugar from fats and proteins; occurs mainly in the liver
Autoimmune disease
Producing antibodies agianst one's own normal cells
PSA
Prostate- Specific Antigen
PIN
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia; a precurser of prostate cancer
Immun/o
Protection
Antibody
Protein produced against an antigen (foreign body)
Antibodies
Protein substances made by white blood cells in response to the presence of foreign antigens.
Enzyme
Protein that speeds up the rate of the biochemical reaction. The suffix -ase means enzyme
Hiatal hernia
Protrusion of the upper portion of the stomach upward through the diaphragm
Pub/o
Pubis (pubic bone); anterior portion of the pelvic or hipbone
RPR
Rapid Plasma Reagin (test); a test for syphillis
Epigastric Region
Region above the stomach
Genes
Regions of DNA within each chromosome
Umbilical Region
Regoin of the navel or umbilicus
Hemiglossectomy
Removal of half of the tongue
Uvulectomy
Removal of the uvula
Photoselective vaporization of the prostate (Green Light PVP)
Removal of tissue to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) using a green light laser (laser TURP)
Appendectomy
Removal or excision of the appendix
3 Vital Centers in the Medulla Oblongata
Respiratory center, Cardiac center, and Vasomotor center
Peristalsis
Rhythm-like contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures
Cost/o
Rib
Inguinal
Right and left lower regions near the groin. Also called the iliac region
Hypochondriac
Right and left upper region beneath the ribs
Lumbar
Right and middle regions near the waist
Right Inguinal Region
Right lower region near the goirn (inguin/o - groin), which is the area where the legs join the trunk of the body. This region also is know at the Right Iliac Region because it lies near the ilium (the upper portion of the hip bone).
Right Lumbar Region
Right middle region near the waist
Right Hypochondriac Region
Right upper region below (hypo-) the cartilage (chondr/o) of the ribs that extend over the abdomen
Lower esophageal sphincter "LES"
Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach
Ileocecal sphincter
Ring of muscles that are between the ileum and the cecum (first part of the large intestine)
Pyloric sphincter
Ring of muscles that surround the opening of the stomach to the duodenum
Chromosomes
Rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that containas regions of DNA called genes. There are 46 of these (23 pairs) in every cell except for the egg and sperm cells, which contain only 23 individual , unpaired.
Palate
Roof of the mouth; hard palate is the fron bony portion and the soft palate is the posterior fleshy part near the throat
Norm/o
Rule, order
Borborygmus
Rumbling or gurgling noise produced by hyperactive movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract
symptoms of CHF
SOB, exercise intolerance, and fluid retention
gonorrhea
STD: gonococci and urethral discharge. Literally, "flow of seed." inflammation of the genital tract mucosa, caused by infection with gonococci (berry-shaped bacteria)
Hydrocele
Sac of clear fluid in the scotum
Sacr/o
Sacrum
Sialolith
Salivary gland stone; lodged in a salvia gland or duct
Parotid gland
Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the car
Cheilosis
Scales and fissures on the lips
Jejunum
Second part of the small intestine
Glans penis
Sensitive tip of the penis
Analysis
Separate (break apart) a problem
Inflammatory bowel disease
Severe inflammation of the small and large intestine; examples are Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis
STD
Sexually Transmitted Disease
STI
Sexually Transmitted Infection
Morph/o
Shape, form
Later/o
Side
Glucose
Simpler sugar necessary as a source of energy for body cells
Vertabra
Single backbone
Molar teeth
Sixth, seventh, and eight, teeth from the middle or either side of the dental arch. The most posterior
Cutane/o
Skin
Epithelial cells
Skin cells that cover the external body surface and line the internal surface of organs
Skin and sense Organs (system)
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands; eye, ear, nose, and tongue
Somn/o
Sleep
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate Usually a pulse of less than 60 is this
Papillae
Small elevations on the surface of the tongue containing taste buds
Bartholin glands
Small mucus-secreting exocrine glands at the vaginal orifice (opening to outside of the body)
Gallbladder
Small sac lying below the liver, in which bile is stored
Uvula
Small, fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate at the back of the mouth
Diverticula
Small, pouch-like herniations through the muscular wall of a tubular organ such as the colon
Appendix
Small, slender sac near the beginning of the color in the RLQ of the abdomen
Pulp
Soft tissue with a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels
Feces
Solid wastes; stools
Son/o
Sound
Pelvic Cavity
Space below the abdomen containing portions of the small and large intesties, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters and reproductive organs.
Abdominal Cavity "abdomen"
Space below the chest containg organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines
Pleural Cavity
Space between the pleural membranes. One of two smaller cavities in the thoracic cavity. It is a space between the folds of the pleura surrounding each lung. The pleura is a double-folded membrane that surrounds the lungs and protects them.
Thoracic Cavity
Space in the chest containing Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta (large artery)
Cranial Cavity
Space in the head containg the brain and pituitary gland. Surround by the skull.
Spinal Cavity "spinal canal"
Space within the spinal column (backbones) and containing the spinal cord
Proctologist
Specialists in the study of the anus and the rectum
Spermatozoon plural: spermatozoa
Sperm Cell
Semen
Spermatozoa (sperm cells) and seminal fluid (prostatic and seminal vesicle secretions)
Spin/o
Spine, backbone
Glycogen
Storage form of glucose (sugar); it produces when it is broken down (glycogenolysis) in liver cells
Hydrochloric acid
Strong acid, present in a dilute form in the stomach; aids digestion
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Structure (canals) within the cytoplasm. Site in which large proteins are made from smaller protein peices. Anabolism takes place here
Cell Membrane
Structure surrounding and protecting the cell. It determines what enters and leaves the cell
Endocardium
Structure within the heart
Mitochondria
Structures in the cytoplasm in which foods are burned to release energy. Catabolism takes place here
Etiology
Study of the cause of disease
Antiseptic
Substance that fights infection
Fatty acids
Substances that are produced when fats are digested. They combine with glycerol to form fat
Glyc/o
Sugar
Stroma
Supportive, connective tissue of an organ, as distinguished from its parenchyma
Choledochojejunostomy
Surgical anastomosis (create a new opening) between the common bile duct and the jejunum
Ileostomy
Surgical construction of an artificial opening from the ileum
Castration
Surgical excision of testicles or ovaries
Circumcision
Surgical procedure to remove the prepuce of the penis
Palatoplasty
Surgical repair of the plate
Pyloroplasty
Surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter
Deglutition
Swallowing
Hemorrhoids
Swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region
Esophageal varices
Swollen, twisted veins at the lower end of the esophagus
Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic Vs. Parasympathetic: Pupils dilated-Pupils constricted Salivation inhibited- Salivation stimulated Increased respiration-Decreased respiration Bronchial passages dilated-Bronchial passages constricted Increased heart rate-Decreased heart rate Digestion inhibited-Digestion stimulated Bladder sphincter relaxed-Bladder sphincter contracted
Autoimmune Disease
The body makes antibodies against its own good cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury. Examples are rheumatoid arthritis, affecting the joints; sytematic lupus erythematosus (SLE), affecting connective tissues, skin, and internal organs
Amino Acids
The chief constituents of proteins, these are acids that contribute to protein synthesis. Amino acids are formed when large proteins molecules are digested
Dentin
The chief substance of teeth; surrounding the pulp and covered by enamel of the crown
Coccygeal
The coccyx (tailbone) is a small bone composed of four fused peices.
Amylase
The enzyme that digests or breaks down starch into simple substance
Parenchyma
The essential distinctive cells of an organ. In the testes, the seminiferous tubules that produce sperm are the parenchymal tissues
Duodenum
The first part of the small intestine
Anus
The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body
Digestion
The process of breaking down complex food into simpler substances that can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine
Histology
The study of tissue
Metabolism
The total of the chemical processes in a cell. It includes catabolism and ananbolism
Gastrointestinal tract
The tubular system relating to the stomach and intestine beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus
Uterus
The womb. The organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops
Ileum
Third (and final) portion of the small intestine
Pharynx
Throat. This serves as the common passageway for food (from the mouth going to the esophagus) and air (from the nose to the trachea)
Pharynx
Throat; the common passageway for food from the mouth
Endocrine System
Thryroid gland* (in the neck), pituitary gland* (at the base of the brain), sex glands (ovaries and testes), adrenal glands, pancreas (islets of Langerhans), parathyroid glands
apex of the lung
Tip or uppermost portion of the lung. An apex is the tip of a structure. Apical means pertaining to (at) the apex.
Flex/o
To bend
Nect/o
To bind, tie, connect
Anabolism
To build up
Cis/o
To cut
Duct/o
To lead, carry
The/o
To put, place
-crine
To secrete
Gloss/o
Tongue
Dental caries
Tooth decay
Trache/o
Trachea, windpipe
TRUS
Transrectal Ultrasound (examination); test to assess the prostate and guide precise placement of a biopsy needle
TUIP
Transurethral Incision of the Prostate; successful in less englarged prostates and less invasive than TURP
TUMT
Transurethral Microwave Thermotherapy
TUNA
Transurethral Needle Ablation; radiofrequency energy destroys prostate tissue
TURP
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
C5
Trigeminal- forehead and scalp sensation; cheek senstion; chewing
C4
Trochlear-eye movement
Common bile duct
Tube carrying bile from the gallbladder and liver into the first part of the small intestine
Urethra
Tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. Spelling clue: has one e
Esophagus
Tube that carries food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach
Ejaculatory Duct
Tube through which semen enters the male urethra
lactiferous ducts
Tubes that carry milk within the breast
Hepatoma
Tumor (malignant) of liver cells; hepatocellular carcinoma
Sarcoma
Tumor of the flesh
Fraternal twins
Two infants born of the same pregnancy from two separate egg cells fertilized by two different sperm cells
Identical twins
Two infants resulting from division of one fertilized egg into two distinct embyros. Conjoined ("Siamese") twins are incompletely separated indentical twins
Symbiosis
Two organisms living together in close association, either for mutual benefit or not.
Echocardiograms
Ultrasound images of the heart.
Cryptorchidism; cryptorchism
Undescended testicles
Steatorrhea
Unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit. Discharge of fat in the feces due to improper digestion and malabsorption of fat
Nausea
Unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit
Urethr/o
Urethra
Antigen
Usually a foreign substance (such as poison, virus, or bacterium), stimulates the production of antibodies.
C10
Vagus- peristalsis; blood pressure; heart rate; coughing; sneezing
Vertebr/o
Vertebra(e), backbones
Frontal (coronal) plane
Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions
Frontal (coronal) Plane
Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions.
C8
Vestibulocochlear- hearing and balance
Colonoscopy
Visual endoscopic examination of the colon
Sigmoidoscopy
Visual endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon
Vaccine
When you receive this, you are actually receiving dead or weakend antigens that stimulate white blood cells (lymphocytes) to make antibodies. These antibodies remain in your blood to protect against those specific antigens when encountered in the future.
Oral leukoplakia
White plaques or patches on the mucous membranes of the mouth
Enamel
White, compact and hard substance covering the substance (dentin) of the crown of the tooth
Trache/o
Windpipe, trachea
Carp/o
Wrist bones
Bile
Yellow or orange fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It travels from the gall bladder in the small intestines to help digest fats
Jaundice
Yellow skin pigmentation. One of the clinical signs of HDN. Results from excessive destruction of RBCs. When RBCs break down (hemolysis), the hemoglobin within the cells produces bilirubin (a chemical pigment). High levels of this in the bloodstream cause jaundice. Light decomposes the bilirubin which is excreted form the infant's body
valvuloplasty
a balloon-tipped catheter dilates a cardiac valve
myxoma
a benign tumor derived from connective tissue, with cells embedded in soft mucoid stromal tissue. Rare tumors that occur frequently in the left atrium
left ventricular assist device (LVAD)
a booster pump implanted in the abdomen, with a cannula (tube) inserted into the left ventricle; it pumps blood out of the heart to all parts of the body
atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His
a bundle of specialized muscle fibers that receive the electrical signal from the AV node; it then divides the excitation wave into the left bundle branch and the right bundle branch
glomerulus
a collection of tiny capillaries formed in the shape of a small ball; there are about 1 million glomeruli in the cortex of each kidney
spinal cord
a column of nervous tissue extending from the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra within the vertebral column; carries nerves to and from the limbs and lower part of the body. It is the pathway for impulses going to and from the brain.
Syndactyly
a congenital anomaly marked by fusion of fingers or toes.
heart transplantation
a donor heart is transferred to a recipient
The heart is what kind of pump?
a double pump bound into one organ and synchronized
cauda equina
a fan of nerve fibers
Brianna
a half iranian, half white female seeking a career in the medical field. Her best friend is philipino, and they both have cute maltipoos
negative feedback
a high level of hormones (estrogen and progesterone) shuts off production of another set of hormones (FSH and LH)
urinary bladder
a hollow, muscular sac that acts as a temporary reservoir for urine
symphysis
a joint in which the bony surfaces are firmly united by a layer of fibrocartliage
nerve
a macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses
creatinine clearance
a measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing creatinine from the blood; good indication of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) which is normally 90 to 120 mL/min
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
a method of producing multiple copies of a single gene, which is an important tool in recombinant DNA technology.
interventricular septum
a muscular wall that separates the two lower chambers (ventricles)
periotoneal dialysis (PD)
a peritoneal catheter will introduce fluid into the peritoneal (abdominal cavity);chemical properties of the fluid cause wastes in the capillaries of the peritoneum to filter out of the bloodstream and into the fluid. The fluid is then removed via catheter
Rh condition "ex: antigen-antibody reaction"
a person who is Rh positive (Rh+) has a protein coating (antigen) on his or her red blood cells (RBCs). This specific antigen factor is something that the person is born with and is normal. People who are Rh negative (Rh-) have normal RBCs as well, but their red cells lack the Rh factor antigen.
sinoatrial node (SA node) or pacemaker
a small region in the posterior portion of the right atrium with specialized tissues where electrical impulses originate from. The current of electricity produced here allow the the walls of the atria to contract and force blood into the ventricles
transesophageal ECHO (TEE)
a transducer placed in the esophagus provides ultrasound and doppler information; detects cardiac masses, prosthetic valve function, aneurysms, and pericardial fluid
urethra
a tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
pulmonary artery
a vessel that divides in two: one branch leading to the left lung, the other to the right lung; only artery in the body that carries blood deficient in oxygen
thrill
a vibration felt on palpation of the chest, often accompanies a murmur
niacin
a vitamin that helps to reduce lipids
abdomin/o
abdomen
lapar/o
abdomen
lapar/o
abdomen, abdominal wall
abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal and pelvic cavities together
hydrocephalas
abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain due to an impairment of circulation of CSF in the brain or spinal cord; can occur in adults due to tumors and infections
pleural effusion
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (cavity); two types are exudates (fluid from tumors, infections, trauma, and other disease) and transudates (fluid from congestive heart failure, PE, or cirrhosis)
-iasis
abnormal condition
preeclampsia
abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked with high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache
pneumoconiosis
abnormal condition caused by dust in lungs, with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis
brain tumor
abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges; most arise from glial cells (astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and ependymoma) or the meninges; swelling (cerebral edema) and hydrocephalus occur, sever headaches and seizures as well
arrhythmia
abnormal heart rhythm
meconium aspiration syndrome
abnormal inhalation of meconium (first stool) produced by a fetus or newborn
Diverticulosis
abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal walls
paralysis
abnormal separation. Abnormal disruption of the connection between
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
abnormal thickening of heart muscle,usually in the left ventricle.The ventricle has to work harder to pump blood;this condition may be inherited or developed over time because of high blood pressure or aging
AUB
abnormal uterine bleeding
para-
abnormal, beside, near
Ventricular fibrillation
abnormal, irregular waves. Ventricles in fibrillation cannon pump blood effectively. Circulation stops and sudden cardiac death follow if fibrillation is not reversed
seizures
abnormal, sudden discharges of electrical activity within the brain
congenital heart disease
abnormalities in the heart at birth
varicose veins
abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually in the legs. cauased by damaged valves that fail to prevent the backflow of blood. The blood collects in the veins and distend to many times their normal size. becuase of slow flow of blood in these veins and injury, thrombosis can occur too. Hemorrhoids are varicose veins near the anus. Treat iwth sclerotherapy or laser and pulse-light treatments to seal off veins.
AB
abortion
Epi-
above
Epithelium
above the lining cells
epi-
above, upon
supra-
above, upper
hydrocephalus
accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain; due to a problem with circulation of fluid within the brain and spinal cord
Examples of Neurotransmitters
acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins
ketoacidosis
acids accumulate in the blood and tissues; the breath of a patient with ketosis has a sweet or "fruity" odor due to acetone released from the blood in the lungs and exhaled through the mouth
hospital-acquired pneumonia or nosocomial pneumonia
acquired during hospitalization
trans-
across, through
trans-
across; through
parturition
act of giving birth
-version
act of turning
-praxia
action
eosinophils
active and increased in number in allergic conditions such as asthma; (stain red)
pneumonia
acute inflammation and infection of the alveoli, which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction; etiologic agents: pneumococci, staphylococci, and other bacteria, fungi, or viruses
hyaline membrane disease
acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn; aka respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn (RDS); caused by a deficiency of surfactant (protein necessary for proper lung function)
ARF
acute renal failure
visceral pericardium
adhering to the heart
connective tissue
adipose (fat tissue), cartlige (elastic, fibrous tissue attached to bone), bone, and blood
Connective tissue
adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage (elastic, fibrous tissue attached to bone), bone, and blood
Vasomotor center
affects (constricts or dilates) the muscles in the walls of blood vessels, thus influencing blood pressure
ureteroileostomy
after a cystectomy, the urologic surgeon forms a pouch from a segment of the ileum, used in place of the bladder to carry urine from the ureters out of the body
postpartum
after birth
postmortem
after death
post-
after, behind
anti-
against
Contraindication
against indication factors for with holding treatment
contra-
against, opposite
stimulus
agent of change (light, sound, touch) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response
ventilation
air flow
obstructive lung disease
airways are narrowed, which results in resistance to air flow during breathing; decreased expiratory flow rate or FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration). Examples are asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis, CF, and bronchiolitis
albumin/o
albumin (a protein in the blood)
pan-
all
Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)
allows surgeons to view the chest from a video monitor
AFP
alpha-fetoprotein (high levels of amniotic fluid of fetus or maternal serum indicate increased risk of neurologic birth defects in the infant)
AFP
alpha-fetoprotein; elevated levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood are associated with congenital malformations of the nervous system
amni/o
amnion
amni/o
amnion (sac surrounding the embryo in the uterus)
Holter monitoring
an ECG device is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias.
stricture
an abnormal narrowing of an opening or passageway
bruit
an abnormal sound or murmur heard on auscultation
Antitoxin
an antibody, often from an animal, that acts against a toxin
Hemodialysis (HD)
an artificial kidney machine receives waste-filtered blood from the patient's bloodstream, filters it, and returns the dialyzed blood to the patient's body
potassium (K+)
an electrolyte regulated by the kidney so that a proper concentration is maintained within the blood. It is essential for allowing muscle contraction and conduction of nerve impulses
sodium (Na+)
an electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys; needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions
artifical cardiac pacemaker
an electronic apparatus implanted in the chest to stimulate heart muscle that is weak and not functioning
Neuron
an individual nerve cell, a microscopic structure
foley catheter
an indwelling catheter held in place by a balloon inflated with liquid
Marfan Syndrome
an inherited connective tissue disorder marked by a tall, thin body type with long, "spidery" fingers and toes (arachnodactyly), elongated head, and heart, blood vessel, and opthalmic abnormalities.
orifice
an opening
nephropexy
an operation to put a floating kidney in place
digital tomosynthesis
an x-ray tube moves in an arc around the breast as several images are taken
amniocentesis
analysis between 12th and 18th weeks of pregnancy
When a term contains two or more roots related to body parts, _______ _______ determines which root goes before the other.
anatomic position (Ex: gastroenterology) (stomach before small intestines)
zo/o
animal life
saturated fats
animal origin, such as milk, butter, and meats; increase blood cholesterol
How does MG work on the molecular level?
antibodies block the ability of acetylcholine to transmit the nervous impulse from nerve to muscle cell.
Therapy for MG?
anticholinesterase drugs (inhibit enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine), corticosteriods (prednisone) and immunosuppressive drugs (methotrexate, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide); thymectomy
drugs used to treat ACS
anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents such as aspirin and clopidogrel (plavix)
diabetes insipidus
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect; two major symptoms: polydipsia and polyuria; very dilute and watery urine results
an/o
anus
proct/o
anus and rectum
aort/o
aorta
shift of the aorta to the right
aorta overrides the interventricular septum; oxygen-poor blood passes from the right ventricle to the aorta
append/o appendic/o
appendix
pulmonary infarction
area of necrosis (death of lung tissue)
brachi/o
arm
axill/o
armpit
coronary artery bypass grafting CABG
arteries and viens are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages. Internal mammary, radial, and saphenous grafts are used to keep the myocardium supplied with oxgenated blood
AVM
arteriovenous malformation; congenital tangle of arteries and veins in the cerebrum
arter/o, arteri/o
artery
arteri/o
artery
pleurodesis
artificial production of adhesions between the parietal and visceral pleura for treatment or presistent pnemothorax and severe pleural effusion; use talc powder or drugs, such as antibiotics
asbest/o
asbestos
asbestosis
asbestos particles accumulate in the lungs; in shipbuilding and construction trades
Four parts of the colon
ascending, descending, transverse, and sigmoid
What is caused by the weakening of the myocardium?
atrial fibrillation, mitral stenosis, and congestive heart failure. rheumatic disease can occur too.
atri/o
atrium, upper heart chamber
ASCUS
atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance - the Pap smear is abnormal but does not meet the criteria for a specific lesion
myasthenia gravis (MG)
autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles; chronic autoimmune disorder
ab-
away from (notice tht the b faces away form the a).
Dors/o
back portion of the body
Contralateral
back to front with holding treatment
re-
back, again
re-
back, backward, again
Poster/o
back, behind
retro-
backward
-cocci
bacteria
bacteri/o
bacteria
culture and sensitivity testing (C&S)
bacteria in the urine are cultured, and then tested with antibiotics to determine which antibiotic will inhibit its growth
mal-
bad
malaise
bad feeling
dys-
bad, painful, difficult, abnormal
percutaneous coronary intervention PCI
balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place
-parous
bearing, bringing forth
enuresis
bed-wetting
pre-
before
prenatal
before birth
precancerous
before cancer
Ante cibum
before meals
ante-
before, forward
pro-
before, forward
pre-
before, in front of
-arche
beginning
prefix
beginning of a term
menarche
beginning of the first menstrual period and ability to reproduce
retro-
behind
retro-
behind, backward
celi/o
belly, abdomen
Hypo-
below
subdural space
below the dural membrane
sub-
below, under
Retroflexion
bend back (position of an organ)
infra-
beneath, under
infracostal
beneath, under the rib
chondroma
benign tumor of the cartilage
diplocci
berry-shaped bacteria organized in pairs (Ex: pneumococci and gonococci)
-coccus
berry-shaped bacterium
streptococcus
berry-shaped bacterium, grows in twisted chains
Inter-
between
inter-
between
intercostal
between the rib
tricuspid valve
between the right atrium and ventricle; allows for one-way flow of blood
pericardial cavity
between the visceral and parietal pericardium; normally contains 10 to 15mL of pericardial fluid, which lubricates the membranes as the heart beats
metastasis
beyond control, beyond stopping
meta-
beyond, change
ultra-
beyond, excess
BILI
bilirubin
bilirubin/o
bilirubin
nat/i
birth
-partum
birth, labor
peripheral arterial disease
blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs. arteries include carotid, femoral, popliteal. A sign of PAD is low extremities is intermittent claudication where pain, tension, and weakness occurs after walking only and not resting
thrombotic occlusion
blocking of the coronary artery by a clot
tubal ligation
blocking of the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring ; ligation means tying off and doesn't pertain solely to fallopian tubes
hem/o
blood
hemat/o
blood
hema/t/oma
blood clot
deep vein thrombosis DVT
blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in lower limbs
-emia
blood condition
Perfusion
blood flow
ischemia
blood flow to tissue is not sufficient. This condition deprives cells of oxygen and, if not reversed, leads to tissue death
pregnancy test
blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG
BUN
blood urea nitrogen test
renal vein
blood vesel that carries blood away from the kidney and twoard the heart
Hemorrhagic stroke
blood vessel breaks and bleeding occurs; can be fatal; results due to advancing age, atherosclerosis, and high blood pressure
renal artery
blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney
blood-brain barrier
blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out.
arteries
blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart
cyan/o
blue
cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from diminished oxygen content of the blood
-somes
bodies
Parietal lobe
body sensations, visual and spatial perception
function of the hypothalamus
body temperature, sleep, appetite, emotions (fear, pleasure, and sexual desire), control of the pituitary gland (release of hormones)
oste/o
bone
metacarpal bones
bones beyond the wrist
left ventricular assist device LVAD
booster pump implanted in the abdomen with a cannula to the left ventricle
myelomeningocele
both the spinal cord and meninges protrude
encephal/o
brain
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy
brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS
alzheimer disease (AD)
brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning; can begin in middle of life and worsen after the age of 70; a mutation on chromosome 14 has been linked to familial cases. There is no effective treatment.
obstetrics
branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy and childbirth
autonomic nervous system
branch of the PNS; nerve fibers carry impulses away from the CNS to the glands, heart, blood vessels, and involuntary muscles found in the walls of tubes like the intestines and hollow organs like the stomach and urinary bladder
parasympathetic nerves
branch of the autonomic nervous system; a collection of nerves that stimulate the body during times of rest. They slow down the heart rate, lower blood pressure (vasodilation), and stimulate intestinal contractions to clear the rectum; involuntary
sympathetic nerves
branch of the autonomic nervous system; a collection of nerves that stimulate the body in times of stress and crisis. They increase heart rate and forcefulness, dialate (relax) airways so that more oxygen can enter, and increase blood pressure (vasoconstriction); involuntary
-lysis
breakdown, destruction, separation
mamm/o
breast
mast/o
breast
BRCA1, BRC@
breast cancer 1 and 2 - genetic mutations associated with increased risk for breast cancer
BSE
breast self-examination
-pnea
breathing
catheter ablation
brief delivery of radiofrequency or cryosurgery to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias. A catheter is guided through a vein in the leg to the vena cava and into the heart. The abnormal electrical pathway is located and ablated via energy emitted from catheter
defibrillation
brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias "ventricular fibrillation". For patients at high risk of sudden cardiac death from ventricular dysrhythmias an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator ICD or automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator AICD is placed in the upper chest
afferent neurons
bring impulses from a sensory receptor (such as the skin) into the spinal cord; carries messages towards the brain and spinal cord
portal vein does what?
brings blood to the liver from the intestines
bronch/o
brochial tubes
cerebral contusion
bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurologic deficits persist longer than 24 hours; usually associated with a fracture to the skull; subdural or epidural hematomas can occur--permanent brain damage with altered speech or memory or development of epilepsy
bronchial brushing
brush is inserted through the bronchoscope and used to scrape off tissue
caus/o
buring
The stage of a tumor is determined how?
by its size and location
cali/o, calic/o
calyx
ventricles of the brain
canals in the brain that contain CSF
carcin/o
cancer
carcin/o
cancer, cancerous
malignant
cancerous (literally pertaining to bad fire)
carcin/oma
cancerous tumor
sarc/oma
cancerous tumor
renal cell carcinoma (Hypernephroma)
cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood; nephrectomy is the primary treatment
arterioles
capillaries
CIS
carcinoma in situ
inferior vena cava
carries blood from lower part of the body
motor nerve
carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerves
sensory nerve
carries messages towards the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve
venules
carries waste-filled blood towards the heart
efferent neurons
carry impulses from the spinal cord to effector organs (such as skeletal muscles); motor neurons
fibrous and fatty tissue
carry milk to the nipple
chondr/o
cartilage
chondr/o
cartilage (type of connective tissue)
Cath
catheter, catheterization
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
catheterization with balloons and stents opens clogged coronary arteries
pulmonary embolism
caused by DVT where clot travels to the lungs if not treated. use anticoagulants
aspiration pneumonia
caused by a material, such as food or vomitus, lodging in bronchi or lungs
pneumococci
causes bacterial pneumonia
sinuses
cavities that carry milk
cec/o
cecum
Three main parts of of large intestines
cecum, colon, and rectum
-cyte
cell
Cyt/o
cell
cyt/o
cell
renal pelvis
central collecting region in the kidney
cerebell/o
cerebellum
cerebr/o
cerebrum
cerebr/o
cerebrum (largest part of the brain)
CIN
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Cx
cervix
cervic/o
cervix, neck
C-section
cesarean section
CS
cesarean section
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in three planes of the body
bucc/o
cheek
neurotransmitter
chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell.
cardiac biomarkers
chemicals are measured in blood as evidence of a heart attack; substances tested for are troponin-I (cTnI) and troponin-T (cTnT)
steth/o
chest
thorac/o
chest
unstable angina
chest pain at rest or chest pain of increasing frequency
tube thoracostomy
chest tube is passed through an opening in the chest to continuously drain a pleural effusion
ped/o
child
cholesterol/o
cholesterol ( a lipid substance)
chori/o, chorion/o
chorion (two forms)
CVS
chorionic villus sampling
Down Syndrome
chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21) results in mental retardation retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes.
End result of CF
chronic airway obstruction, infection, bronchiectasis, and respiratory failure
epilepsy
chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity
Components of COPD
chronic bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
chronic condition of persistent obstruction of air flow through bronchial tubes and lungs. It is caused by smoking, air pollution, chronic infection, and, in a minority of cases, asthma. Patients with chronic bronchitis COPD are referred to as "blue bloaters" (cyanotic, stocky build), whereas those with predominant emphysema are called "pink puffers" (short of breath, but with near-normal blood oxygen levels and no change in skin color).
bronchiectasis
chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection (due to loss of elasticity of the bronchi). Signs and symptoms: cough, fever, and expectoration of foul-smelling, purulent (pus-containing) sputum
sarcoidosis
chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules (granulomas) develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs; cause is unknown. Many patients are symptomatic and retain adequate pulmonary function. Corticosteroids are used to prevent progression.
CKD
chronic kidney disease (a condition during which serum creatinine and BUN levels rise, which may result in impairment of all body systems)
shock
circulatory failure associated with inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to body tissues
thromb/o
clot
pulmonary embolism (PE)
clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung; travels from distant veins (usually legs); causes acute pleuritic chest pain (chest on inspiration) and may be associated with blood in sputum; use CT angiography to diagnose
thromb/o
clot, clotting
thrombocytes or platelets
clotting cells. They are actually tiny fragments of cells formed in the bone marrow and necessary for blood clotting.
staphyl/o
clusters
anthrac/o
coal
anthracosis
coal dust accumulation in the lungs; black lung disease
drug-eluting stents DESs
coated with polymers that elute antiproliferative drugs to prevent scar tissue formation leading to restenosis
Coccyg/o
coccyx (tailbone)
Cry/o
cold
Atelectasis
collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of the alveoli
pneumothorax
collection of air in the pleural space; caused by a rupture of an pulmonary lesions near the pleural surface that allows communication between an alveolus or bronchus and the pleural cavity
hydrothorax
collection of fluid in the pleural cavity
inflitrate
collection of fluid or other material within the lung, as seen on a chest film, CT scan, or other radiologic image
abscess
collection of pus, white blood cells, and protein that is present at the site of infection
ovarian cysts
collections of fluid within a sac (cyst) in the ovary
artheromas
collections of plaques that protrude into the lumen of an artery, weakening the muscle lining
colon/o
colon
col/o
colon (large intestine)
col/o
colon, large intestine
Chrom/o
color
CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA)
combination of CT scanning and angiography; examines pulmonary circulation in the diagnosis of PE
nephron
combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place in the kidney. It is the functional unit of the kidney, each capable of forming urine by itself. There are about 1 million nephrons in a kidney.
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
combination of symptoms including depression, breast tenderness, and irritability before menstruation; this occurs due to a decrease in hormones after the egg does not get fertilized
Organs
combination of tissues
duplex ultrasound
combines doppler and conventional ultrasound to allow physicians to image the structure of blood vessels and measure the speed of blood flow
occlusal surface
comes in contact with a corresponding tooth in the opposing arch
choldoch/o
common bile duct
bronchopneumonia
common in infants and the elderly; involves patchy consolidation (abscesses) in the lung parenchyma. Treatment: antibiotics, oxygen, and mechanical ventilation (if necessary)
Right and left bundle branch block (RBBB and LBBB)
common types of heart blocks; they involve delay or failure of impulses traveling through the right and left bundle branches to the ventricles
arteriovenous fistula
communication between an artery and vein that can be created to provide access for hemodialysis
urine
composed of water, salts, acids, and nitrogenous wastes
cardiac tamponade
compression of the heart caused by collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity; treatment includes anti-inflammatory drugs and other agents
CT
computed tomography
computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest
computer-generated series of x-ray images show thoracic structures in cross section and other planes
thallium 201 scan
concentration of radioactive thallium is measured to give information about blood supply to the heart muscle
-ia
condition
metamorphosis
condition of changing shape
thrombosis
condition of clot formation
Symbiosis
condition of life together (with life); two organisms living together for either mutual benefit or not
-genesis
condition of producing, forming
anemia "no blood"
condition of reduction in the number of erythrocytes or in the amount of hemoglobin in circulating blood
-y
condition, process
-osis
condition, usually abnormal
acute coronary syndromes (ACSs)
conditions caused by myocardial ischemia; these conditions are unstable angina and myocardial infarction. People benefit from early angiography and PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention with a balloon catheter and stents) or CABG (coronary artery bypass grafting) to improve blood flow to the heart muscle (revascularization)
nerve tissue
conducts impulses
Nerve Tissue
conducts impulses all over the body
Characteristics of AD
confusion, memory failure, disorientation, restlessness, and speech disturbances. Anxiety, depression, and emotional disturbances can occur as well.
spina bifida
congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect)
tetralogy of Fallot
congenital malformation involving four (tetra-) distinct heart defects; pulmonary artery stenosis, ventricular septal defect, shift of the aorta to the right, and hypertrophy of the right ventricle.Infant is known as "blue baby" due to extreme degree of cyanosis
Neurologic disorders may be classified in the following categories:
congenital; neoplastic (tumors); degenerative, movement, and seizure; traumatic; infectious (meningitits and encephalitis); vascular (stroke)
function of the pons
connection of nerves (to the eyes and face)
stroma
connective and supporting tissue of an organ. Glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain
Community-acquired pneumonia
contagious respiratory infection cause by viruses and bacteria; treat via oral antibiotics
gray matter
containing cell bodies and dendrites
purulent
containing pus
white matter
containing the nerve fiber tracts with myelin sheaths
Fat Cell
contains large, empty spaces for fat storage.
glandular tissue
contains milk glands or lobules that develop in response to hormones from the ovaries during puberty.
LLQ left lower quadrant
contains parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter
RLQ right lower quadrant
contains parts of the small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter
LUQ left upper quadrant
contains the liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines
RUQ right upper quadrant
contains the liver (right lobe), gallbladder, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines
CAPD
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
CCPD
continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis
telemetry
continuous monitoring of a patient's heart rhythm in hospitals by this which is electronic transmission of data.
fetal monitoring
continuous recording of the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to reduce fetal distress during labor
systole
contraction; occurs as the right and left ventricles contract to pump blood into the pulmonary artery and the aorta; the tricuspid and mitral valves are closed(lubb sound-->1st heart sound (S1)); the pulmonary and aortic valves are open
hemostasis
control of blood loss after injury or during surgery.
sphincters
control the openings into and leading out of the stomach
Respiratory center
controls muscles of respiration in response to chemicals or other stimuli
function of the cerebellum
coordination of voluntary movements and balance
Drugs typically used to treat MS?
corticosteriods (to fight inflammation), interferons (to slow rate of MS symptoms), and glatiramer (to block immune system's attack on myelin).
Signs and symptoms of advanced TB
cough, weight loss, night sweats, hemoptysis , and pleuritic pain
myelin sheath
covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. It speeds impulse conduction along axons.
cementum
covers, protects, and supports the dentin in the root
CRCL
creatinine clearance, aka CrCl or CLcr
-tripsy
crushing
culd/o
cul-de-sac
calyx or calix
cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis
in/cis/ion
cut into
ex/cis/ion
cut out
re/sect/ion
cutting back in the sense of cutting out
cysto
cystoscopic examination
bacterial endocarditis
damage to the heart valves from infection and produces lesions called vegetations that break off into the bloodstream as emboli; antibiotics for treatment
areola
dark pigmented area around the nipple
necorsis
death
necr/o
death ( of cells or whole body)
ischemia
decreased blood flow
comat/o
deep sleep (coma)
-chezia
defecation, elimination of wastes
-penia
deficiency
pancytopenia
deficiency of all blood cells
Hypoglycemia
deficient (low) blood sugar
hypo-
deficient, below, under, less than normal
hypo-
deficient, under
oste/o/arthr/itis
degeneration of bones and joins and added inflammation
Parkinson disease (parkinsonism)
degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement; caused by a deficiency in dopamine (NT made in the basal ganglia)
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem; manifests in adulthood; aka Lou Gehrig disease
artherosclerosis
deposition of fatty compounds on the inner lining of the coronary arteries; the ordinarily smooth lining of the artery becomes roughened
artherosclerosis
deposits of yellow plaque (artheromas) containing cholesterol and lipids are found within the lining of the artery
hilum
depression on the medial border of the kidney; blood vessels and nerves pass through here
sulcus
depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure
SCLC
derived from small, round cells found in pulmonary epithelium; grows and rapidly and quickly spreads. Palliative treatment includes surgery, radiation therapy, and chemo.
coronary artery calcium score
derived to indicate future risk of heart attack and stroke; faster than a standard CT scan and takes a clear picture of coronary arteries while the heart is beat
ren/al
describe kidney
multiple sclerosis (MS)
destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue; chronic disease often marked by long periods of stability (remission )and worsening (relapse)
cauterization
destruction of tissue by burning; destruction of abnormal tissue with chemicals (silver nitrate), dry ice, or an electrically heated instrument
ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
detection device records radioactivity in the lung after injection of a radioisotope or inhalation of small amount of radioactive gas (xenon); can identify areas of lung not receiving adequate air flow or blood flow
tuberculin test
determines past or present tuberculosis infection based on a positive skin reaction Ex. Heaf test and the tine test--> use purified protein derivatives applied with multiple punctures of the skin Ex. Mantoux test--> using PPD given by intradermal injection
-trophy
developement, nourishment
ovarian follicle
developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary. only about 400 of these sacs mature in a woman's lifetime
-plasia
development, formation
-plasia
development, formation, growth
-trophy
development, noursihment
DES
diethylstilbestrol - an estrogen compound used in the treatment of menopausal problems involving estrogen deficiency; if administered during pregnancy, it has been found to be related to subsequent tumors in the daughters (rarely in sons) of mothers so treated
organ
different types of tissue combined
DLco
diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (helps to assess the ability of gas to diffuse across the alveolar-capillary membrane)
lipase
digests fats
pepsin
digests proteins
protease
digests proteins
amylase
digests starch
What medications can be used to convert fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm?
digoxin, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers
D&C
dilatation (dilation) and curettage
renal angiplasty
dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries
cystoscopy
direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope)
-rrhea
discharge
Day 1-5 (mentrual period)
discharge of bloody fluid containing disintegrated endometrial cells; glandular secretions, and blood cells
path/o
disease
-pathy
disease condition
-pathy
disease condtion
silicosis
disease due to silica or glass dust in the lungs; occurs in mining occupations; grinder's disease
coronary artery disease
disease of the arteries surrounding the heart; usually the result of atherosclerosis
slipped disk
disk slips out and painfully puts pressure on a nerve
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke; also known as cerbral infarction; occurs due to impaired oxygen supply to the brain
Cata-
down
cata-
down
de-
down, lack of
nephroptosis
downward displacement or dropping of a kidney when its anatomic supports are weakened
superior vena cava
drains blood from the upper portion of the body
chem/o
drug, chemical
statins
drugs that work by blocking a key enzyme in the production of cholesterol by the liver
thrombolytic therapy
drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis
DCIS
ductal carcinoma in situ; a precancerous breast lesion that indicates a higher risk for invasive ductal breast cancer
duoden/o
duodenum
dur/o
dura mater
DUB
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
ot/o
ear
echocardiography (ECHO)
echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart
o/o
egg
ov/o
egg
ovul/o
egg
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
egg and sperm cells are combined outside of the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization
ventricular fibrillation (VF)
electrical impulses move randomly throughout the ventricles ; may result in sudden cardiac death or cardiac arrest. If treatment is immediate then defibrillation can be applied.
electro/encephal/ogram
electrical record of the brain (EEG)
electr/o/cardiogram
electrical record of the heart (ECG or EKG)
T wave
electrical recovery and relaxation of the ventricles
electr/o
electricity
electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT)
electron beam and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD
hyperkalemia
elevated level of potassium within the blood; this could be an indication of kidney failure
Embolic stroke
embolus (dislodged thrombus) travels to cerebral arteries and occludes small vessels; occurs suddenly
corpus luteum
empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell; literally means yellow (luteum) body (corpus)
glomerular capsule
enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus; it is also known as the Bowman's capsule, and it collects the material that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus.
ESRD
end stage renal disease
3 layers of the heart
endocardium, mycardium, and pericardium
ECC
endocervical curettage
acromegaly
endocrine disorder; occurs in the pituitary gland attach brain, produces an excessive amount of growth hormone after the completion of puberty.
pituitary gland
endocrine gland at the base of the brain; secretes hormones that govern the function of the ovaries, breasts, and uterus.
EMB
endometrial biopsy
Day 6-12
endometrium repair begins; the maturing follicle in he ovary releases estrogen, which aids in repair. The ovum grows in the follicle during this period
mediastinoscopy
endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum
monocytes
engulf and destroy cellular debris after neutrophils have attacked foreign cells.
phagocytes
engulf and digest bacteria
-megaly
enlargement
3rd degree prolapse of the uterus
entire uterus projects permanently outside the orifice
-ase
enzyme
epididym/o
epididymis
What is secreted by the adrenal glands when the sympathetic nervous system is active?
epinephrine (adrenaline). During the secretion of this hormone, intestinal contractions are inhibited and digestion slows.
Symmetry
equal measurement of parts on the opposite side of the body
esophag/o
esophagus
parenchyma
essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system. The parenchyma of the nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and neurons. Parenchymal cells of the liver are hepatocytes, and parenchymal tissue of the kidney includes nephrons, where urine is formed.
EDC
estimated date of confinement
Euphoria
exaggerated feeling of well being
urinalysis
examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements that may indicate various pathologic conditions; color, appearance, pH,protein, glucose, specific gravity, ketone bodies, sediment and casts, phenylketonuria, and bilirubin
pedi/iatric
examiner of children
path/o/logist
examiner of diseases. They examine biopsy samples microscopically and determine causes of death
psych/iatrist
examiner of the mind
Hypergycemia
excessive blood sugar
Hypertrophy
excessive development (increase in size of individual cell)
Hyperplasia
excessive development growth/formation
Signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis
excessive secretion of mucus, productive cough, and obstruction of respiratory passages
alges/o, -algesia
excessive sensitivity to pain
hyper/glyc/emia
excessive sugar in blood
hyper-
excessive, above
hyper-
excessive, above, more than normal
prefix hyper-
excessive, above, more than normal
gastr/ectomy
excision or removal of the stomach
-ectomy
excision, removal, resect
-ectomy
excision, removal, resection
stress test
exercise tolerance test ETT determines the heart's response to physical exertion. Uses 3-minute stages at set speeds and elevations of a treadmill.
restrictive lung disease
expansion of the lung is limited by disease that affects the chest wall, pleura, or lung tissue itself; total lung capacity (TLC) is a hallmark PFT abnormality
acr/o
exremities, top, extreme point
vulva
external female genitalia; includes the labia, hymen, clitoris, and the vaginal orifice
murmur
extra heart sound, heard between normal beats; usually caused by a valvular defect or disease that disrupts the smooth flow of blood in the heart. They can be heard in case of interseptal defects.
anoxia
extreme form of hypoxia
ophthalm/o
eye
opthalm/o
eye
ophthalmologist
eye doctor
blephar/o
eyelid
blepharoptosis
eyelid muscles weaken: hard to keep eye open
faci/o
face
bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)
failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the bundle of His; complete or partial heart block may occur
cor pulmonale
failure of the right side of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the lungs because of underlying lung disease
relapse
fall back
-ptosis
falling, dropping, prolapse
-salpinx
fallopian (uterine) tube
salping/o
fallopian tube
psuedo-
false
psuedocyesis
false pregnancy
Dist/o
far, distant
tachy-
fast
tachycardia
faster than 100 beats per minute
adip/o
fat
streat/o
fat
lip/o
fat, lipid
-phobia
fear
esthesi/o, -esthesia
feeling, nervous sensation
mamm/o
female breast
gonad
female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cells and hormones; ovary or testis
FHR
fetal heart rate
bronchoscopy
fiberoptic endoscope examination of the bronchial tubes; allows you to collect specimens, biopsy, or diagnosis
pericardium
fibrous and membranous sac surrounding the heart; composed of two layers: the visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium
lymphocytes
fight disese by producing antibodies. They may attach directly to foreign cells and destroy them. (Ex: T and B Cells)
fimbriae (singular: fimbria)
finger or fringe like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes
phalanx
finger or toe
Syndactyly
fingers or toes together (webbed)
primi-
first
orchiopexy
fixation of the testicle
-pexy
fixation, put in place
sarc/o
flesh
gums
fleshy tissue surrounding the sockets of the teeth
-rrhea
flow, disharge
pulmonary edema
fluid accumulation in the lungs; treatment includes lowering dietary intake of sodium and the use of diuretics to promote fluid loss; angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (type I), beta-blockers, and spironlactone (increases excretion of water and sodium by the kidney), and digoxin
pulmonary edema
fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles; caused by inability of heart to pump blood (congestive heart failure), and therefore, blood backs up into the pulmonary blood vessels and eventually seeps into the alveoli and bronchioles
exudate
fluid, blood cells, and debris that filter from cells or capillaries ooze into lesions or other areas of inflammation
bronchioalveolar lavage (bronchial washing)
fluids is injected and withdrawn
Day 13 & 14 (ovulatory period)
follicle ruptures (ovulation) and the egg leaves the ovary, passing though the fallopian tubes
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
labial surface
for incisor and canine teeth, is nearest the lips
buccal surface
for premolar and molar teeth, lies adjacent to the cheek
laparoscopy, or peritoneoscopy
form of minimally invasice surgery, visual examination of abdominal cavity using a laparoscope.
right and left bundle branches
form the conduction myofibers that extend through the ventricle walls and contract on stimulation. systole occurs and blood is pumped away from the heart
-genesis
formation
-plasm
formation
What can ineffective atrial contractions lead to?
formation of blood clots in the left atrial appendage that may travel to the brain and stroke may subsequently occur
pulmonary fibrosis
formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs, may be caused by chronic inflammation or irritation
spermatogenesis
formation of sperm cells
plas/o
formation, development
epithelial tissue
forms linings of internal organs and external surfaces
cheeks
forms the anterior portion of the oval-shaped oral cavity
hard palate
forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth
valves
found in veins; help to prevent backflow of blood and keep the blood moving in one direction. Muscular action helps blood to move through veins
root
foundation of the word
nocturia
frequent, excessive urination at night
anter/o
front
bil/i
gall, bile
chol/e
gall, bile
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
GABA
gamma-aminobutyric acid
aden/o
gland
parathyroid glands
glands beside the thryroid
oligodendroglial cell
glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons; aka oligodendrocytes
ependymal cell
glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps from cerebrospinal fluid
gli/o
glial cells
What is the most malignant form of astrocytoma?
glioblastoma multiforme
GFR
glomerular filtration rate
glomerul/o
glomerulus
glycogen/o
glycogen, animal starch
GnRH
gonadotropin-releasing hormone-secreted by the hypothalamus to stmulate releaseof FSH and LH from the pituitary gland
eu-
good, normal
menopause
gradual ending of menstruation
G
gravida (pregnant)
inguin/o
groin
systems
ground of organs working together to perform complex functions
nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)
group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine; two important signs: edema (swelling caused by fluid in tissue spaces) and hypoalbuminemia
systems
groups of organs working together to perform complex functions
gingiv/o
gums
GYN
gynecology
hemi-
half
-sclerosis
hardening
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
have multi-lobed nucleus
mononuclear leukocytes (agranulocyes)
have one large nucleus and only a few granules in their cytoplasm. They are produced in bone marrow as well as in lymph nodes and the spleen. (Ex: lymphocytes and monocytes)
rate-responsive pacemakers
have sensors that detect body movement and breathing to then determine the best heart rate
raynaud phenomenon
have similar arterial insufficiency but secondary to arterial narrowing from other conditions
cephal/o
head
cephal/ic
head first
cephalgia
headache
Temporal lobe
hearing, understanding, speech, and language
cardi/o
heart
coron/o
heart
myocardial infarction
heart attack (the area of dead myocardial tissue is known as an infarct)
rheumatic heart disease
heart disease caused by rheumatic fever; childhood disease caused by streptococcal infection; heart valve can be damaged by inflammation and scarred
congestive heart failure (CHF)
heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood; two types: systolic and diastolic
Troponin
heart muscle protein released into circulation after myocardial injury
normal sinus rhythm (NSR)
heart rhythm (originating in the SA node and traveling through the heart) with a resting rate of 60 to 100 beats per minute
Last resort treatment option if drug therapy and lifestyle change fail to control CHF
heart transplant
extracorporeal circulation
heart-lung machine
1/2 P
hemiparesis
HD
hemodialysis
erthryblastosis fetalis
hemolytic disease in the newborn (HND) caused by blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between mother and the fetus
HDN
hemolytic disease of the newborn
Huntington disease (HD)
hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration; results in personality change, choreic (dance-like) movements (uncontrollable, irregular, jerking movements of the arm and legs and facial grimacing).
-cele
hernia
hydrocele
hernia (sac) of water of fluid in the scrotal sac
varicocele
hernia of swollen, twisted veins above the testes
omphalocele
herniation of the intestines through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the navel occurring in infants at birth
crypt/o
hidden
hypertensive heart disease
high blood pressure affecting the heart; narrowing of arterioles; heart pumps more vigorously to overcome the increased resistance in the arteries
renal hypertension
high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease; essential hypertension occurs when the cause of hypertension is unknown
hypertension HTN
high blood pressure. most high bp is essential hypertension, with no identifiable cause. secondary hypertension- increase in pressure is caused by another associated lesion, such as glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, or disease of the adrenal glands
hyperglycemia
high blood sugar
LDL
high levels are associated with atherosclerosis; normal: less than 130 mg/dL
HDL
high levels protect individuals from atherosclerosis; estrogen, exercise, and alcohol in moderation increase HDL quantity
ilium
hip bone
ishcemia
hold back blood from a part of the body
uterus
hollow, pear-shaped muscular female organ in which the embryo and fetus develop, and from which menstruation occurs. The upper portion is the fundus; the middle portion is the corpus; and the lowermost, neck-like portion is the cervix.
-one
hormone
ADH
hormone from the pituitary gland that normally acts on the renal tubules to promote water reabsorption; also known as vasopression
progesterone
hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women; plays an important role in pregnancy and menstruation and the development of secondary sex characteristics
estrogen
hormone produced by the ovaries; promotes female secondary sex characteristics; plays an important role in pregnancy and menstruation
luteinizing hormone (LH)
hormone produced by the pituitary gland; promotes ovulation
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
renin
hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of the blood vessels)
hCG OR HCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
HPV
human papillomavirus
chlorhydr/o
hydrochloric acid
emphysema
hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls; loss of elasticity and the breakdown of alveolar walls result in expiratory flow limitation
Major risk factors for stroke
hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and heart disease.
HSG
hysterosalpingography
when is the combining vowel "o" missing in a term?
if the suffix begins with a vowel (ex:gastritis)
ile/o
ileum
radioisotope scan
image of the kidney after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) into the bloodstream;can indicate a narrowing of blood vessels,diagnose obstruction, and determine individual functioning of each kidney
cardiac MRI
images of the heart are produced using radiowave energy in a magnetic field. Shows aneurysms, cardiac output, and patency of peripheral and coronary arteries. Emits magnetic waves and mess up pacemakers.
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose
ultrasonography
imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves
ectopic pregnancy
implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location
placenta previa
implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
improper closure of the mitral valve; mitral valve enlarges and prolapses into the left atrium during systole. A midsystolic click can be heard
in-
in
berry aneurysms
in aneurysms of small vessels in the brain, treatment is occlusion of the vessel with small clips
perineum
in females, the area between the anus and the vagina
IVF
in vitro fertilization
in-
in, into
en- endo-
in, within
intra-
in, within, into
hypoxia
inadequate oxygen in the tissues
incisors and canines both have what?
incisal edge
nephrolithotomy
incision into the kidney to remove a stone
tracheotomy
incision into the trachea to open it below a blockage
trachotomy
incision necessary to create a tracheostomy
-tomy
incision, cutting into
diuresis
increased excretion of urine
What damage does pneumonia cause?
infection damages alveolar membranes so that exudate glues the alveoli together and makes air exchange less effective
tuberculosis (TB)
infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis;lungs are usually involved, but any organ in the body may be affected. Bacilli invade lungs and produce small tubercules. AntiTB chemo (isoniazid, rifampin) is effective mostly. Need to treat with multiple drugs to prevent drug resistance
-itis
inflammation
pelvic inflammatory disease
inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis
orchitis
inflammation of a testicle
chronic bronchitis
inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time; type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Infection and cigarette smoking are etiologic factors
polyneuritis
inflammation of many nerves
interstitial nephritis
inflammation of the CT that lies between the renal tubules
oste/itis
inflammation of the bone
epididymitis
inflammation of the epididymitis
aden/itis
inflammation of the gland
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
ente/ritis
inflammation of the intestines
arth/ritis
inflammation of the joint
nephr/itis
inflammation of the kidney
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and parenchyma; the parenchyma of an organ is its essential and distinctive tissue
hepat/itis
inflammation of the liver
pericarditis
inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart; usually results from a disease from elsewhere in the body. Bacteria and virus may cause it or etiology may be idopathic
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis; caused by bacteria or a virus; fever, headache, photophobia (sensitivity to light), and a stiff neck; lumbar punctures are used to remove and examine CSF
rhin/itis
inflammation of the nose
balanitis
inflammation of the penis
pleurisy (pleuritis)
inflammation of the pleura; causes pleurodynia and dyspnea and in chronic cases, pleural effusion
prostatitis
inflammation of the prostate gland
derma/titis
inflammation of the skin
gastr/itis
inflammation of the stomach
mitral valvulitis
inflammatory disease caused by inadequate treatment of a streptococcal infection. An autoimmune reaction occurs, leading to inflammation and damage to heart valves
4 functions of the digestive sys
ingestion, digestion, absorption, excretion
achondroplasia
inherited disorder in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size because of a defect in cartilage and bone. causes type of dwarfism
cystic fibrosis (CF)
inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally; caused by a known gene. Therapy includes replacement of pancreatic enzymes and treatment of pulmonary obstruction and infection.
Hypodermic injection
injection under the dermis (skin)
medulla
inner region of an organ; the renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney
graph-
instrument for recording
opthalm/oscope
instrument to see the eye
-scope
instrument to visually examine
microscope
instrument to visually examine small (smaller than the naked eye can see)
sphygmomanometer
instrument used to measure blood pressure
-scope
instument for visual examination
pancreas secretes?
insulin
diabetes mellitus
insulin is not secreted adequately or not used properly in the body; major signs and symptoms: hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polyuria, and polydipsia
colic
intermittent spasms of pain caused by inflammation and distention of an organ; in renal colic, pain results from calculi in the kidney or ureter
Viscer/o
internal organs
IC
interstitial cystitis
enter
intestines
enter/o
intestines (usually the small intestines)
enter/o
intestines, usually small intestine
in-
into, within
ICP
intracranial pressure (normal is 5 to 15 mm Hg)
IUD
intrauterine device (contraceptive)
gonococci
invade the reproductive organs, causing gonorrhea
tourette syndrome
involuntary, spasmodic,twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words; associated with either an excess of dopamine or a hypersensitivity to dopamine; treatment with haldol (anti-psychotic drugs), antidepressants, and mood stabilizers
supraventricular tachycardia
involves rapid beats coming from the atria and causing palpitation (abnormal sensations in the chest)
Ipsilateral
ipsi- means same. Means located on the same side
permanent or persistent AF
irregular heartbeats continue indefinitely
paroxysmal AF
irregular heartbeats occur periodically and episodically
rugae
irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the hard palate
Anomaly
irregularity in a structure or organ.
Ultrasonography
is a diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves to produce an image or photograph on an organ or tissue.
Recombinant DNA Technology
is the process of taking a gene (a region of DNA) from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism.
jejun/o
jejunum
arthr/o
joint
ket/o, keton/o
ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)
nephr/o
kidney
ren/o
kidney
nephrolithiasis
kidney stones (renal calculi); usuallycomposed of uric acid or calcium salts
gnos/o
knowledge
pro/gnos/is
knowledge before
facial surface
labial and buccal surfaces of a tooth
-tocia
labor, birth
aspermia
lack of formation or ejaculation of semen
azoospermia
lack of spermatozoa in the semen
Wernicke area
language comprehension
Broca area
language expression
What is the left brain concerned with?
language, mathematical functioning, reasoning, and analytical thinking.
LSH
laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy
LAVH
laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy
macro-
large
pulmonary abscess
large collection of pus (bacterial infection) in the lungs
macrocephaly
large head
ventricular septal defect
large hole between two ventricules lets venous blood pass from the right to the left ventricle and out to the aorta without oxygenation
macrophages
large phagocytes
thoracotomy
large surgical incision of the chest; cuts into the bone, muscle, and cartilage
plexus
large, interlacing network of nerves.
laryng/o
larynx (voice box)
LMP
last menstrual period
endothelium
layer of epithelial cells that line blood vessels; this is the innermost layer
microalbuminuria
leakage of very small amounts of albumin through the glomeruli
systolic CHF
left ventricular function dysfunction results in a low ejection fraction (the amount of blood that leaves the left ventricle)
soft palate
lies posterior to the roof of the mouth
bi/o
life
epithelial tissue
lines internal organs and outer surfaces on skin
parietal pericardium
lining the outer fibrous coat
cheil/o
lip
labi/o
lip
lipoprotein electrophoresis
lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated and measured in a blood sample
labia
lips of the vagina; labia majora are the larger, outermost lips, and the labia minora are the smaller, innermost lips
auscultation
listening to sounds within the body, typically using a stethoscope
Metabolism
literally to cast (bol/o) a change (meta-) Total chemical process of the cell
-ole
little, small
-ule
little, small
hepat/o
liver
aneurysm
local widening of an arterial wall usually caused by atherosclerosis and hypertension or congential weakness in the vessel wall. common in the aorta. its danger is that it may rupture or hemorrhage
pulmonary valve
located in the right ventricle; the right atrium contracts to force blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery. At this moment, the tricuspid valve is closed
Effects of dislodged emboli
lodge in vessels and cause transient ischemic attack (TIA), or stroke, or lodge in smaller vessels and create petechiae (multiple pinpoint hemorrhages)
Muscle cell
long and slender and contains fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing
LEEP
loop electrocautery excision procedure
ischmic
loses its normal flow of blood and becomes deprived of oxygen
urinary incontinence
loss of control of the passage of urine from the bladder
Demyelination
loss of myelin sheath; prevents the conduction of nerve impulses through an axon and causes paresthesias, muscle weakness, unsteady gait, and paralysis.
mandibul/o
lower jaw; mandible
left ventricle
lower left chamber of the heart; has the thickest walls of all chambers of the heart. It pumps blood with great force so that blood travels through arteries to all parts of the body; propels blood through the aortic valve into the aorta
right ventricle
lower right chamber of the heart
cervix
lower, neck-like portion
statins
lowers cholesterol levels
LP
lumbar puncture
What are the 3 plexuses?
lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial
pneumon/o
lungs
pulmon/o
lungs
LH
luteinizing hormone
lymph/o
lymph, a clear fluid that bathes tissue spaces, is contained in special lymph vessels and nodes throughout the body
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord
MRA
magnetic resonance angiography
MRI of the chest
magnetic waves create detailed images of the chest in frontal, lateral, and cross-sectional (axial) planes; helps diagnose mediastinal tumors
urea
major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
symptoms of pericarditis
malaise, fever, and chest pain
andr/o
male
mast/o
male breast
testosterone
male hormone produced by the testes
androgen
male hormone producing or stimulating male characteristics
gamete
male or female sexual reproductive cell; sperm cell or ovum
lung cancer
malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi; often associated with cigarette smoking and the most frequent fatal malignancy
carcinoma of the breast (breast cancer)
malignant tumor of the breast (arising from milk glands and ducts)
chondrosarcoma
malignant tumor of the cartilage and flesh
wilms tumor
malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood
pancreatic cancer
malignant tumor of the pancreas
choriocarcinoma
malignant tumor of the placenta
bladder cancer
malignant tumor of the urinary bladder
multi-
many
polymorphnuclear
many shaped cells
poly-
many, much
bolus
mass of food
tonsils
masses of lymphatic tissue located in depressions of the mucous membranes, lie on both sides of the oropharynx
ovum
mature egg cell (female gamete). ova develop from immature egg cells called oocytes.
automatic external defibrillators (AEDs)
may be found in workplaces, airports, and other public places and are used in an emergency situation to reverse ventricular fibrillation
Nerve Cell
may be long and have various fibrous extensions that aid in its job of carrying impulses
-prandial
meal
-type
means classification or picture
pelvic
means pertaining to the pelvis, composed of the hip bones surrounding the pelvic cavity
BNP test
measurement of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in blood; elevated in patients with heart failure and useful in diagnosis with patients of CHF and dyspnesa
lipid tests (lipid profile)
measurement of cholesterol (less than 200 mg/dL) and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample; high levels of lipids are associated with atherosclerosis
pelvimetry
measurement of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
measurement of urea levels in blood
spirometer
measures the volume and rate of air passing into and out of the lung
meat/o
meatus
periosteum
membrane surrounding the bone
pericardium
membrane surrounding the heart
mening/o or meningi/o
membranes, meninges
meningocele
meninges protrude to the outside of the body
men/o
menses, menstruation
dendrite
microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse
pap test
microscopic examination of stained cells removed from the vagina and cervix
axon
microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell
renal tubule
microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration
Medi/o
middle
galact/o
milk
lact/o
milk
lactiferous ducts
milk-carrying ducts
psych/o
mind
catheter ablation
minimally invasive treatment to treat cardiac arrhythmias; uses radiofrequency energy delivered from the tip of a catheter inserted through a blood vessel and into the heart, destroys tissue that causes arrhythmias
absence seizures (petit mal seizures)
minor form of a seizure; consists of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of the person's surroundings
mammary papilla
mipple of the breast. A papilla is any small nipple-shaped projection
MAC
monitored anesthetic care
terat/o
monster (Greek teraam monster
menstruation
monthly shedding of the uterine lining. The flow of blood and tissue normally discharged during menstruation is called the menses (Latin mensis means month)
spina bifida cystica
more sever; cyst-like protrusions
multiple gestation
more than one fetus inside the uterus
atrial fibrillation
most common type of cardiac arrhythmia, affecting 5-10% of 70-80 year olds and greater than 15% of individuals in their 80%; electrical impules move randomly throughout the atria causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting in a coordinated rhythm; palpitations, fatigue, and shortness of breath occur
complex partial seizure
most complex seizure; seizures that cause patients to pause in whatever they are doing, become confused, and have memory problems
or/o
mouth
stomat/o
mouth
kines/o, kinesi/o, -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic
movement
muc/o
mucus
myx/o
mucus
multip
multipara; multiparous
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
multiple fluid-filled sacs within and on the kidney
my/o
muscle
myometrium
muscle layer of the uterus
my/o, myom/o
muscle, muscle tumor
stomach
muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus
vagina
muscular, mucosa-lined canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body
MG
myasthenia gravis
hypertrophy of the right ventricle
myocardium works harder to pump blood through a narrowed pulmonary artery
coarctation of the aorta (CoA)
narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta; surgical treatment consists of removal of the constricted region and end-to-end anastomosis of the aortic segments
pyloric stenosis
narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum
Proxim/o
nearest
cervic/o
neck (of the body or of the uterus)
culdocentesis
needle aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac; physician will insert a needle through the vagina into the cul-de-sac
amniocentesis
needle puncture of amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis
neur/o
nerve
sciatic nerve
nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot
function of the medulla oblongata
nerve fibers cross over, left to right and right to left; contains centers to regulate heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system
radicul/o
nerve root (of spinal nerves)
postictal events
neurologic symptoms such as weakness that occur after seizures
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells
neutr/o
neutrophil ( a white blood cell)
neo-
new
neonatal
new birth
neoplasm
new formation
-stomy
new opening
vasovasostomy
new opening (anastomosis) between two parts of the vas deferens.
noct/o
night
azot/o
nitrogen
uremia
nitrogenous waste accumulates abnormally in the blood
creatinine
nitrogenous waste excreted by the urine
uric acid
nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine
Insomniac
no sleep
nulli-
no, not, none
a-
no, not, without
an-
no, not, without
Two general categories of lung cancers
non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
Euthyroid
normal thyroid
rhin/o
nose
in-
not
Nucle/o
nucleus
nucle/
nucleus
basophils
number of these cells increases in the healing phase of inflammation; (stain blue)
fibrocystic disease
numerous small sacs of fibrous connective tissue and fluid in the breast
Other risk factors for stroke
obesity, substance abuse, and elevated cholesterol levels
OB
obstetrics
meconium ileus
obstruction of the small intestine in the newborn caused by impaction of thick, dry meconium near the ileocecal valve.
hydronephrosis
obstruction of urine flow may be caused by renal calculi compression of the ureter bu tumor, or hyperplasia of the prostate gland at the base of the bladder in males
stress incontinence
occurs due to strain on the bladder opening during coughing or sneezing
inguinal hernia
occurs when part of the intestine protrudes downward into the groin region and commonly into the scrotal sac in the male.
cystocele
occurs when part of the urinary bladder herniates through the vaginal wall as a result of weakness of the pelvic muscles.
splenomegaly
occurs with development of high blood pressure in hepatic veins and hemolytic blood disease
urgency incontinence
occurs with inability to hold back urination when feeling the urge to void
lingual surface
on the side of the tooth directly opposite the facial surface
uni-
one
ovary
one of a pair female organs (gonads) on eachside of the pelvis. ovaries are almon-shaped, about the size of large walnuts, and produce egg cells(ova)and hormones
kidney
one of two bean-shaped organs behind the abdominal cavity(retroperitoneal) on either side of the spine in the lumbar region; each weighs about 4-6 ounces
ureter
one of two muscular tubes (16 to 18 inches long) lined with mucous membrane; they carry urine in peristaltic waves from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
-er
one who
-or
one who
coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
open heart surgery that treats CAD by replacing clogged vessels
tracheostomy
opening into the trachea through which an indwelling tube is inserted
-stomy
opening to form a mouth (stoma)
OCPs
oral contraceptive pills
tax/o
order, coordination
clitoris
organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra
receptor
organ that recieves a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves. The skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors
staphylococci
other berry-shaped bacteria, grow in small clusters, like grapes
ec-, ecto-
out, outside
ex-
out, outside of, outward
exo-
out, outside of, outward
ex-
out, outside, away from
cortex
outer region of an organ; the renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney
cerebral cortex
outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain
uterine serosa
outer-most layer surrounding the uterus; produces a watery-like secretion
chorion
outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of the placenta
oophor/o
ovary
ovari/o
ovary
cardiac pacemaker
overcomes arrhythmias and keeps the heart beating at the proper rate; the power source is a generator that contains a computer and lithium battery. It detects the heart's own electrical activity and transmits that information to the generator. The computer analyzes the hearts' signals and decides when and where to pace.
ox/o
oxygen
left side of the heart
oxygenated blood enters here from the pulmonary veins; muscles will pump blood out of the heart through the aorta
-algia
pain
-dynia
pain
sciatica
pain or inflammation along the course of the nerve
dys-
painful
coronary arteries
pair of blood vessels that arise from the aorta and supply oxygenated blood to the heart; after the blood leaves the heart via the aorta, a portion is at once led back over the surface of the heart through the coronary arteries
palat/o
palate
Treatment for bronchiectasis
palliative and includes antibiotics, mucolytics, bronchiodilators, respiratory therapy, and surgical resection
pancreat/o
pancreas
what is both an exocrine and endocrine gland
pancreas
Glands affected by CF
pancreas (not enough enzymes-poor growth), sweat (abnormal salt production), and epithelium of the respiratory tract
embolic protection devices
parachute-like filters used to capture embolic debris during stenting
-plegia
paralysis (loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body)
palsy
paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function)
bell palsy
paralysis on one side of the face; cause can be a viral infection; antiviral drugs can be used
cell body
part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus
greater omentum
part of the peritoneum in the front of the abdomen. contains fat and hangs down loosely like an apron over the intestines to keep them warm
root
part of tooth that lies w/i the bony tooth socket
crown
part of tooth that shows above the gum line
cerebral palsy
partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by loss of oxygen (hypoxia) or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or in the perinatal period
urinary catheterization
passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth; occurs in premature infants, causing cyanosis, fatigue, and rapid breathing. Treatment include use of a drug (indomethacin) to promote closure; surgery via catheterization (with coil embolization to "plug" the ductus); and ligation (tying off) via a small incision between the ribs
Path
pathology
PCA
patient-controlled anesthesia
aura
peculiar sensation experienced by the affected person before the onset of a seizure; examples include: dizziness, numbness, and visual or olfactory disturbances
PID
pelvic inflammatory disease
Pelv/i
pelvic, hip region
pen/o
penis
balan/o
penis (Greek balanos, acorn)
rugae contain digestive glands that produce?
pepsin and HCl acid
PUL
percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy
pericardi/o
pericardium
perine/o
perineum
gestation
period from fertilization of the ovum to birth
PD
peritoneal disease
peritone/o
peritoneum
-ac
pertaining to
-ac, -iac
pertaining to
-al
pertaining to
-ar
pertaining to
-ary
pertaining to
-eal
pertaining to
-iac
pertaining to
-ic
pertaining to
-ic, -ical
pertaining to
-ical
pertaining to
-ior
pertaining to
-ous
pertaining to
-tic
pertaining to
al-
pertaining to
paroxsymal
pertaining to a sudden occurrence, such as a spasm or seizure; oxysm/o means sudden
epi/gastr/ic
pertaining to above the stomach
epigastric
pertaining to above the stomach
Hypochondriac region
pertaining to below the cartilage
Intervertebral
pertaining to between the vertebra(e). a disk is this
seminiferous tubules
pertaining to carrying sperm in the testes
cerebr/al
pertaining to cerebral
cryongenic surgery
pertaining to destruction of tissue by producing cold temperature
adipose
pertaining to full of fat
unilateral
pertaining to one side
-genic
pertaining to producing or forming
-genic
pertaining to producing, produced by, or in
abdominal
pertaining to the abdomen
Retroperitoneal
pertaining to the back of the peritoneum
Dorsal
pertaining to the back portion of the body
Coccygeal
pertaining to the coccyx
cortical
pertaining to the cortex
spermolytic
pertaining to the destruction of sperm
anterior
pertaining to the front
medullary
pertaining to the medulla
Medial
pertaining to the middle
cervical
pertaining to the neck
Nucleic
pertaining to the nucleus
Pelvic
pertaining to the pelvis
penile
pertaining to the penis
penoscrotal
pertaining to the penis and scrotum
cranial
pertaining to the skull
testicular
pertaining to the testes
percutaneous
pertaining to through the skin
transurethral
pertaining to through the urethra
iatr/ogenic
pertaining to treatment or physician
-ose
pertaining to, full of
-ose
pertaining to; full of
neutrophils
phagocytes that are important in diseas-fighting cells; (stain purple); most numerous in disease-fighting "soldiers"
microglial cell
phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the CNS
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
phlebitis to a vein deep within a muscle
-type
picture, classification
How to relieve hydrocephalas?
place a catheter (shunt) from the ventricle of the brain into the peritoneal space or right atrium of the heart so that CSF is continuously drained.
endotracheal intubation
placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway; patient can then be placed on a ventilator
thrombo/cyte
platelets cells
pleur/o
pleura (membrane surrounding lungs and adjacent to chest wall)
lobar pneumonia
pneumonia that affects a lobe of the lung; signs and symptoms include fever, chills, cough, dark sputum, rapid shallow breathing, and cyanosis
puberty
point in the life cycle at which secondary sex characteristics appear and gametes are produced
PKD
polycystic disease
granulocytes
polymorphonuclear cells that contain dark-staining granules in their cytoplasm and have multilobed nucleus, formed in bone marrow (Ex: eosin, baso, and neutrophils)
pont/o
pons
brainstem
pons and medulla oblongata
Cause of atelectasis
poor inspiratory effort after surgery, blockage of bronchus or smaller bronchial tube by secretions, tumor, and chest wounds permitting air, fluid, or blood to accumulate in pleural cavity
kal/o
potassium
hypo/gastr/ic
prefix (below) / root (stomach) / suffix (pertaining to) - pertaining to below the stomach
-cyesis
pregnancy
obstetr/o
pregnancy and childbirth
-gravida
pregnant
abruptio placentae
premature separation of the implantation placenta
PMS
premenstrual syndrome
what has an additional occlusal surface
premolars and molars
aspirin
prevents clumping of platelets
primip
primipara; primiparous
-ion
process
Catabolism
process of breaking down
catabolism
process of breaking down
anabolism
process of builidng up
-tomy
process of cutting
incision
process of cutting into
gast/ro/tom/y
process of cutting the stomach
-graphy
process of recording
dialysis
process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the blood; used to treat acute or chronic renal failure and some cases of drug use
-logy
process of study
hematology
process of study of blood
gastr/o/enter/o/logy
process of study of the stomach and intestines
bi/o/logy
process of studying life
dermat/o/log/y
process of studying skin
nephr/o/logy
process of studying the kidneys
recombinant DNA
process of taking a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another
-opsy
process of viewing
-scopy
process of visual examination (with an endoscope)
cysto/o/scopy
process of visually examining the urinary bladder, sac, or cyst
-scopy
process of visually examining with an endoscope
reabsorption
process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream
filtration
process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter. In the kidney, blood pressure forces materials through the filter (glomerulus). About 180 quarts of fluid are filtered from the blood daily, but the kidney returns 98-99% of the water and salts. Only about 1 & 1/5 quarts (1500mL) of urine are excreted daily.
-ism
process, condition
-y
process, condition
murmur
produced by the flow of blood through the valves; abnormal swishing sound
prostat/o
prostate gland
-globin
protein
prote/o
protein
hemoglobin
protein in erythrocytes that carries oxygen through the bloodstream
CA 125
protein marker elevated in ovarian cancer (normal range of values is 0-35)
hem/o/globin
protein of blood
PSRS
protonstereotactic radiosurgery
rectocele
protrusion of a portion of the rectum toward the vagina
hernia
protrusion of an organ or the muscular wal of an organ through the cavity that normally contains it
Exophthalmos
protrusion of the eyeball
Symptoms of MG
ptosis of the upper eyelid, double vision (diplopia), and facial weakness
transposition of the great arteries (TGA)
pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle and the aorta from the right ventricle; causes cyanosis and hypoxia; treatment requires an arterial switch procedure
pulmonary artery stenosis
pulmonary artery is narrow or obstructed
Lung conditions that stiffen and scar the lung
pulmonary fibrosis, radiation damage to the lung, and pneumoconiosis
sphygm/o
pulse
py/o
pus
Synthesis
put together
pylor/o
pyloric sphincter
PET scan of the lung
radioactive glucose is injected and images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells
chest x-ray (CXR)
radiographic image of the thoracic cavity (chest film)
How can you detect a heart attack?
raise in the ST segment
atrial flutter
rapid atrial rate (P wave) compared with slower ventricular rate (QRS)
flutter
rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria
mesothelioma
rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura; caused by asbestos exposure
right side of the heart
receives oxygen-poor blood and passes it along to the pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
receives the newly oxygenated blood from the lung capillaries and returns the blood to the heart; only veins in the body that carries oxygen-rich blood
-gram
recod
-gram
record
ultrasonograohy
record of beyond sound
electr/o/cardi/o/gram
record of the electricity in the heart
electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
record used to detect electrical changes in heart muscle as the heart beats
pelvic ultrasonography
recording images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region
electrocardiography ECG
recording of electricity flowing through the heart
electroencephalography (EFG)
recording of the electrical activity of the brain
rect/o
rectum
raynaud disease
recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes. its marked by intense constriction and vasospasm of arterioles often of young, otherwise healthy women.
erythr/o
red
erythrocytes
red blood cells. made in bone marrow. carry oxygen from lungs to all body cells
erythro/o/cyte
red cell
statins
reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular death; reduces cholesterol production in the liver (Zocor, Lipitor, and Pravachol)
treatment of rheumatic heart disease
reduced activity, drugs to control arrhythmia, surgery to repair a damaged valve, and anticoagulant therapy to prevent emboli from forming
ACE inhibitors
reduces high blood pressure and the risk of future heart attack even if the patient is not hypertensive
beta-blockers
reduces the force and speed of the heartbeat and to lower blood pressure
cul-de-sac
region in the lower abdomen, midway between the rectum and the uterus
atrioventricular node (AV node)
region within the interatrial spetum where the wave of electricity passes from the pacemaker to this region of the myocardium; this node sends the excitation wave to a bundle of specialized muscle fibers
normal sinus rhythm
regularity of the P, QRS, and T waves
diastole
relaxation; occurs when the ventricle walls relax and blood flows into the heart from the vena cavae and the pulmonary veins; the tricuspid and mitral valves are open ; the pulmonary and aortic valves are closed (dubb sound-->2nd heart sound (S2))
calcium channel blockers
relaxes muscles in blood vessels
function of the thalamus
relay station ("triage center") for sensory impulses; control of awareness and consciousness
ovulation
release of the ovum from the ovary
heart-lung machine
relieves the heart and lungs of pumping and oxygenation functions during heart surgery
palliative
relieving symptoms but not curative
palliative
relieving symptoms, but not curing the disease
conization
removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy) of the cervix
pyelolithotomy
removal of a large calculus (stone) contributing to the blockage of urine flow and development of infection
vasectomy
removal of a portion of each vas deferens
orchiectomy
removal of a testicle
exenteration
removal of internal organs within the cavity
renal biopsy
removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination
lung biopsy
removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination
prostatectomy
removal of the prostate gland
tonsillectomy
removal of the tonsils
carotid endarterectomy
removes plaque buildup in carotid artery to reduce risk of stroke
pyel/o
renal pelvis
genitalia
reproductive organs; also called genitals
acute pulmonary edema
requires immediate medical attention: drugs (diuretics and vasodilators), oxygen in high [ ], and keeping patient in sitting position (to decrease venous blood flow to heart)
-oid
resembling
RDS
respiratory distress syndromeof the newborn
tissue plasminogen activator tPA and streptokinase
restore blood flow to the heart and limit irreversible damage to the heart muscle
RP
retrograde pyelogram
rrhythm/o
rhthym
Onset of true labor
rhythmic contractions, dilation of the cervix, and a discharge of bloody mucus from the cervix and vagina
What are combining forms?
root + combining vowel
hemat/o/logy
root/combining vowel/suffix
Syndrome
run together
sial/o
saliva, salivary
sialaden/o
salivary gland
cerebrospinal analysis
samples of CSF are examined; water,glu, Na, Cl, protein, RBC, and WBC are examined; can detect tumor cells and diagnose tumors and multiple sclerosis
chorionic villus sampling
sampling of placental tissues (chorionic villi) for prenatal diagnosis
olig/o
scanty
oligospermia
scanty production of sperm
arachnoid membrane
second layer surrounding the brain and spinal cord; loosely attached to the other meninges by web-like fibers
function of endothelial cells
secrete factors that affect the size of the blood vessel (endothelium derived relaxing factor, EDRF, and endothelin-a vasoconstrictor),reduce blood clotting, and promote the growth of blood vessels
erythropoietin
secreted by the kidneys; hormone that stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow
vitamin D
secreted by the kidneys; necessary for the absorption calcium from the intestine
renin
secreted by the kidneys; raises blood pressure in order to keep blood moving through the kidneys
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum)
gon/o
seed (Greek gone, seed)
-lepsy
seizure
Sz
seizure
temporal lobe epilepsy
seizures begin in temporal lobe
aut-
self, own
auto-
self, own
smini/i
semen, seed
SLN biopsy or SNB
sentinel lymph node biopsy - blue dyeor a radioisotope (or both) identities the first lymph node draining the breast lymphatics
septa (sing. septum)
separates the four chambers of the heart from one another
interatrial septum
separates the two upper chambers (atria)
chest tomograms
series of x-ray images each showing a "slice" of the chest at different depths; they detect small masses not seen on regular films
aplastic anemia
severe type, occurs when bone marrow fails to produce erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
migraine
severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache; prodromal symptoms (aura-peculiar sensations that precede the onset of illness) such as light sensitivity, sound sensitivity, flashes of light before the eyes, and partial blindness; pain is related to the dilation of blood vessels; medication targets serotonin receptors on blood vessels and nerves-- they will reduce inflammation and restrict blood vessels.
coitus
sexual intercourse; copulation
morph/o
shape, form
acu/o
sharp, severe, sudden
thec/o
sheath (refers to the meninges)
gyrus
sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
silic/o
silica
derm/o
skin
dermat/o
skin
Crani/o
skull
brady-
slow
bradycardia
slower than 60 beats per minute. Normal pulse is about 60-80 beats per minute
Cardiac center
slows the heart rate when the heart is beating too rapidly
micro-
small
arterioles
small arteries
ganglia
small collections of nerve cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord (in the PNS)
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
small electrical device that is implanted inside the chest (near the collerbone) to sense arrhythmias and terminate them with an electric shock
septal defects
small holes in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defects) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defects); some require open heart surgery to close the hole between the chambers
ileum
small intestine
adenoids
small masses of lymphatic tissue in the part of the pharynx (throat) near nose and nasal passages.
electrolytes
small molecules that conduct an electrical charge such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+). They are necessary for proper functioning of muscle and nerve cells. The kidneys maintain the proper balance of electrolytes and water in the blood.
venules
small veins
arterioles
smaller branches of arteries; thin branches that carry blood to the tinest of blood vessels, the capillaries
endocardium
smooth layer of endothelial cells that lines the interior of the heart and heart valves
natr/o
sodium
-malacia
softening
transvaginal ultrasound
sound probe is placed in the vagina instead of across the pelvis or abdomen; it is best used to evaluate fluid-filled cysts
doppler ultrasound studies
sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries
Doppler ultrasound studies
sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels;an instrument focuses sound waves on blood vessels, and echoes bounce off red blood cells
subarachnoid space
space for fluid between the fibers and the third membrane and contains CSF
What is the right brain concerned with?
spatial relationships, art, music, emotions, and intuition.
-ist
specialist
sp gr
specific gravity
-phasia
speech
sperm/o, spermat/o
spermatozoa, semen
myel/o
spinal cord (means bone marrow in other contexts)
myle/o
spinal cord, bone marrow
lumbar puncture (LP)
spinal fluid can be withdrawn for diagnosis or relief of pressure on the brain; a hollow needle is inserted into the lumbar region of the spinal column below the region where the nervous tissue of the spinal cord ends, and CSF is withdrawn.
splen/o
spleen
abortion (AB)
spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus can exist on its own
P wave
spread of excitation wave over the atria just before contraction
QRS wave
spread of excitation wave over the ventricles as the ventricles contract
embryo
stage in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks
fetus
stage in prenatal development from 8 to 39 or 40 weeks
zygote
stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implantation to 2 weeks
amyl/o
starch
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
started within 3 hours after a stroke
dia/gnos/is
state of complete knowledge
-sis
state of, condition
gastr/o
stomach
hiatal hernia
stomach protrudes upward into the mediastinum though the esophageal opening in the diaphragm
lith/o
stone
motor disturbances in Parkinson's disease
stooped posture, shuffling gait, and muscle stiffness; pill rolling tremor of hands and characteristic mask-like lack of facial expression
-stasis
stopping, controlling
defibrillation
stops electrical activity in the heart for brief moment so that normal rhythm take over.
-sthenia
strength
tonsillitis
streptococcal infection inflammation of the tonsils
Characteristics of Arteries
strong, thick elastic walls blood pressure is HIGH carries oxygen-rich blood to the tissues from the heart
-plasm
structure or formation
-us
structure, substance
-um, -ium
structure, tissue
radi/ology
study fo the x-rays
-logy
study of
log/o
study of
onc/o/logy
study of a tumor
gynec/o/logy
study of a woman
hemat/o/logy
study of blood
path/o/logy
study of diseases
cardi/o/logy
study of heart
gynecology
study of the female reproductive organs including the breast
psych/o/logy
study of the mind
neur/o/logy
study of the nerves
ur/ology
study of the urinary tract
cyt/o/logy
studying of the cell
nitrogenous waste
substance containing nitrogen and excreted in the urine
-poietin
substance that forms
-gen
substance that produces
What do you do to make combining forms for parts of the body that end in x?
substitute g for x
tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal or ictal events)
sudden loss of consciousness, falling down, and then tonic contractions (stiffening of the muscles ) followed by clonic contractions (twitching and jerking movements of the limbs)
gluc/o
sugar
glyc/o
sugar
carotid artery
supplies blood to the head and neck
glial cell
supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses; examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes
mesial surface
surface of the tooth that lies nearer to the median line
distal surface
surface that lies farther from the medial line
Anastomosis
surgical connection/opening between two previously unconnected parts of the small intestine or over vessel, duct, or bowel segment
tracheostomy
surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck; a tube is inserted to create an airway
cesarean section
surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus
nephrostomy
surgical opening to the outside of the body from the renal pelvis; this is necessary when a ureter becomes obstructed and the obstruction cannot be removed easily. The renal pelvis becomes distended with urine, making nephrostomy necessary.
-centesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid
thoracentesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural spaces
endarterectomy
surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery. Fatty deposits and thromboses are removed to open clogged arteries
-plasty
surgical repair
renal transplantation
surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient
salivary glands
surround and empty into the oral cavity
lips
surround the opening to the oral cavity
peri-
surrounding
peri-
surrounding, around
periodontal membrane
surrounds the cementum and holds the tooth in place in the tooth socket
Q
symbol for blood volume or rate of blood flow
coccyx
tailbone
technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan
technetium Tc99m sestamibi injected intravenously is taken up in cardiac tissue, where it is detected by scanning
breast ultrasound imaging and breast MRI
technologies using sound waves and magnetic waves to create images of breast tissue
TLE
temporal lobe epilepsy
cerebral concussion
temporary brain dysfunction (brief loss of consciousness) after injury, usually clearing within 24 hours; severe forms may lead to a coma
vagus nerve
tenth cranial nerve; its branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach
orch/o, orhi/o, orchid/o
testis, testicle
test/o
testis, testicle
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
tests that measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs (airway function, lung volume, and capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently); performed 1. to evaluate SOB 2. monitor lung function in patients with respiratory disease 3. to evaluate disability 4. to assess lung function before surgery
thalam/o
thalamus
Pubic Symphysis
the area in which the pubic bones of the pelvis have grown together.
pulse
the beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries
acute cystitis
the bladder contains blood as a result of mucosal hemorrhage
2nd degree prolapse of the uterus
the body of the uterus is still w/i the vagina, but the cervix protrudes from the vaginal orifice
pulmonary circulation
the circulation of blood through the vessels from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart again
pituitary gland
the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
meatus
the external opening of the urethra; opening or canal
blood pressure
the force that the blood exerts on the arterial walls
diastolic CHF
the heart can contract normally but it is "stiff" or less compliant when relaxed or filling with blood; fluid backs up in the lungs and other parts of the body. Ex. hypertension
aorta
the largest single artery in the body; moves up at first (ascending aorta) but then arches over dorsally and runs downward (descending aorta) just in front of the vertebral column. It eventually branches into several arteries
myocardium
the middle, muscular layer of the heart wall; it is the thickest layer
dura mater
the outermost membrane of the meninges; thick, tough membrane that contains channels (dural sinuses) with blood
systemic circulation
the pathway of blood from the heart to the tissue capillaries and back to the heart via the vena cavae
urination or voiding
the process of expelling urine through the urethra; also called micturition
Immune response
the reaction between an antigen and an antibody
amnion
the sac (membrane) that surrounds the embryo (called the fetus after the 8th wk) in the uterus
central canal
the space through which CSF travels
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
the use of shock waves directed toward the stone from the outside of the body so that the stones may be passed from the body into the urine for excretion
Ectopic pregnancy
the zygote (early-stage embyro) develops outside the uterus- most often within the fallopian tube.
Antibiotic
these destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria
cardiac catheterization
thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery. This detects pressures and patterns of blood flow in the heart. Contrasts can be injected and x-ray images taken of the heart and blood vessels.
lept/o
thin, slender
right atrium
thin-walled upper right chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood; contracts and forces blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
function of the cerebrum
thinking, personality, sensations, movements, memory
veins
thinner walls compared to arteries; conduct blood toward the heart from the tissues. They have little elastic tissue and less connective tissue than that of arteries
Characteristics of Veins
thins walls with valves blood pressure is LOW carries oxygen-poor blood from the tissues to the heart
pia mater
third layer of the meninges closest to the brain and spinal cord; it contains delicate connective tissue with a rich supply of blood vessels.
dips/o
thirst
Congenital Anomalies
those that an infant are born with include webbed fingers or toes (syndactyly) and heart defects.
Frontal lobe
thought processes, behavior, personality, and emotion
Functions of the cerebrum
thought, judgement, memory, association, and discrimination. Additionally, sensory impulses are received through afferent cranial nerves, and when registered in the cortex , they are the basis for perception.
computed tomography angiography(CTA)
three dimensional x ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using computed tomography (CT) (64 slice CT scanner)
meninges
three layers of connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
pharyng/o
throat
pharynx
throat
three types of strokes
thrombotic, embolic, and hemorrhagic
Thrombotic stroke
thrombus in the arteries leading to the brain which results in blocking of a vessel; atherosclerosis leads to this kind of stroke; TIAs may occur before a stroke (transient ischemic attacks)
per-
through
dia-
through, complete
thyr/o
thyroid gland; shield (the shape of the thyroid gland resembled [oid] a shield to those who named it)
chron/o
time
Hist/o
tissue
tPA
tissue plasminogen activator; a clot-dissolving drug used as a therapy for stroke
phor/o
to bear
-phoria
to bear, carry; feeling (mental state)
Anteflexion
to bend foward
bol/o
to cast (throw)
cis/o
to cut
sect/o
to cut
syncop/o
to cut off, cut short
phag/o
to eat, swallow
prolapse
to fall forward
-physis
to grow
Symphysis
to grow together
isch/o
to hold back
-meter
to measure
Transfusion
to pour across or through
-drome
to run
prodrome
to run before
crin/o
to secrete
endo/crin/e glands
to secrete within
-mission
to send
remission
to send back
-lapse
to slide, fall, sag
-opsy
to view
syn-, sym-
together, with
gloss/o
tongue
lingu/o
tongue
tonsill/o
tonsils
dent/i
tooth
odont/o
tooth
TAH-BSO
total abdominal hysterectomy-bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
ad-
toward (notice that the d faces toward the a)
trache/o
trachea (windpipe)
TRAMP flap
trans-rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap - for breast reconstruction
TIA
transient ichemic attact
TBI
traumatic brain injury
-therapy
treatment
iatr/o
treatment, physician
nitroglycerin
treats acute attacks of angina; given sublingually (under the tongue); a nitrate- a vasodilator that increases coronary blood flow and lowers blood pressure
biventricular pacemaker
treats delays and abnormalities in ventricular contractions and also can improve symptoms of congestive heart failure.
trigone
triangular region at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits
trigon/o
trigone (region of the bladder)
catheter
tube for injecting or removing fluids
onc/o
tumor
teratoma
tumor that is composed of different types of tissue
-oma
tumor, mass, collection of fluid
-oma
tumor, mass, swelling
aden/oma
tumor/mass of the gland
urethra
tune leading fr. urinary bladder to outside of body
strept/o
twisted chains
volvulus
twisting of the intestine on itself
Testicular torsion
twisting of the spermatic cord
bi-
two
vena cavae
two large veins that receive blood deficient in oxygen and pass the blood along to the right atrium of the heart from the tissue capillaries.
ureter
two tubes each leading from a kidney to urinary bladder
Magnetic resonance angiography MRA
type of MRI that gives highly detailed images of blood vessels. Physicians use MRA to view arteries and blockage inside arteries
astrocyte
type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from the capillaries.
palpitation
uncomfortable sensations in the chest from missed heartbeats
sub-
under
Subcuteneous
under the skin
hypo/derm/ic
under the skin
cryptorchidism
undescended testicles
fertilization
union of the sperm cell and ovum from which the embryo develops
Ana-
up
ana-
up, apart
epi-
upon, on, above
left atrium
upper left chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins; contracts to force blood through the mitral valve into the left ventricle
waste products of the body
urea, creatinine, and uric acid
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
cyst/o
urinary bladder
vesic/o
urinary bladder
cyst/o
urinary bladder; a sac or a cyst
UTI
urinary tract infection
lithotripsy
urinary tract stones are crushed
ur/o
urinary tract, urine
-uria
urination; urine condition
urin/o
urine
ur/o
urine (urea)
UA
urine analysis
cryosurgery
use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue; use a liquid nitrogen probe to produce freezing temperature
stereotactic radiosurgery
use of specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain; use a gamma knife (high energy radiation beam) to treat deep and inaccessible intracranial brain tumors and abnormal blood vessel masses (arteriovenous malformations); PSRS delivers a dose of proton radiation to a target and spares surrounding normal tissue
combining vowel
usually o, as in this term- links the root to the suffix or the root to another root. A combing vowel has no meaning of its own; it joins one word part to another
atrial flutter
usually symptomatic of heart disease and requires either medication, electrical cardioversion, or catheter ablation; up to 300 beats per minute
UAE
uterine artery embolization
metr/o, metri/o
uterus
uter/o
uterus
1st degree prolapse of the uterus
uterus descends into the vaginal canal
hyster/o
uterus, womb
uvul/o
uvula
colp/o
vagina
vagin/o
vagina
VH
vaginal hysterectomy
vag/o
vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)
valvul/o, valv/o
valve
varic/o
varicose veins
placenta
vascular organ that develops in the utterine wall during pregnancy. it serves as a communictation between maternal and fetal bloodstream
polyunsaturated fats
vegetable origin, such as corn and safflower oil; decrease blood cholesterol
phleb/o
vein
phleb/o, ven/o, ven/i
vein
ven/o
vein
nitrates also produce what?
venodilation to reduce venous return and decrease myocardial oxygen consumption, both of which help decrease the work of the heart
ventricul/o
ventricle, lower heart chamber
ventricular tachycardia
ventricular rate may be as high as 250 beats per minute. The rhythm is regular, but the atria are not contributing to ventricular filling and blood output is poor
spina bifida occulta
vertebral defect is covered over with skin and is only evident on x-ray or other imaging examinations.
fibrillation
very rapid,random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per minute)
angi/o
vessel
angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o
vessel
vas/o
vessel, duct; vas deferens
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
video equipment and a computer produce x ray images of blood vessels
herpes zoster (shingles)
viral infection affecting peripheral nerves; blisters and pain spread along peripheral nerves and are caused by inflammation due to herpes virus;occurs due to reactivation of the chickenpox virus
Occipital lobe
vision
laparoscopy
visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope
thoracoscopy (thorascopy)
visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope
colonoscopy
visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope (lighted magnifying instrument resembling a small, mounted pair of binoculars)
laryngoscopy
visual examination of the voice box
VCUG
voiding cystourethrogram
muscle tissue
voluntary muscle at parts of body where movement is under conscious control
muscle tissue
voluntary muscle found in arms, legs, etc. where movement is under conscious control
Reye syndrome
vomiting, swelling of the brain, increased intracranial pressure, hypoglycemia, and dysfunction of the liver. It may occur in children after a viral infection has been treated with aspirin.
episi/o
vulva
vulv/o
vulva
capillaries
walls that are only one endothelial cell thick; carries nutrient-rich, oxygenated blood from the arteries and arterioles to the body cells
hydr/o
water, fluid
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord; protects the brain and spinal cord from shock by acting like a cushion. It is usually clear and colorless and contains lymphocytes, sugar, and proteins.
aneurysm
weakened area in the vessel wall that balloons and may eventually burst
-paresis
weakness
Symptoms of ALS
weakness and atrophy of muscles in the hands, forearms, and legs, difficulty in swallowing and talking and dyspnea develop (b/c the throat and respiratory muscles become affected)
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ECMO
what extracoporeal circulation uses
When is BNP secreted?
when the heart becomes overloaded, and it acts as a diuretic to help heart function return to normal
root canal/pulp canal
where blood vessels, nerve endings, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels are w/i the pulp caal
tissue capillaries
where gas exchange occurs within the tissues; the blood is rich in oxygen and deposits that oxygen within the tissues and picks up the carbon dioxide instead. Now that the tissues have oxygen, food is able to be broken down and energy is released
lung capillaries
where gas exchange occurs; the oxygen-poor blood picks up oxygen from the lungs (through inhalation) pu and exchanges it for carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide will remain in the lungs and will eventually be exhaled.
leuk/o
white
leukocytes
white blood cells
leuk/ocyte
white cell
dilation (dilatation) and curettage D & C
widening of the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus
con-
with, together
aspiration
withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using suction
end-
within
endo-
within
intra-
within
Endotracheal
within the trachea
intravenous
within the vein
gynec/o
woman, female
para 2-0-1-2
womans reproductive history( 2 full-term, 0 preterm, 1 abortion, 2 living)
suffix
word ending
lex/o
word, phrase
renal angiography
x-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney; helps to diagnose areas of bleeding and renal artery stenosis
kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)
x-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder; it demonstrates the size and location of the kidneys in relation to others organs in the abdominopelvis region
CT scan
x-ray images show multiple cross-sectional and other views of organs and tissues
angiography
x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material
cerebral angiography
x-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessel in the brain after injection of contrast material
mammography
x-ray imaging of the breast
retrograde pyelogram (RP)
x-ray imaging of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder
myelography
x-ray imaging of the spinal canal after injection of contrast medium into the subarachnoid pace
hysterosalpingography (HSG)
x-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material; used to evaluate tubal patency (adequate opening) and uterine cavity abnormalities
voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
x-ray record (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding
computed tomography (CT)of the brain
x-ray technique that generates computerized multiple images of the brain and spinal cord
radi/o
x-rays
arteriography
xray imaging of arteries after injection of contrast material
ather/o
yellowish plaque, fatty substance
Larynx
"Voice box"; located at the upper part of the trachea
Trachea
"Wind pipe" (tube leading from the throat to the bronchial tubes)
MRSA infection
(Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) affects the skin, causing "boils" and abscesses
Transuerthral resection of the prostate gland
(TURP) a portion of the prostate gland is removed with an instrument (resectoscope) passed through (trans-) the urethra.
Epithelial cell
(a lining and skin cell) may be square and flat to provide protection
Syndrome
(from the Greek dromos, meaning a course for running) is a group of signs or symptoms that appear together to produce a typical clinical picture of a disease or interited abnormality.
Symptom
(from the Greek, symptoma, meaning that which happes) is a subjective change in condition as percieved by the patient. Examples are loss of appetite, abdominal pain and fatigue
What happens to the brain during AD?
-Atrophy of the cerebral cortex -widening of the cerebral sulci -senile plaques due to degeneration of neurons and neurofibrillary tangles -deposits amyloid (protein) can occur in neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques, and blood vessels
3 Objectives to study med. term
1) analyze words by dividing them into component parts 2) Relate med. terms to structure and fuction of human body 3) Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems
Three main parts of the stomach
1) fundus 2) body 3) antrum
saliva is released from what glands?
1) parotid gland 2) submandibular gland 3) sublingual gland
Liver jobs
1) produce bile 2) maintaining blood glucose 3) manufacturing blood proteins 4) releasing bilirubin 5) removing blood toxins
cranial nerves
12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve)
spinal nerves
31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal column
Genetic Defect for HD is located on which chromosome?
4
How many chambers does the human heart have?
4!
What does a normal EKG show?
5 waves, or delfections, that represent electrical changes as a wave of excitation spreads through the heart
How often does the diastole and systole contraction take place?
70-80 times in minute (3ounces of blood with each contraction)
NSCLC
90% of lung cancers and comprises two main types: adenocarcinoma (derived from mucus-secreting cells) and squamous cell carcinoma (derived from the lining cells of the upper airway). Staging can be done by assessing mediastinal lymph nodes. Nodes are negative=good for surgery. Nodes are positive=multimodality treatment (chemo and irradiation) with or without surgery are an option. May be caused by a mutation (epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR) in lung tissue. In this case you could use EGFR inhibitors (Iressa and Tarceva) in targeted drug therapy.