The Language of Medicine Chapter 1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9, 10, 11,12

Endodontist

A dentist specializing in the inner parts of the tooth

Tissue

A group of similar cells working together to do a specific job

Abductor

A muscle that draws a limb away from the body

Adductor

A muscle that draws the limb toward the body. Eg. adrenal glands

Bulbourethral Glands

A pair of exocrine glands near the male urethra. They secrete fluid into the urethra. Also called Cowper glands

Palatonpharyngoplasty

A procedure used to treat cases of snoring or sleep apnea caused by obstructions in the throat or nose

Histologist

A scientist who specializes in the study of tissues

Inguinal hernia

A small loop o the bowel protrudes through a weakened lower abdominal muscle

Antigen

A substance that produces (-gen) an antibody

Jaundice

A symptom illness marked by yellow-orange discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from excess bilirubin in the blood

Bilirubin

A yellow-orange pigment found in bile produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during normal red blood cell destruction

C6

Abducens- eye movement

Ascites

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

Cholelithiasis

Abnormal condiiton of gallstones

Cholelithiasis

Abnormal condition of forming gallstones

Choledocholithiasis

Abnormal conditions of stones in the common bile duct

Anal fistula

Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

Superior (cephalic)

Above another structure; pertaining to the head

Suprapubic

Above the pubis (pelvic bone)

Achlorhydria

Absence of hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice

C11

Accessory- swallowing; head and shoulder movement

Colorectal cancer

Adenocarcinoma of the colon or the rectum or both

Contralateral

After a stroke involving the motor (movement) area of the brain, the contralateral side of the body often demonstrates a deficit. This means that if the brain damage is on the right side of the brain, the patient will have paralysis on the left side of the body.

Postprandial

After meals

Antisepsis

Against infection

alveolus (plural: alveoli)

Air sac in the lung.

Cytoplasm

All the material that is outside the nucleus and yet contained within the cell membrane

Sign

An objective finding that is perceived by an examiner, such as fever, rash, or abnormal blood cell counts.

Parasitism

Another example of symbiosis, occurs when one organism benefits and the other does not.

Abnormal

Away from rule or order

Deep

Away from the surface

Posterior (dorsal)

Back surface of the body

Vertabrae

Backbones

Castroesophageal reflux disease

Backflow of solids and liquid against irs normal direction of movement

Chlamydial Infection

Bacterial invasion (by Chlamydia trachomatis) of the urethra and reproductive tract

Anterpartum

Before birth or labour

Ventr/o

Belly side of the body

Inferior (caudal)

Below another structure; pertaining to the tail or lower portion of the body

BPH

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (also called benign prostatic hypertrophy)

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Benign growth of cells within the prostate gland.

Colonic polyps

Benign growths protrude from the mucous membrane lining the colon

vasectomy

Bilateral surgical removal of a part of the vas deferens

Nat/i

Birth

Melena

Black, tarry stools; feces containing blood

Spinal Column

Bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain and spinal cord

Nervous System

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and collection of nerves

neonatology

Branch of medicine that studies the disorders and care of the newborn

Glycogenolysis

Breakdown of glycogen to release sugar

Emulsification

Breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles

lumbar puncture (LP)

CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis

what is it called when blood vessels are damaged in the cerebrum. This causes bleeding and decreased blood flow to nerve cells in specific areas of the brain.

CVA (cerebrovascular accident) or stroke

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn "HDN" or Erythroblastosis fetalis

Can occur in 1st pregnancy if a mother has had an Rh+ blood transfusion. Can occur in 2nd pregnancy if embryo also has Rh+ and the Rh- mother has Rh+ antibodies enter the embryo's blood stream?

Graves Disease

Causing hyperthyroidism

Epithelial Cell

Cells that line the skin and organs

Umbilical

Central region near the navel

Meta-

Change

DNA

Chemical found within each chromosome. Arranged like a sequence of recipes in code, it directs the activites of the cell

Thorac/o

Chest

Thoracic T (T1-T12)

Chest region. Each bone is joined to a rib

Triglycerides

Chief form of fat (lipids) in body cells; composed of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol

Syphillis

Chronic STD caused by a spirochete (sprial-shaped bacterium). Have chancre sore on penis

Crohn disease "Crohn's"

Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract (terminal ileum and colon). Marked by diarrhea, pain, fever, anorexia, weakness, and weight loss

Cirrhosis

Chronic, degenerative disease of the liver

Sphincter

Circular ring of muscles that surrounds an opening or orifice

Adipose tissue

Collection of fat cells

-fusion

Coming together, to pour

Diarrhea

Complete discharge, flow

Diameter

Complete measure

pregnancy

Condition in a female of having a developing embryo and fetus in her uterus for about 40 weeks

Hypospadias; hypospadia

Congenital abnormality in which the male urethral opening is on the undersurface of the penis, instead of at its tip

Connective

Connective tissue supports and binds other body tissue and parts. Bones, cartilage, and fibrous tissue are connective tissues

Nucleus

Control center of the cell. It contains chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell

Days 15-28

Corpus luteum develops. Corpus luteum functions as an endocrine organ and secretes the hormone progesterone into the bloodstream. This hormone stimulates the building up of the lining of the uterus in anticipation of fertilization of the egg and pregnancy.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Cranial Nerves (12 pairs), Spinal Nerves (31 pairs), Autonomic Nerves--> Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nerves

Mort/o

Death

Orthodontist

Dentist specializing in straightening teeth

Periodontist

Dentist specializing in treating the gums

Dyplasia

Difficult or abnormal growth

Constipation

Difficulty in passing feces

Dysphagia

Difficulty in swallowing

DRE

Digital Rectal Examination

Elimination

Discharge from the body of indigestible materials or wastes

Pylorus

Distal region of the stomach near the duodenum

Sigmoid colon

Distal, lower end of the colon

Pleura

Double-layered membrane surrounding each lung

Peritoneum

Double-layered membrane surrounding the abdominal organs

Premolar teeth

Either of the two teeth on each side of each jaw, just behind the canine teeth and in fron of the molars

Ejaculation

Ejection of sperm and fluid from the male urethra

Defecation

Eliminating of wastes and undigested foods though the rectum

-blast

Embryonic, immature

Pituitary gland

Endocrine gland at the base of the brain

Thyroid gland

Endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck

Adrenal Glands

Endocrine glands located above each kidney. They secrete chemicals (hormones) that affect the body's functioning.

Varicocele

Enlarged, dilated veins near the testicle

Hepatomegaly

Enlargement of the liver

Lipase

Enzyme (-ase) that digests fats; produced by cells in the pancreas and into the duodenum

Protease

Enzyme that digests proteins

Saliva

Enzyme-containing digestive juice secreted by salivary glands

ED

Erectile Dysfunction

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

Excision of benign prostatic hyperplasia using a resectoscope through the urethra

Cholecystectomy

Excision or removal of the gallbladder

Prostate Gland

Exocrine gland at the base of the male urinary bladder. The prostate secretes the fluid part of semen into the urethra during ejaculation

Perineum

External region between the anus and scrotum in the male

Scrotum

External sac that contains the testes

C7

Facial-face and scalp movement; taste; ear sensation

Ileus

Failure of peristalsis with obstruction of the intestines

Achalasia

Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter to relax; dilation of the esophagus and loss of peristalsis occurs

adnexa uteri

Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments.

Distal

Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure

Tachypenia

Fast breathing

Reproductive System

Female: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uretus* (womb), vagina, mammary glands Male: Testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland

Rectum

Final section of the colon

Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)

Finger palpation through the anal canal and rectum to examine the prostate gland

Villi

Fingerlike, microscopic projections on the inner surface of the small intestine; sites of absorption of foods and fluids

Dactyl/o

Fingers, toes

Cecum

First part of the large intestine (colon). connects to the ileum at the ileocecal valve (sphincter)

Sarc/o

Flesh

Cartilage

Flexible connective tissue attached to bones at joints. For example, it surrounds the trachea and forms part of the external ear and nose

Rugae

Folds or creases in the mucous membrane of the stomach or the hard palate of the mouth

Prepuce

Foreskin; fold of skin covering the tip of the penis

Furc/o

Forking, branching

Lithogenesis

Formation of stone (calculi)

Cytoplasm

Formation of the cell

Canine teeth

Four point, dog-like (canine means dog) teeth. Each canine or cusped tooth is third from the middle of the jaw

Anterior (ventral)

Front surface of the body

Sacral S (S1-S5)

Fused to form one bone, the sacrum

Eructation

Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

Flatus

Gas expelled through the anus

GU

Genitourinary

Pancreas

Gland under and behind the stomach; produces enzymes to digest food and the hormone insulin to transport sugar to cells

C9

Glossopharyngeal- tongue and throat sensations; throat movement

Inguin/o

Groin

Irritable bowel syndrom

Group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension

Flagellum

Hair-like projection on a sperm cell that makes it motile (able to move)

Chancre

Hard ulcer or sore

Circulatory System

Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland

Rectocele

Hernia of the wall of the rectum

HSV

Herpes Simplex Virus

Hyperbilirubinemia

High levels of bilirubin (yellow/orange pigment) in the bloodstream; jaundice

Hyperglycemia

High levels of sugar in the bloodstreams; diabetes mellitus

Transverse (cross-sectional or axial plane)

Horizontal Plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions

Transverse Plane (cross sectional or axial0

Horizontal plane running across the body parallel to the ground. This cross-sectional plane divides the body or structure into upper and lower portions.

Adrenaline

Hormone also known and epinephrine. It causes the bronchial tubes to widen, the heart to beat more rapidly, and blood pressure to rise

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating (-tropin) the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone

Incisor

Hormone secreated by specialized cells in the pancreas. Insulin facilitates transport of sugar from the blood into body cells

Insulin

Hormone secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas. Insulin facilitates transport of sugar from the blood into body cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver

Testosterone

Hormone secreted by the interstitial tissue of the testes; responsible for male sex characteristics

HPV

Human Papillomavirus

C12

Hypoglossal- speech; swallowing

12 Cranial Nerves

I. Olfactory, II. Optic, III. Oculomotor, IV. Trochlear, V. Trigeminal, VI. Abducens, VII. Facial, VIII. Vestibulocochlear, IX. Glossopharyngeal, X. Vagus, XI. Accessory, XII. Hypoglossal

Ili/o

Ilium (part of the pelvic bone)

Erectile Dysfunction

Inability of an adult male to acheive an erection; impotence.

Choledochotomy

Incision of the common bile duct

Seps/o

Infection

Herpes Genitalis

Infection of skin and genital mucosa, caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV)

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection

Infection of the skin and mucous membranes in the anogenital region by the human papillomavirus

Periodontal disease

Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth and surrounding bone

Sialadentitis

Inflammation of a salivary gland

Diverticulitis

Inflammation of diverticula; abdominal pain and rectal bleeding are symptoms

Gingivitis

Inflammation of gums

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix

Ulcerative colitis

Inflammation of the colon and rectum with the presence of ulcers; an inflammatory bowel disease

Gonorrhea

Inflammation of the genital tract mucosa, caused by infection with gonococci (berry shaped bacteria)

Ileitis

Inflammation of the ileum (third part of the small intestine)

Viral hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

Stomatitis

Inflammation of the mouth

Herpetic stomatitis

Inflammation of the mouth cause by infection with the herpes virus. Painful, fluid-filled blisters are produced by the infection and known as cold sores or fever blisters

Aphthous stomatitis

Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers; canker sores

Pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas

Peritonitis

Inflammation of the peritoneum

Enterocolitis

Inflammation of the small intestine and colon

endometrium

Inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus

amnion

Innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus

Endoscope

Instrument for visually examining within the body

Viscera

Internal organs

Bowel

Intestine. The large bowel is called the colon and the small bowel is the small intestine

Congenital Anomaly

Irregularity of a structural organ at birth

Fetal Alcohol Sydrome

It's characterized by prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency, craniofacial anomolies such as microchephaly, and limb and heart defects

Icterus

Jaundice; yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes cause by high levels of bilirubin in the blood

Urinary or Excretory System

Kidneys, ureters* (tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder), urinary bladder, urethra* (tube from the blader to the outside of the body)

Anorexia

Lack of appetite. sign of malignancy or liver disease

Dehydration

Lack of fluid, water

Laparoscopy

Laparococy visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen and abdominal organs through small abdominal incisions

Colon

Large intestine (bowel)

Portal vein

Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines

Liver

Large, reddish-brown orgain in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen. It secretes bile, forms blood proteins and metabolizes fats, proteins, and sugars

Left Inguinal Region

Left lower region near the groin. Also called the Left Iliac Region.

Left Lumbar Region

Left middle region near the waist

Left Hypochondriac Region

Left upper region below the rib cartilage

Sagittal (lateral) Plane

Lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides. The midsagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves. A lateral (side-to-side) chest x-ray film is taken in the sagittal plane

Sagittal (lateral) plane

Lengthwise, vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides. From the Lain sagitta, meaning arrow.

Dialysis

Literal meaning is complete separation.

Chromosomes

Literally "bodies of color" bc they absorb dyes

Lumbar L (L1-L5)

Loin (waist) or flank region (between the ribs and the hipbone)

Lumb/o

Lower back (side and back between the ribs and the pelvis)

base of the lung

Lower portion of the lung; from the Greek "basis", foundation. Basilar means pertaining to the base.

Supine

Lying on the back (face up, palms up) (e.g. belly "up")

Prone

Lying on the belly (face down, palms down) (e.g "on" belly)

adenoids

Lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils.

Penis

Male external organ of reproduction

Testis plural: testes

Male gonad (testicle) that produces spermatozoa and the hormone testosterone. Remember: testis means one testicle, and testes are two testicles

Esophageal cancer

Malignant tumor of the esophagus

Carcinoma of the prostate (prostate cancer)

Malignant tumor of the prostate gland

Gastric cancer

Malignant tumor of the stomach; stomach cancer

carcinoma of the testes (testicular cancer)

Malignant tumor of the testicles

Cib/o

Meals

PSA test

Measurement of levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood

Mesentery

Membrane that holds the intestine together; a fold of the peritoneum attaching the small intestine to the dorsal (back) body wall

Semen Analysis

Microscopic examination of ejaculated fluid

Hypogastric

Middle lower region below the umbilical region

Hypogastric Region

Middle lower region below the umbilical region

Epigastric

Middle upper region above the stomach.

Digestive System

Mouth, pharynx* (throat), esophagus, stomach, intestines (small and large), liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Buccal mucosa

Mucous membrane lining the cheek

hymen

Mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina

Diagphram

Muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities. the moves up and down and aids in breathing

Muscuskeletal System

Muscles, bones, and joints

vas deferens

Narrow tube (one on each side) that carries sperm from the epididymis into the body and toward the urethra. Also called ductus deferens

Seminiferous tubules

Narrow, coiled tubules that produce sperm in the testes.

Phimosis

Narrowing (stricture) of the opening of the prepuce over the glans penis

Umbilic/o

Navel, umbilicus

Proximal

Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure

Cervical C (C1-C7)

Neck region. how many?

Spinal Cord

Nervous tissue within the spinal cavity

Enteroenterostomy

New opening between two previously unconnected parts of the small intestine; anastomosis

Colostomy

New opening of the colon through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body

Gastrostomy

New opening of the stomach through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body

Gastrojejunostomy

New surgical opening between the stomach and the jejunum; an anastomosis. The procedure is part of the gastric-bypass surgery

Thel/o

Nipple

Apnea

No breathing

Anoxia

No oxygen

a-, an-

No, not, without

NSU

Nonspecific Urethritis (not due to gonorrhea or chlamdial infection)

Bifurcation

Normal splitting into two branches, such as bifurcation of the traches to form the bronchi

Respiratory System

Nose, pharynx, larynx* (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, lungs (where the exchange of gases takes place)

Kary/o

Nucleus

C3

Oculomotor-eye movement

C1

Olfactory- Smell

Superficial

On the surface

Epididymis plural: epididymides

One of a pair of long, tightly coiled tubes on top of each testis. It carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vas deferens

Mediastinum Cavity

One of two smaller cavities in the thoracic cavity. Centrally located space between the lungs It contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes

Ureter

One of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder. Spelling clue: has two e's

Intussusception

One portion of the intestine slips into an adjoining part; telescoping of the intestines

Peptic ulcer

Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum

C2

Optic-Vision

Ectopic Pregnancy

Out of place pregnancy Ectopic means pertaining to out of place and modifies the noun "pregnancy"

Ox/o

Oxygen

atrial fibrillation

P waves replaced by irregular and rapid fluctuations. There are no effective atrial contractions

What are the deflections called?

P, QRS, and T waves

Disk "Disc"

Pad of water and cartilage between vertebrae. Shock absorber

Dsypnea

Painful breathing

Dysentery

Painful, inflamed intestines commonly cause by bacterial infection

Seminal Vesicles

Paired sac-like male exocrine glands that secrete fluid (a major component of semen) into the vas deferens

Pap test

Papanicolaou smear-test for cervical or vaginal cancer

Hematochezia

Passage of bright red blood from the rectum

Absorption

Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine and into the bloodstream

PID

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Biliary

Pertaining to bile or affecting the bile ducts. Bile ducts empty bile into the small intestine (duodenum).

Bilateral

Pertaining to both sides

Parenteral

Pertaining to by some route other than through the gastrointestinal tract, as by intravenous injection

Distal

Pertaining to far or distant

Perianal

Pertaining to surrounding the anus

Celiac

Pertaining to the abdomen

Posterior

Pertaining to the back

Dorsal (posterior)

Pertaining to the back. (cranial and spinal)

Cecal

Pertaining to the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine

Dentibuccal

Pertaining to the cheek and teeth

Thoracic

Pertaining to the chest

Colonic

Pertaining to the colon

Duodenal

Pertaining to the duodenum

Esophageal

Pertaining to the esophagus

Facial

Pertaining to the face

Ventral

Pertaining to the front

Ventral (anterior)

Pertaining to the front. (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic)

Inguinal

Pertaining to the groin

Iliac

Pertaining to the ilium

Visceral

Pertaining to the internal organs

Labial

Pertaining to the lip

Lumbosacral

Pertaining to the lower back and sacrum

Medial

Pertaining to the middle or near the medial plane of the body.

Oral

Pertaining to the mouth

proximal

Pertaining to the nearest

Pharyngeal

Pertaining to the pharynx or throat

Sacral

Pertaining to the sacrum

Lateral

Pertaining to the side

Spinal

Pertaining to the spine

Tracheal

Pertaining to the trachea

Vertebral

Pertaining to the vertebra(e)

Umbilical

Pertaining to theumbilicus

Submandibular

Pertaining to under the lower jaw

Hypoglossal

Pertaining to under the tongue

Sublingual

Pertaining to under the tongue

Idiopathic

Pertaining to unknown cause of disease

PVP

Photo Selective Vaporization of the Prostate; Green Light PVP

Karyotype

Picture of classification of the nucleus

Karyotype

Pictures of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. The chromosomes are arranged in numerical order to determine their number and structure

Top/o

Place, position, location

Tox/o

Poison

Sterilization

Procedure that removes an individual's ability to produce or release reproductive cells

Catabolism

Process of breaking down complex materials (foods) to form simpler substances and release energy

anabolic

Process of building up

anabolism

Process of building up complex materials (protiens) from simple materials. Produces proteins such as hormones and enzymes that are important to growth of cells. Occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell

Mastication

Process of chewing

Thoracotomy

Process of cutting into the chest

Craniotomy

Process of cutting the skull

Gluconeogenesis

Process of producing new sugar from fats and proteins; occurs mainly in the liver

Autoimmune disease

Producing antibodies agianst one's own normal cells

PSA

Prostate- Specific Antigen

PIN

Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia; a precurser of prostate cancer

Immun/o

Protection

Antibody

Protein produced against an antigen (foreign body)

Antibodies

Protein substances made by white blood cells in response to the presence of foreign antigens.

Enzyme

Protein that speeds up the rate of the biochemical reaction. The suffix -ase means enzyme

Hiatal hernia

Protrusion of the upper portion of the stomach upward through the diaphragm

Pub/o

Pubis (pubic bone); anterior portion of the pelvic or hipbone

RPR

Rapid Plasma Reagin (test); a test for syphillis

Epigastric Region

Region above the stomach

Genes

Regions of DNA within each chromosome

Umbilical Region

Regoin of the navel or umbilicus

Hemiglossectomy

Removal of half of the tongue

Uvulectomy

Removal of the uvula

Photoselective vaporization of the prostate (Green Light PVP)

Removal of tissue to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) using a green light laser (laser TURP)

Appendectomy

Removal or excision of the appendix

3 Vital Centers in the Medulla Oblongata

Respiratory center, Cardiac center, and Vasomotor center

Peristalsis

Rhythm-like contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures

Cost/o

Rib

Inguinal

Right and left lower regions near the groin. Also called the iliac region

Hypochondriac

Right and left upper region beneath the ribs

Lumbar

Right and middle regions near the waist

Right Inguinal Region

Right lower region near the goirn (inguin/o - groin), which is the area where the legs join the trunk of the body. This region also is know at the Right Iliac Region because it lies near the ilium (the upper portion of the hip bone).

Right Lumbar Region

Right middle region near the waist

Right Hypochondriac Region

Right upper region below (hypo-) the cartilage (chondr/o) of the ribs that extend over the abdomen

Lower esophageal sphincter "LES"

Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach

Ileocecal sphincter

Ring of muscles that are between the ileum and the cecum (first part of the large intestine)

Pyloric sphincter

Ring of muscles that surround the opening of the stomach to the duodenum

Chromosomes

Rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that containas regions of DNA called genes. There are 46 of these (23 pairs) in every cell except for the egg and sperm cells, which contain only 23 individual , unpaired.

Palate

Roof of the mouth; hard palate is the fron bony portion and the soft palate is the posterior fleshy part near the throat

Norm/o

Rule, order

Borborygmus

Rumbling or gurgling noise produced by hyperactive movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract

symptoms of CHF

SOB, exercise intolerance, and fluid retention

gonorrhea

STD: gonococci and urethral discharge. Literally, "flow of seed." inflammation of the genital tract mucosa, caused by infection with gonococci (berry-shaped bacteria)

Hydrocele

Sac of clear fluid in the scotum

Sacr/o

Sacrum

Sialolith

Salivary gland stone; lodged in a salvia gland or duct

Parotid gland

Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the car

Cheilosis

Scales and fissures on the lips

Jejunum

Second part of the small intestine

Glans penis

Sensitive tip of the penis

Analysis

Separate (break apart) a problem

Inflammatory bowel disease

Severe inflammation of the small and large intestine; examples are Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis

STD

Sexually Transmitted Disease

STI

Sexually Transmitted Infection

Morph/o

Shape, form

Later/o

Side

Glucose

Simpler sugar necessary as a source of energy for body cells

Vertabra

Single backbone

Molar teeth

Sixth, seventh, and eight, teeth from the middle or either side of the dental arch. The most posterior

Cutane/o

Skin

Epithelial cells

Skin cells that cover the external body surface and line the internal surface of organs

Skin and sense Organs (system)

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands; eye, ear, nose, and tongue

Somn/o

Sleep

Bradycardia

Slow heart rate Usually a pulse of less than 60 is this

Papillae

Small elevations on the surface of the tongue containing taste buds

Bartholin glands

Small mucus-secreting exocrine glands at the vaginal orifice (opening to outside of the body)

Gallbladder

Small sac lying below the liver, in which bile is stored

Uvula

Small, fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate at the back of the mouth

Diverticula

Small, pouch-like herniations through the muscular wall of a tubular organ such as the colon

Appendix

Small, slender sac near the beginning of the color in the RLQ of the abdomen

Pulp

Soft tissue with a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels

Feces

Solid wastes; stools

Son/o

Sound

Pelvic Cavity

Space below the abdomen containing portions of the small and large intesties, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters and reproductive organs.

Abdominal Cavity "abdomen"

Space below the chest containg organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines

Pleural Cavity

Space between the pleural membranes. One of two smaller cavities in the thoracic cavity. It is a space between the folds of the pleura surrounding each lung. The pleura is a double-folded membrane that surrounds the lungs and protects them.

Thoracic Cavity

Space in the chest containing Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta (large artery)

Cranial Cavity

Space in the head containg the brain and pituitary gland. Surround by the skull.

Spinal Cavity "spinal canal"

Space within the spinal column (backbones) and containing the spinal cord

Proctologist

Specialists in the study of the anus and the rectum

Spermatozoon plural: spermatozoa

Sperm Cell

Semen

Spermatozoa (sperm cells) and seminal fluid (prostatic and seminal vesicle secretions)

Spin/o

Spine, backbone

Glycogen

Storage form of glucose (sugar); it produces when it is broken down (glycogenolysis) in liver cells

Hydrochloric acid

Strong acid, present in a dilute form in the stomach; aids digestion

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Structure (canals) within the cytoplasm. Site in which large proteins are made from smaller protein peices. Anabolism takes place here

Cell Membrane

Structure surrounding and protecting the cell. It determines what enters and leaves the cell

Endocardium

Structure within the heart

Mitochondria

Structures in the cytoplasm in which foods are burned to release energy. Catabolism takes place here

Etiology

Study of the cause of disease

Antiseptic

Substance that fights infection

Fatty acids

Substances that are produced when fats are digested. They combine with glycerol to form fat

Glyc/o

Sugar

Stroma

Supportive, connective tissue of an organ, as distinguished from its parenchyma

Choledochojejunostomy

Surgical anastomosis (create a new opening) between the common bile duct and the jejunum

Ileostomy

Surgical construction of an artificial opening from the ileum

Castration

Surgical excision of testicles or ovaries

Circumcision

Surgical procedure to remove the prepuce of the penis

Palatoplasty

Surgical repair of the plate

Pyloroplasty

Surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter

Deglutition

Swallowing

Hemorrhoids

Swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region

Esophageal varices

Swollen, twisted veins at the lower end of the esophagus

Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic

Sympathetic Vs. Parasympathetic: Pupils dilated-Pupils constricted Salivation inhibited- Salivation stimulated Increased respiration-Decreased respiration Bronchial passages dilated-Bronchial passages constricted Increased heart rate-Decreased heart rate Digestion inhibited-Digestion stimulated Bladder sphincter relaxed-Bladder sphincter contracted

Autoimmune Disease

The body makes antibodies against its own good cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury. Examples are rheumatoid arthritis, affecting the joints; sytematic lupus erythematosus (SLE), affecting connective tissues, skin, and internal organs

Amino Acids

The chief constituents of proteins, these are acids that contribute to protein synthesis. Amino acids are formed when large proteins molecules are digested

Dentin

The chief substance of teeth; surrounding the pulp and covered by enamel of the crown

Coccygeal

The coccyx (tailbone) is a small bone composed of four fused peices.

Amylase

The enzyme that digests or breaks down starch into simple substance

Parenchyma

The essential distinctive cells of an organ. In the testes, the seminiferous tubules that produce sperm are the parenchymal tissues

Duodenum

The first part of the small intestine

Anus

The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body

Digestion

The process of breaking down complex food into simpler substances that can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine

Histology

The study of tissue

Metabolism

The total of the chemical processes in a cell. It includes catabolism and ananbolism

Gastrointestinal tract

The tubular system relating to the stomach and intestine beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus

Uterus

The womb. The organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops

Ileum

Third (and final) portion of the small intestine

Pharynx

Throat. This serves as the common passageway for food (from the mouth going to the esophagus) and air (from the nose to the trachea)

Pharynx

Throat; the common passageway for food from the mouth

Endocrine System

Thryroid gland* (in the neck), pituitary gland* (at the base of the brain), sex glands (ovaries and testes), adrenal glands, pancreas (islets of Langerhans), parathyroid glands

apex of the lung

Tip or uppermost portion of the lung. An apex is the tip of a structure. Apical means pertaining to (at) the apex.

Flex/o

To bend

Nect/o

To bind, tie, connect

Anabolism

To build up

Cis/o

To cut

Duct/o

To lead, carry

The/o

To put, place

-crine

To secrete

Gloss/o

Tongue

Dental caries

Tooth decay

Trache/o

Trachea, windpipe

TRUS

Transrectal Ultrasound (examination); test to assess the prostate and guide precise placement of a biopsy needle

TUIP

Transurethral Incision of the Prostate; successful in less englarged prostates and less invasive than TURP

TUMT

Transurethral Microwave Thermotherapy

TUNA

Transurethral Needle Ablation; radiofrequency energy destroys prostate tissue

TURP

Transurethral Resection of the Prostate

C5

Trigeminal- forehead and scalp sensation; cheek senstion; chewing

C4

Trochlear-eye movement

Common bile duct

Tube carrying bile from the gallbladder and liver into the first part of the small intestine

Urethra

Tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. Spelling clue: has one e

Esophagus

Tube that carries food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach

Ejaculatory Duct

Tube through which semen enters the male urethra

lactiferous ducts

Tubes that carry milk within the breast

Hepatoma

Tumor (malignant) of liver cells; hepatocellular carcinoma

Sarcoma

Tumor of the flesh

Fraternal twins

Two infants born of the same pregnancy from two separate egg cells fertilized by two different sperm cells

Identical twins

Two infants resulting from division of one fertilized egg into two distinct embyros. Conjoined ("Siamese") twins are incompletely separated indentical twins

Symbiosis

Two organisms living together in close association, either for mutual benefit or not.

Echocardiograms

Ultrasound images of the heart.

Cryptorchidism; cryptorchism

Undescended testicles

Steatorrhea

Unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit. Discharge of fat in the feces due to improper digestion and malabsorption of fat

Nausea

Unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit

Urethr/o

Urethra

Antigen

Usually a foreign substance (such as poison, virus, or bacterium), stimulates the production of antibodies.

C10

Vagus- peristalsis; blood pressure; heart rate; coughing; sneezing

Vertebr/o

Vertebra(e), backbones

Frontal (coronal) plane

Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

Frontal (coronal) Plane

Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions.

C8

Vestibulocochlear- hearing and balance

Colonoscopy

Visual endoscopic examination of the colon

Sigmoidoscopy

Visual endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon

Vaccine

When you receive this, you are actually receiving dead or weakend antigens that stimulate white blood cells (lymphocytes) to make antibodies. These antibodies remain in your blood to protect against those specific antigens when encountered in the future.

Oral leukoplakia

White plaques or patches on the mucous membranes of the mouth

Enamel

White, compact and hard substance covering the substance (dentin) of the crown of the tooth

Trache/o

Windpipe, trachea

Carp/o

Wrist bones

Bile

Yellow or orange fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It travels from the gall bladder in the small intestines to help digest fats

Jaundice

Yellow skin pigmentation. One of the clinical signs of HDN. Results from excessive destruction of RBCs. When RBCs break down (hemolysis), the hemoglobin within the cells produces bilirubin (a chemical pigment). High levels of this in the bloodstream cause jaundice. Light decomposes the bilirubin which is excreted form the infant's body

valvuloplasty

a balloon-tipped catheter dilates a cardiac valve

myxoma

a benign tumor derived from connective tissue, with cells embedded in soft mucoid stromal tissue. Rare tumors that occur frequently in the left atrium

left ventricular assist device (LVAD)

a booster pump implanted in the abdomen, with a cannula (tube) inserted into the left ventricle; it pumps blood out of the heart to all parts of the body

atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His

a bundle of specialized muscle fibers that receive the electrical signal from the AV node; it then divides the excitation wave into the left bundle branch and the right bundle branch

glomerulus

a collection of tiny capillaries formed in the shape of a small ball; there are about 1 million glomeruli in the cortex of each kidney

spinal cord

a column of nervous tissue extending from the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra within the vertebral column; carries nerves to and from the limbs and lower part of the body. It is the pathway for impulses going to and from the brain.

Syndactyly

a congenital anomaly marked by fusion of fingers or toes.

heart transplantation

a donor heart is transferred to a recipient

The heart is what kind of pump?

a double pump bound into one organ and synchronized

cauda equina

a fan of nerve fibers

Brianna

a half iranian, half white female seeking a career in the medical field. Her best friend is philipino, and they both have cute maltipoos

negative feedback

a high level of hormones (estrogen and progesterone) shuts off production of another set of hormones (FSH and LH)

urinary bladder

a hollow, muscular sac that acts as a temporary reservoir for urine

symphysis

a joint in which the bony surfaces are firmly united by a layer of fibrocartliage

nerve

a macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses

creatinine clearance

a measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing creatinine from the blood; good indication of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) which is normally 90 to 120 mL/min

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

a method of producing multiple copies of a single gene, which is an important tool in recombinant DNA technology.

interventricular septum

a muscular wall that separates the two lower chambers (ventricles)

periotoneal dialysis (PD)

a peritoneal catheter will introduce fluid into the peritoneal (abdominal cavity);chemical properties of the fluid cause wastes in the capillaries of the peritoneum to filter out of the bloodstream and into the fluid. The fluid is then removed via catheter

Rh condition "ex: antigen-antibody reaction"

a person who is Rh positive (Rh+) has a protein coating (antigen) on his or her red blood cells (RBCs). This specific antigen factor is something that the person is born with and is normal. People who are Rh negative (Rh-) have normal RBCs as well, but their red cells lack the Rh factor antigen.

sinoatrial node (SA node) or pacemaker

a small region in the posterior portion of the right atrium with specialized tissues where electrical impulses originate from. The current of electricity produced here allow the the walls of the atria to contract and force blood into the ventricles

transesophageal ECHO (TEE)

a transducer placed in the esophagus provides ultrasound and doppler information; detects cardiac masses, prosthetic valve function, aneurysms, and pericardial fluid

urethra

a tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

pulmonary artery

a vessel that divides in two: one branch leading to the left lung, the other to the right lung; only artery in the body that carries blood deficient in oxygen

thrill

a vibration felt on palpation of the chest, often accompanies a murmur

niacin

a vitamin that helps to reduce lipids

abdomin/o

abdomen

lapar/o

abdomen

lapar/o

abdomen, abdominal wall

abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal and pelvic cavities together

hydrocephalas

abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain due to an impairment of circulation of CSF in the brain or spinal cord; can occur in adults due to tumors and infections

pleural effusion

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (cavity); two types are exudates (fluid from tumors, infections, trauma, and other disease) and transudates (fluid from congestive heart failure, PE, or cirrhosis)

-iasis

abnormal condition

preeclampsia

abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked with high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache

pneumoconiosis

abnormal condition caused by dust in lungs, with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis

brain tumor

abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges; most arise from glial cells (astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and ependymoma) or the meninges; swelling (cerebral edema) and hydrocephalus occur, sever headaches and seizures as well

arrhythmia

abnormal heart rhythm

meconium aspiration syndrome

abnormal inhalation of meconium (first stool) produced by a fetus or newborn

Diverticulosis

abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal walls

paralysis

abnormal separation. Abnormal disruption of the connection between

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

abnormal thickening of heart muscle,usually in the left ventricle.The ventricle has to work harder to pump blood;this condition may be inherited or developed over time because of high blood pressure or aging

AUB

abnormal uterine bleeding

para-

abnormal, beside, near

Ventricular fibrillation

abnormal, irregular waves. Ventricles in fibrillation cannon pump blood effectively. Circulation stops and sudden cardiac death follow if fibrillation is not reversed

seizures

abnormal, sudden discharges of electrical activity within the brain

congenital heart disease

abnormalities in the heart at birth

varicose veins

abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually in the legs. cauased by damaged valves that fail to prevent the backflow of blood. The blood collects in the veins and distend to many times their normal size. becuase of slow flow of blood in these veins and injury, thrombosis can occur too. Hemorrhoids are varicose veins near the anus. Treat iwth sclerotherapy or laser and pulse-light treatments to seal off veins.

AB

abortion

Epi-

above

Epithelium

above the lining cells

epi-

above, upon

supra-

above, upper

hydrocephalus

accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain; due to a problem with circulation of fluid within the brain and spinal cord

Examples of Neurotransmitters

acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins

ketoacidosis

acids accumulate in the blood and tissues; the breath of a patient with ketosis has a sweet or "fruity" odor due to acetone released from the blood in the lungs and exhaled through the mouth

hospital-acquired pneumonia or nosocomial pneumonia

acquired during hospitalization

trans-

across, through

trans-

across; through

parturition

act of giving birth

-version

act of turning

-praxia

action

eosinophils

active and increased in number in allergic conditions such as asthma; (stain red)

pneumonia

acute inflammation and infection of the alveoli, which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction; etiologic agents: pneumococci, staphylococci, and other bacteria, fungi, or viruses

hyaline membrane disease

acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn; aka respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn (RDS); caused by a deficiency of surfactant (protein necessary for proper lung function)

ARF

acute renal failure

visceral pericardium

adhering to the heart

connective tissue

adipose (fat tissue), cartlige (elastic, fibrous tissue attached to bone), bone, and blood

Connective tissue

adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage (elastic, fibrous tissue attached to bone), bone, and blood

Vasomotor center

affects (constricts or dilates) the muscles in the walls of blood vessels, thus influencing blood pressure

ureteroileostomy

after a cystectomy, the urologic surgeon forms a pouch from a segment of the ileum, used in place of the bladder to carry urine from the ureters out of the body

postpartum

after birth

postmortem

after death

post-

after, behind

anti-

against

Contraindication

against indication factors for with holding treatment

contra-

against, opposite

stimulus

agent of change (light, sound, touch) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response

ventilation

air flow

obstructive lung disease

airways are narrowed, which results in resistance to air flow during breathing; decreased expiratory flow rate or FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration). Examples are asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis, CF, and bronchiolitis

albumin/o

albumin (a protein in the blood)

pan-

all

Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)

allows surgeons to view the chest from a video monitor

AFP

alpha-fetoprotein (high levels of amniotic fluid of fetus or maternal serum indicate increased risk of neurologic birth defects in the infant)

AFP

alpha-fetoprotein; elevated levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood are associated with congenital malformations of the nervous system

amni/o

amnion

amni/o

amnion (sac surrounding the embryo in the uterus)

Holter monitoring

an ECG device is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias.

stricture

an abnormal narrowing of an opening or passageway

bruit

an abnormal sound or murmur heard on auscultation

Antitoxin

an antibody, often from an animal, that acts against a toxin

Hemodialysis (HD)

an artificial kidney machine receives waste-filtered blood from the patient's bloodstream, filters it, and returns the dialyzed blood to the patient's body

potassium (K+)

an electrolyte regulated by the kidney so that a proper concentration is maintained within the blood. It is essential for allowing muscle contraction and conduction of nerve impulses

sodium (Na+)

an electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys; needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions

artifical cardiac pacemaker

an electronic apparatus implanted in the chest to stimulate heart muscle that is weak and not functioning

Neuron

an individual nerve cell, a microscopic structure

foley catheter

an indwelling catheter held in place by a balloon inflated with liquid

Marfan Syndrome

an inherited connective tissue disorder marked by a tall, thin body type with long, "spidery" fingers and toes (arachnodactyly), elongated head, and heart, blood vessel, and opthalmic abnormalities.

orifice

an opening

nephropexy

an operation to put a floating kidney in place

digital tomosynthesis

an x-ray tube moves in an arc around the breast as several images are taken

amniocentesis

analysis between 12th and 18th weeks of pregnancy

When a term contains two or more roots related to body parts, _______ _______ determines which root goes before the other.

anatomic position (Ex: gastroenterology) (stomach before small intestines)

zo/o

animal life

saturated fats

animal origin, such as milk, butter, and meats; increase blood cholesterol

How does MG work on the molecular level?

antibodies block the ability of acetylcholine to transmit the nervous impulse from nerve to muscle cell.

Therapy for MG?

anticholinesterase drugs (inhibit enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine), corticosteriods (prednisone) and immunosuppressive drugs (methotrexate, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide); thymectomy

drugs used to treat ACS

anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents such as aspirin and clopidogrel (plavix)

diabetes insipidus

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect; two major symptoms: polydipsia and polyuria; very dilute and watery urine results

an/o

anus

proct/o

anus and rectum

aort/o

aorta

shift of the aorta to the right

aorta overrides the interventricular septum; oxygen-poor blood passes from the right ventricle to the aorta

append/o appendic/o

appendix

pulmonary infarction

area of necrosis (death of lung tissue)

brachi/o

arm

axill/o

armpit

coronary artery bypass grafting CABG

arteries and viens are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages. Internal mammary, radial, and saphenous grafts are used to keep the myocardium supplied with oxgenated blood

AVM

arteriovenous malformation; congenital tangle of arteries and veins in the cerebrum

arter/o, arteri/o

artery

arteri/o

artery

pleurodesis

artificial production of adhesions between the parietal and visceral pleura for treatment or presistent pnemothorax and severe pleural effusion; use talc powder or drugs, such as antibiotics

asbest/o

asbestos

asbestosis

asbestos particles accumulate in the lungs; in shipbuilding and construction trades

Four parts of the colon

ascending, descending, transverse, and sigmoid

What is caused by the weakening of the myocardium?

atrial fibrillation, mitral stenosis, and congestive heart failure. rheumatic disease can occur too.

atri/o

atrium, upper heart chamber

ASCUS

atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance - the Pap smear is abnormal but does not meet the criteria for a specific lesion

myasthenia gravis (MG)

autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles; chronic autoimmune disorder

ab-

away from (notice tht the b faces away form the a).

Dors/o

back portion of the body

Contralateral

back to front with holding treatment

re-

back, again

re-

back, backward, again

Poster/o

back, behind

retro-

backward

-cocci

bacteria

bacteri/o

bacteria

culture and sensitivity testing (C&S)

bacteria in the urine are cultured, and then tested with antibiotics to determine which antibiotic will inhibit its growth

mal-

bad

malaise

bad feeling

dys-

bad, painful, difficult, abnormal

percutaneous coronary intervention PCI

balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place

-parous

bearing, bringing forth

enuresis

bed-wetting

pre-

before

prenatal

before birth

precancerous

before cancer

Ante cibum

before meals

ante-

before, forward

pro-

before, forward

pre-

before, in front of

-arche

beginning

prefix

beginning of a term

menarche

beginning of the first menstrual period and ability to reproduce

retro-

behind

retro-

behind, backward

celi/o

belly, abdomen

Hypo-

below

subdural space

below the dural membrane

sub-

below, under

Retroflexion

bend back (position of an organ)

infra-

beneath, under

infracostal

beneath, under the rib

chondroma

benign tumor of the cartilage

diplocci

berry-shaped bacteria organized in pairs (Ex: pneumococci and gonococci)

-coccus

berry-shaped bacterium

streptococcus

berry-shaped bacterium, grows in twisted chains

Inter-

between

inter-

between

intercostal

between the rib

tricuspid valve

between the right atrium and ventricle; allows for one-way flow of blood

pericardial cavity

between the visceral and parietal pericardium; normally contains 10 to 15mL of pericardial fluid, which lubricates the membranes as the heart beats

metastasis

beyond control, beyond stopping

meta-

beyond, change

ultra-

beyond, excess

BILI

bilirubin

bilirubin/o

bilirubin

nat/i

birth

-partum

birth, labor

peripheral arterial disease

blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs. arteries include carotid, femoral, popliteal. A sign of PAD is low extremities is intermittent claudication where pain, tension, and weakness occurs after walking only and not resting

thrombotic occlusion

blocking of the coronary artery by a clot

tubal ligation

blocking of the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring ; ligation means tying off and doesn't pertain solely to fallopian tubes

hem/o

blood

hemat/o

blood

hema/t/oma

blood clot

deep vein thrombosis DVT

blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in lower limbs

-emia

blood condition

Perfusion

blood flow

ischemia

blood flow to tissue is not sufficient. This condition deprives cells of oxygen and, if not reversed, leads to tissue death

pregnancy test

blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG

BUN

blood urea nitrogen test

renal vein

blood vesel that carries blood away from the kidney and twoard the heart

Hemorrhagic stroke

blood vessel breaks and bleeding occurs; can be fatal; results due to advancing age, atherosclerosis, and high blood pressure

renal artery

blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney

blood-brain barrier

blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out.

arteries

blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart

cyan/o

blue

cyanosis

bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from diminished oxygen content of the blood

-somes

bodies

Parietal lobe

body sensations, visual and spatial perception

function of the hypothalamus

body temperature, sleep, appetite, emotions (fear, pleasure, and sexual desire), control of the pituitary gland (release of hormones)

oste/o

bone

metacarpal bones

bones beyond the wrist

left ventricular assist device LVAD

booster pump implanted in the abdomen with a cannula to the left ventricle

myelomeningocele

both the spinal cord and meninges protrude

encephal/o

brain

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy

brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS

alzheimer disease (AD)

brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning; can begin in middle of life and worsen after the age of 70; a mutation on chromosome 14 has been linked to familial cases. There is no effective treatment.

obstetrics

branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy and childbirth

autonomic nervous system

branch of the PNS; nerve fibers carry impulses away from the CNS to the glands, heart, blood vessels, and involuntary muscles found in the walls of tubes like the intestines and hollow organs like the stomach and urinary bladder

parasympathetic nerves

branch of the autonomic nervous system; a collection of nerves that stimulate the body during times of rest. They slow down the heart rate, lower blood pressure (vasodilation), and stimulate intestinal contractions to clear the rectum; involuntary

sympathetic nerves

branch of the autonomic nervous system; a collection of nerves that stimulate the body in times of stress and crisis. They increase heart rate and forcefulness, dialate (relax) airways so that more oxygen can enter, and increase blood pressure (vasoconstriction); involuntary

-lysis

breakdown, destruction, separation

mamm/o

breast

mast/o

breast

BRCA1, BRC@

breast cancer 1 and 2 - genetic mutations associated with increased risk for breast cancer

BSE

breast self-examination

-pnea

breathing

catheter ablation

brief delivery of radiofrequency or cryosurgery to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias. A catheter is guided through a vein in the leg to the vena cava and into the heart. The abnormal electrical pathway is located and ablated via energy emitted from catheter

defibrillation

brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias "ventricular fibrillation". For patients at high risk of sudden cardiac death from ventricular dysrhythmias an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator ICD or automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator AICD is placed in the upper chest

afferent neurons

bring impulses from a sensory receptor (such as the skin) into the spinal cord; carries messages towards the brain and spinal cord

portal vein does what?

brings blood to the liver from the intestines

bronch/o

brochial tubes

cerebral contusion

bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurologic deficits persist longer than 24 hours; usually associated with a fracture to the skull; subdural or epidural hematomas can occur--permanent brain damage with altered speech or memory or development of epilepsy

bronchial brushing

brush is inserted through the bronchoscope and used to scrape off tissue

caus/o

buring

The stage of a tumor is determined how?

by its size and location

cali/o, calic/o

calyx

ventricles of the brain

canals in the brain that contain CSF

carcin/o

cancer

carcin/o

cancer, cancerous

malignant

cancerous (literally pertaining to bad fire)

carcin/oma

cancerous tumor

sarc/oma

cancerous tumor

renal cell carcinoma (Hypernephroma)

cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood; nephrectomy is the primary treatment

arterioles

capillaries

CIS

carcinoma in situ

inferior vena cava

carries blood from lower part of the body

motor nerve

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerves

sensory nerve

carries messages towards the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve

venules

carries waste-filled blood towards the heart

efferent neurons

carry impulses from the spinal cord to effector organs (such as skeletal muscles); motor neurons

fibrous and fatty tissue

carry milk to the nipple

chondr/o

cartilage

chondr/o

cartilage (type of connective tissue)

Cath

catheter, catheterization

percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

catheterization with balloons and stents opens clogged coronary arteries

pulmonary embolism

caused by DVT where clot travels to the lungs if not treated. use anticoagulants

aspiration pneumonia

caused by a material, such as food or vomitus, lodging in bronchi or lungs

pneumococci

causes bacterial pneumonia

sinuses

cavities that carry milk

cec/o

cecum

Three main parts of of large intestines

cecum, colon, and rectum

-cyte

cell

Cyt/o

cell

cyt/o

cell

renal pelvis

central collecting region in the kidney

cerebell/o

cerebellum

cerebr/o

cerebrum

cerebr/o

cerebrum (largest part of the brain)

CIN

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Cx

cervix

cervic/o

cervix, neck

C-section

cesarean section

CS

cesarean section

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in three planes of the body

bucc/o

cheek

neurotransmitter

chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell.

cardiac biomarkers

chemicals are measured in blood as evidence of a heart attack; substances tested for are troponin-I (cTnI) and troponin-T (cTnT)

steth/o

chest

thorac/o

chest

unstable angina

chest pain at rest or chest pain of increasing frequency

tube thoracostomy

chest tube is passed through an opening in the chest to continuously drain a pleural effusion

ped/o

child

cholesterol/o

cholesterol ( a lipid substance)

chori/o, chorion/o

chorion (two forms)

CVS

chorionic villus sampling

Down Syndrome

chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21) results in mental retardation retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes.

End result of CF

chronic airway obstruction, infection, bronchiectasis, and respiratory failure

epilepsy

chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity

Components of COPD

chronic bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

chronic condition of persistent obstruction of air flow through bronchial tubes and lungs. It is caused by smoking, air pollution, chronic infection, and, in a minority of cases, asthma. Patients with chronic bronchitis COPD are referred to as "blue bloaters" (cyanotic, stocky build), whereas those with predominant emphysema are called "pink puffers" (short of breath, but with near-normal blood oxygen levels and no change in skin color).

bronchiectasis

chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection (due to loss of elasticity of the bronchi). Signs and symptoms: cough, fever, and expectoration of foul-smelling, purulent (pus-containing) sputum

sarcoidosis

chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules (granulomas) develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs; cause is unknown. Many patients are symptomatic and retain adequate pulmonary function. Corticosteroids are used to prevent progression.

CKD

chronic kidney disease (a condition during which serum creatinine and BUN levels rise, which may result in impairment of all body systems)

shock

circulatory failure associated with inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to body tissues

thromb/o

clot

pulmonary embolism (PE)

clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung; travels from distant veins (usually legs); causes acute pleuritic chest pain (chest on inspiration) and may be associated with blood in sputum; use CT angiography to diagnose

thromb/o

clot, clotting

thrombocytes or platelets

clotting cells. They are actually tiny fragments of cells formed in the bone marrow and necessary for blood clotting.

staphyl/o

clusters

anthrac/o

coal

anthracosis

coal dust accumulation in the lungs; black lung disease

drug-eluting stents DESs

coated with polymers that elute antiproliferative drugs to prevent scar tissue formation leading to restenosis

Coccyg/o

coccyx (tailbone)

Cry/o

cold

Atelectasis

collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of the alveoli

pneumothorax

collection of air in the pleural space; caused by a rupture of an pulmonary lesions near the pleural surface that allows communication between an alveolus or bronchus and the pleural cavity

hydrothorax

collection of fluid in the pleural cavity

inflitrate

collection of fluid or other material within the lung, as seen on a chest film, CT scan, or other radiologic image

abscess

collection of pus, white blood cells, and protein that is present at the site of infection

ovarian cysts

collections of fluid within a sac (cyst) in the ovary

artheromas

collections of plaques that protrude into the lumen of an artery, weakening the muscle lining

colon/o

colon

col/o

colon (large intestine)

col/o

colon, large intestine

Chrom/o

color

CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA)

combination of CT scanning and angiography; examines pulmonary circulation in the diagnosis of PE

nephron

combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place in the kidney. It is the functional unit of the kidney, each capable of forming urine by itself. There are about 1 million nephrons in a kidney.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

combination of symptoms including depression, breast tenderness, and irritability before menstruation; this occurs due to a decrease in hormones after the egg does not get fertilized

Organs

combination of tissues

duplex ultrasound

combines doppler and conventional ultrasound to allow physicians to image the structure of blood vessels and measure the speed of blood flow

occlusal surface

comes in contact with a corresponding tooth in the opposing arch

choldoch/o

common bile duct

bronchopneumonia

common in infants and the elderly; involves patchy consolidation (abscesses) in the lung parenchyma. Treatment: antibiotics, oxygen, and mechanical ventilation (if necessary)

Right and left bundle branch block (RBBB and LBBB)

common types of heart blocks; they involve delay or failure of impulses traveling through the right and left bundle branches to the ventricles

arteriovenous fistula

communication between an artery and vein that can be created to provide access for hemodialysis

urine

composed of water, salts, acids, and nitrogenous wastes

cardiac tamponade

compression of the heart caused by collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity; treatment includes anti-inflammatory drugs and other agents

CT

computed tomography

computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest

computer-generated series of x-ray images show thoracic structures in cross section and other planes

thallium 201 scan

concentration of radioactive thallium is measured to give information about blood supply to the heart muscle

-ia

condition

metamorphosis

condition of changing shape

thrombosis

condition of clot formation

Symbiosis

condition of life together (with life); two organisms living together for either mutual benefit or not

-genesis

condition of producing, forming

anemia "no blood"

condition of reduction in the number of erythrocytes or in the amount of hemoglobin in circulating blood

-y

condition, process

-osis

condition, usually abnormal

acute coronary syndromes (ACSs)

conditions caused by myocardial ischemia; these conditions are unstable angina and myocardial infarction. People benefit from early angiography and PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention with a balloon catheter and stents) or CABG (coronary artery bypass grafting) to improve blood flow to the heart muscle (revascularization)

nerve tissue

conducts impulses

Nerve Tissue

conducts impulses all over the body

Characteristics of AD

confusion, memory failure, disorientation, restlessness, and speech disturbances. Anxiety, depression, and emotional disturbances can occur as well.

spina bifida

congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect)

tetralogy of Fallot

congenital malformation involving four (tetra-) distinct heart defects; pulmonary artery stenosis, ventricular septal defect, shift of the aorta to the right, and hypertrophy of the right ventricle.Infant is known as "blue baby" due to extreme degree of cyanosis

Neurologic disorders may be classified in the following categories:

congenital; neoplastic (tumors); degenerative, movement, and seizure; traumatic; infectious (meningitits and encephalitis); vascular (stroke)

function of the pons

connection of nerves (to the eyes and face)

stroma

connective and supporting tissue of an organ. Glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain

Community-acquired pneumonia

contagious respiratory infection cause by viruses and bacteria; treat via oral antibiotics

gray matter

containing cell bodies and dendrites

purulent

containing pus

white matter

containing the nerve fiber tracts with myelin sheaths

Fat Cell

contains large, empty spaces for fat storage.

glandular tissue

contains milk glands or lobules that develop in response to hormones from the ovaries during puberty.

LLQ left lower quadrant

contains parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter

RLQ right lower quadrant

contains parts of the small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter

LUQ left upper quadrant

contains the liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines

RUQ right upper quadrant

contains the liver (right lobe), gallbladder, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines

CAPD

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

CCPD

continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis

telemetry

continuous monitoring of a patient's heart rhythm in hospitals by this which is electronic transmission of data.

fetal monitoring

continuous recording of the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to reduce fetal distress during labor

systole

contraction; occurs as the right and left ventricles contract to pump blood into the pulmonary artery and the aorta; the tricuspid and mitral valves are closed(lubb sound-->1st heart sound (S1)); the pulmonary and aortic valves are open

hemostasis

control of blood loss after injury or during surgery.

sphincters

control the openings into and leading out of the stomach

Respiratory center

controls muscles of respiration in response to chemicals or other stimuli

function of the cerebellum

coordination of voluntary movements and balance

Drugs typically used to treat MS?

corticosteriods (to fight inflammation), interferons (to slow rate of MS symptoms), and glatiramer (to block immune system's attack on myelin).

Signs and symptoms of advanced TB

cough, weight loss, night sweats, hemoptysis , and pleuritic pain

myelin sheath

covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. It speeds impulse conduction along axons.

cementum

covers, protects, and supports the dentin in the root

CRCL

creatinine clearance, aka CrCl or CLcr

-tripsy

crushing

culd/o

cul-de-sac

calyx or calix

cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis

in/cis/ion

cut into

ex/cis/ion

cut out

re/sect/ion

cutting back in the sense of cutting out

cysto

cystoscopic examination

bacterial endocarditis

damage to the heart valves from infection and produces lesions called vegetations that break off into the bloodstream as emboli; antibiotics for treatment

areola

dark pigmented area around the nipple

necorsis

death

necr/o

death ( of cells or whole body)

ischemia

decreased blood flow

comat/o

deep sleep (coma)

-chezia

defecation, elimination of wastes

-penia

deficiency

pancytopenia

deficiency of all blood cells

Hypoglycemia

deficient (low) blood sugar

hypo-

deficient, below, under, less than normal

hypo-

deficient, under

oste/o/arthr/itis

degeneration of bones and joins and added inflammation

Parkinson disease (parkinsonism)

degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement; caused by a deficiency in dopamine (NT made in the basal ganglia)

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem; manifests in adulthood; aka Lou Gehrig disease

artherosclerosis

deposition of fatty compounds on the inner lining of the coronary arteries; the ordinarily smooth lining of the artery becomes roughened

artherosclerosis

deposits of yellow plaque (artheromas) containing cholesterol and lipids are found within the lining of the artery

hilum

depression on the medial border of the kidney; blood vessels and nerves pass through here

sulcus

depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure

SCLC

derived from small, round cells found in pulmonary epithelium; grows and rapidly and quickly spreads. Palliative treatment includes surgery, radiation therapy, and chemo.

coronary artery calcium score

derived to indicate future risk of heart attack and stroke; faster than a standard CT scan and takes a clear picture of coronary arteries while the heart is beat

ren/al

describe kidney

multiple sclerosis (MS)

destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue; chronic disease often marked by long periods of stability (remission )and worsening (relapse)

cauterization

destruction of tissue by burning; destruction of abnormal tissue with chemicals (silver nitrate), dry ice, or an electrically heated instrument

ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan

detection device records radioactivity in the lung after injection of a radioisotope or inhalation of small amount of radioactive gas (xenon); can identify areas of lung not receiving adequate air flow or blood flow

tuberculin test

determines past or present tuberculosis infection based on a positive skin reaction Ex. Heaf test and the tine test--> use purified protein derivatives applied with multiple punctures of the skin Ex. Mantoux test--> using PPD given by intradermal injection

-trophy

developement, nourishment

ovarian follicle

developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary. only about 400 of these sacs mature in a woman's lifetime

-plasia

development, formation

-plasia

development, formation, growth

-trophy

development, noursihment

DES

diethylstilbestrol - an estrogen compound used in the treatment of menopausal problems involving estrogen deficiency; if administered during pregnancy, it has been found to be related to subsequent tumors in the daughters (rarely in sons) of mothers so treated

organ

different types of tissue combined

DLco

diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (helps to assess the ability of gas to diffuse across the alveolar-capillary membrane)

lipase

digests fats

pepsin

digests proteins

protease

digests proteins

amylase

digests starch

What medications can be used to convert fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm?

digoxin, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers

D&C

dilatation (dilation) and curettage

renal angiplasty

dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries

cystoscopy

direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope)

-rrhea

discharge

Day 1-5 (mentrual period)

discharge of bloody fluid containing disintegrated endometrial cells; glandular secretions, and blood cells

path/o

disease

-pathy

disease condition

-pathy

disease condtion

silicosis

disease due to silica or glass dust in the lungs; occurs in mining occupations; grinder's disease

coronary artery disease

disease of the arteries surrounding the heart; usually the result of atherosclerosis

slipped disk

disk slips out and painfully puts pressure on a nerve

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke; also known as cerbral infarction; occurs due to impaired oxygen supply to the brain

Cata-

down

cata-

down

de-

down, lack of

nephroptosis

downward displacement or dropping of a kidney when its anatomic supports are weakened

superior vena cava

drains blood from the upper portion of the body

chem/o

drug, chemical

statins

drugs that work by blocking a key enzyme in the production of cholesterol by the liver

thrombolytic therapy

drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis

DCIS

ductal carcinoma in situ; a precancerous breast lesion that indicates a higher risk for invasive ductal breast cancer

duoden/o

duodenum

dur/o

dura mater

DUB

dysfunctional uterine bleeding

ot/o

ear

echocardiography (ECHO)

echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart

o/o

egg

ov/o

egg

ovul/o

egg

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

egg and sperm cells are combined outside of the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization

ventricular fibrillation (VF)

electrical impulses move randomly throughout the ventricles ; may result in sudden cardiac death or cardiac arrest. If treatment is immediate then defibrillation can be applied.

electro/encephal/ogram

electrical record of the brain (EEG)

electr/o/cardiogram

electrical record of the heart (ECG or EKG)

T wave

electrical recovery and relaxation of the ventricles

electr/o

electricity

electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT)

electron beam and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD

hyperkalemia

elevated level of potassium within the blood; this could be an indication of kidney failure

Embolic stroke

embolus (dislodged thrombus) travels to cerebral arteries and occludes small vessels; occurs suddenly

corpus luteum

empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell; literally means yellow (luteum) body (corpus)

glomerular capsule

enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus; it is also known as the Bowman's capsule, and it collects the material that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus.

ESRD

end stage renal disease

3 layers of the heart

endocardium, mycardium, and pericardium

ECC

endocervical curettage

acromegaly

endocrine disorder; occurs in the pituitary gland attach brain, produces an excessive amount of growth hormone after the completion of puberty.

pituitary gland

endocrine gland at the base of the brain; secretes hormones that govern the function of the ovaries, breasts, and uterus.

EMB

endometrial biopsy

Day 6-12

endometrium repair begins; the maturing follicle in he ovary releases estrogen, which aids in repair. The ovum grows in the follicle during this period

mediastinoscopy

endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum

monocytes

engulf and destroy cellular debris after neutrophils have attacked foreign cells.

phagocytes

engulf and digest bacteria

-megaly

enlargement

3rd degree prolapse of the uterus

entire uterus projects permanently outside the orifice

-ase

enzyme

epididym/o

epididymis

What is secreted by the adrenal glands when the sympathetic nervous system is active?

epinephrine (adrenaline). During the secretion of this hormone, intestinal contractions are inhibited and digestion slows.

Symmetry

equal measurement of parts on the opposite side of the body

esophag/o

esophagus

parenchyma

essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system. The parenchyma of the nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and neurons. Parenchymal cells of the liver are hepatocytes, and parenchymal tissue of the kidney includes nephrons, where urine is formed.

EDC

estimated date of confinement

Euphoria

exaggerated feeling of well being

urinalysis

examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements that may indicate various pathologic conditions; color, appearance, pH,protein, glucose, specific gravity, ketone bodies, sediment and casts, phenylketonuria, and bilirubin

pedi/iatric

examiner of children

path/o/logist

examiner of diseases. They examine biopsy samples microscopically and determine causes of death

psych/iatrist

examiner of the mind

Hypergycemia

excessive blood sugar

Hypertrophy

excessive development (increase in size of individual cell)

Hyperplasia

excessive development growth/formation

Signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis

excessive secretion of mucus, productive cough, and obstruction of respiratory passages

alges/o, -algesia

excessive sensitivity to pain

hyper/glyc/emia

excessive sugar in blood

hyper-

excessive, above

hyper-

excessive, above, more than normal

prefix hyper-

excessive, above, more than normal

gastr/ectomy

excision or removal of the stomach

-ectomy

excision, removal, resect

-ectomy

excision, removal, resection

stress test

exercise tolerance test ETT determines the heart's response to physical exertion. Uses 3-minute stages at set speeds and elevations of a treadmill.

restrictive lung disease

expansion of the lung is limited by disease that affects the chest wall, pleura, or lung tissue itself; total lung capacity (TLC) is a hallmark PFT abnormality

acr/o

exremities, top, extreme point

vulva

external female genitalia; includes the labia, hymen, clitoris, and the vaginal orifice

murmur

extra heart sound, heard between normal beats; usually caused by a valvular defect or disease that disrupts the smooth flow of blood in the heart. They can be heard in case of interseptal defects.

anoxia

extreme form of hypoxia

ophthalm/o

eye

opthalm/o

eye

ophthalmologist

eye doctor

blephar/o

eyelid

blepharoptosis

eyelid muscles weaken: hard to keep eye open

faci/o

face

bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)

failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the bundle of His; complete or partial heart block may occur

cor pulmonale

failure of the right side of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the lungs because of underlying lung disease

relapse

fall back

-ptosis

falling, dropping, prolapse

-salpinx

fallopian (uterine) tube

salping/o

fallopian tube

psuedo-

false

psuedocyesis

false pregnancy

Dist/o

far, distant

tachy-

fast

tachycardia

faster than 100 beats per minute

adip/o

fat

streat/o

fat

lip/o

fat, lipid

-phobia

fear

esthesi/o, -esthesia

feeling, nervous sensation

mamm/o

female breast

gonad

female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cells and hormones; ovary or testis

FHR

fetal heart rate

bronchoscopy

fiberoptic endoscope examination of the bronchial tubes; allows you to collect specimens, biopsy, or diagnosis

pericardium

fibrous and membranous sac surrounding the heart; composed of two layers: the visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium

lymphocytes

fight disese by producing antibodies. They may attach directly to foreign cells and destroy them. (Ex: T and B Cells)

fimbriae (singular: fimbria)

finger or fringe like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes

phalanx

finger or toe

Syndactyly

fingers or toes together (webbed)

primi-

first

orchiopexy

fixation of the testicle

-pexy

fixation, put in place

sarc/o

flesh

gums

fleshy tissue surrounding the sockets of the teeth

-rrhea

flow, disharge

pulmonary edema

fluid accumulation in the lungs; treatment includes lowering dietary intake of sodium and the use of diuretics to promote fluid loss; angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (type I), beta-blockers, and spironlactone (increases excretion of water and sodium by the kidney), and digoxin

pulmonary edema

fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles; caused by inability of heart to pump blood (congestive heart failure), and therefore, blood backs up into the pulmonary blood vessels and eventually seeps into the alveoli and bronchioles

exudate

fluid, blood cells, and debris that filter from cells or capillaries ooze into lesions or other areas of inflammation

bronchioalveolar lavage (bronchial washing)

fluids is injected and withdrawn

Day 13 & 14 (ovulatory period)

follicle ruptures (ovulation) and the egg leaves the ovary, passing though the fallopian tubes

FSH

follicle-stimulating hormone

labial surface

for incisor and canine teeth, is nearest the lips

buccal surface

for premolar and molar teeth, lies adjacent to the cheek

laparoscopy, or peritoneoscopy

form of minimally invasice surgery, visual examination of abdominal cavity using a laparoscope.

right and left bundle branches

form the conduction myofibers that extend through the ventricle walls and contract on stimulation. systole occurs and blood is pumped away from the heart

-genesis

formation

-plasm

formation

What can ineffective atrial contractions lead to?

formation of blood clots in the left atrial appendage that may travel to the brain and stroke may subsequently occur

pulmonary fibrosis

formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs, may be caused by chronic inflammation or irritation

spermatogenesis

formation of sperm cells

plas/o

formation, development

epithelial tissue

forms linings of internal organs and external surfaces

cheeks

forms the anterior portion of the oval-shaped oral cavity

hard palate

forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth

valves

found in veins; help to prevent backflow of blood and keep the blood moving in one direction. Muscular action helps blood to move through veins

root

foundation of the word

nocturia

frequent, excessive urination at night

anter/o

front

bil/i

gall, bile

chol/e

gall, bile

cholecyst/o

gallbladder

GABA

gamma-aminobutyric acid

aden/o

gland

parathyroid glands

glands beside the thryroid

oligodendroglial cell

glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons; aka oligodendrocytes

ependymal cell

glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps from cerebrospinal fluid

gli/o

glial cells

What is the most malignant form of astrocytoma?

glioblastoma multiforme

GFR

glomerular filtration rate

glomerul/o

glomerulus

glycogen/o

glycogen, animal starch

GnRH

gonadotropin-releasing hormone-secreted by the hypothalamus to stmulate releaseof FSH and LH from the pituitary gland

eu-

good, normal

menopause

gradual ending of menstruation

G

gravida (pregnant)

inguin/o

groin

systems

ground of organs working together to perform complex functions

nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)

group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine; two important signs: edema (swelling caused by fluid in tissue spaces) and hypoalbuminemia

systems

groups of organs working together to perform complex functions

gingiv/o

gums

GYN

gynecology

hemi-

half

-sclerosis

hardening

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

have multi-lobed nucleus

mononuclear leukocytes (agranulocyes)

have one large nucleus and only a few granules in their cytoplasm. They are produced in bone marrow as well as in lymph nodes and the spleen. (Ex: lymphocytes and monocytes)

rate-responsive pacemakers

have sensors that detect body movement and breathing to then determine the best heart rate

raynaud phenomenon

have similar arterial insufficiency but secondary to arterial narrowing from other conditions

cephal/o

head

cephal/ic

head first

cephalgia

headache

Temporal lobe

hearing, understanding, speech, and language

cardi/o

heart

coron/o

heart

myocardial infarction

heart attack (the area of dead myocardial tissue is known as an infarct)

rheumatic heart disease

heart disease caused by rheumatic fever; childhood disease caused by streptococcal infection; heart valve can be damaged by inflammation and scarred

congestive heart failure (CHF)

heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood; two types: systolic and diastolic

Troponin

heart muscle protein released into circulation after myocardial injury

normal sinus rhythm (NSR)

heart rhythm (originating in the SA node and traveling through the heart) with a resting rate of 60 to 100 beats per minute

Last resort treatment option if drug therapy and lifestyle change fail to control CHF

heart transplant

extracorporeal circulation

heart-lung machine

1/2 P

hemiparesis

HD

hemodialysis

erthryblastosis fetalis

hemolytic disease in the newborn (HND) caused by blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between mother and the fetus

HDN

hemolytic disease of the newborn

Huntington disease (HD)

hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration; results in personality change, choreic (dance-like) movements (uncontrollable, irregular, jerking movements of the arm and legs and facial grimacing).

-cele

hernia

hydrocele

hernia (sac) of water of fluid in the scrotal sac

varicocele

hernia of swollen, twisted veins above the testes

omphalocele

herniation of the intestines through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the navel occurring in infants at birth

crypt/o

hidden

hypertensive heart disease

high blood pressure affecting the heart; narrowing of arterioles; heart pumps more vigorously to overcome the increased resistance in the arteries

renal hypertension

high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease; essential hypertension occurs when the cause of hypertension is unknown

hypertension HTN

high blood pressure. most high bp is essential hypertension, with no identifiable cause. secondary hypertension- increase in pressure is caused by another associated lesion, such as glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, or disease of the adrenal glands

hyperglycemia

high blood sugar

LDL

high levels are associated with atherosclerosis; normal: less than 130 mg/dL

HDL

high levels protect individuals from atherosclerosis; estrogen, exercise, and alcohol in moderation increase HDL quantity

ilium

hip bone

ishcemia

hold back blood from a part of the body

uterus

hollow, pear-shaped muscular female organ in which the embryo and fetus develop, and from which menstruation occurs. The upper portion is the fundus; the middle portion is the corpus; and the lowermost, neck-like portion is the cervix.

-one

hormone

ADH

hormone from the pituitary gland that normally acts on the renal tubules to promote water reabsorption; also known as vasopression

progesterone

hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women; plays an important role in pregnancy and menstruation and the development of secondary sex characteristics

estrogen

hormone produced by the ovaries; promotes female secondary sex characteristics; plays an important role in pregnancy and menstruation

luteinizing hormone (LH)

hormone produced by the pituitary gland; promotes ovulation

HRT

hormone replacement therapy

renin

hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of the blood vessels)

hCG OR HCG

human chorionic gonadotropin

HPV

human papillomavirus

chlorhydr/o

hydrochloric acid

emphysema

hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls; loss of elasticity and the breakdown of alveolar walls result in expiratory flow limitation

Major risk factors for stroke

hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and heart disease.

HSG

hysterosalpingography

when is the combining vowel "o" missing in a term?

if the suffix begins with a vowel (ex:gastritis)

ile/o

ileum

radioisotope scan

image of the kidney after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) into the bloodstream;can indicate a narrowing of blood vessels,diagnose obstruction, and determine individual functioning of each kidney

cardiac MRI

images of the heart are produced using radiowave energy in a magnetic field. Shows aneurysms, cardiac output, and patency of peripheral and coronary arteries. Emits magnetic waves and mess up pacemakers.

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose

ultrasonography

imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves

ectopic pregnancy

implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location

placenta previa

implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

improper closure of the mitral valve; mitral valve enlarges and prolapses into the left atrium during systole. A midsystolic click can be heard

in-

in

berry aneurysms

in aneurysms of small vessels in the brain, treatment is occlusion of the vessel with small clips

perineum

in females, the area between the anus and the vagina

IVF

in vitro fertilization

in-

in, into

en- endo-

in, within

intra-

in, within, into

hypoxia

inadequate oxygen in the tissues

incisors and canines both have what?

incisal edge

nephrolithotomy

incision into the kidney to remove a stone

tracheotomy

incision into the trachea to open it below a blockage

trachotomy

incision necessary to create a tracheostomy

-tomy

incision, cutting into

diuresis

increased excretion of urine

What damage does pneumonia cause?

infection damages alveolar membranes so that exudate glues the alveoli together and makes air exchange less effective

tuberculosis (TB)

infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis;lungs are usually involved, but any organ in the body may be affected. Bacilli invade lungs and produce small tubercules. AntiTB chemo (isoniazid, rifampin) is effective mostly. Need to treat with multiple drugs to prevent drug resistance

-itis

inflammation

pelvic inflammatory disease

inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis

orchitis

inflammation of a testicle

chronic bronchitis

inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time; type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Infection and cigarette smoking are etiologic factors

polyneuritis

inflammation of many nerves

interstitial nephritis

inflammation of the CT that lies between the renal tubules

oste/itis

inflammation of the bone

epididymitis

inflammation of the epididymitis

aden/itis

inflammation of the gland

glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney

endocarditis

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

ente/ritis

inflammation of the intestines

arth/ritis

inflammation of the joint

nephr/itis

inflammation of the kidney

pyelonephritis

inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and parenchyma; the parenchyma of an organ is its essential and distinctive tissue

hepat/itis

inflammation of the liver

pericarditis

inflammation of the membrane (pericardium) surrounding the heart; usually results from a disease from elsewhere in the body. Bacteria and virus may cause it or etiology may be idopathic

meningitis

inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis; caused by bacteria or a virus; fever, headache, photophobia (sensitivity to light), and a stiff neck; lumbar punctures are used to remove and examine CSF

rhin/itis

inflammation of the nose

balanitis

inflammation of the penis

pleurisy (pleuritis)

inflammation of the pleura; causes pleurodynia and dyspnea and in chronic cases, pleural effusion

prostatitis

inflammation of the prostate gland

derma/titis

inflammation of the skin

gastr/itis

inflammation of the stomach

mitral valvulitis

inflammatory disease caused by inadequate treatment of a streptococcal infection. An autoimmune reaction occurs, leading to inflammation and damage to heart valves

4 functions of the digestive sys

ingestion, digestion, absorption, excretion

achondroplasia

inherited disorder in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size because of a defect in cartilage and bone. causes type of dwarfism

cystic fibrosis (CF)

inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally; caused by a known gene. Therapy includes replacement of pancreatic enzymes and treatment of pulmonary obstruction and infection.

Hypodermic injection

injection under the dermis (skin)

medulla

inner region of an organ; the renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney

graph-

instrument for recording

opthalm/oscope

instrument to see the eye

-scope

instrument to visually examine

microscope

instrument to visually examine small (smaller than the naked eye can see)

sphygmomanometer

instrument used to measure blood pressure

-scope

instument for visual examination

pancreas secretes?

insulin

diabetes mellitus

insulin is not secreted adequately or not used properly in the body; major signs and symptoms: hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polyuria, and polydipsia

colic

intermittent spasms of pain caused by inflammation and distention of an organ; in renal colic, pain results from calculi in the kidney or ureter

Viscer/o

internal organs

IC

interstitial cystitis

enter

intestines

enter/o

intestines (usually the small intestines)

enter/o

intestines, usually small intestine

in-

into, within

ICP

intracranial pressure (normal is 5 to 15 mm Hg)

IUD

intrauterine device (contraceptive)

gonococci

invade the reproductive organs, causing gonorrhea

tourette syndrome

involuntary, spasmodic,twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words; associated with either an excess of dopamine or a hypersensitivity to dopamine; treatment with haldol (anti-psychotic drugs), antidepressants, and mood stabilizers

supraventricular tachycardia

involves rapid beats coming from the atria and causing palpitation (abnormal sensations in the chest)

Ipsilateral

ipsi- means same. Means located on the same side

permanent or persistent AF

irregular heartbeats continue indefinitely

paroxysmal AF

irregular heartbeats occur periodically and episodically

rugae

irregular ridges in the mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the hard palate

Anomaly

irregularity in a structure or organ.

Ultrasonography

is a diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves to produce an image or photograph on an organ or tissue.

Recombinant DNA Technology

is the process of taking a gene (a region of DNA) from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism.

jejun/o

jejunum

arthr/o

joint

ket/o, keton/o

ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)

nephr/o

kidney

ren/o

kidney

nephrolithiasis

kidney stones (renal calculi); usuallycomposed of uric acid or calcium salts

gnos/o

knowledge

pro/gnos/is

knowledge before

facial surface

labial and buccal surfaces of a tooth

-tocia

labor, birth

aspermia

lack of formation or ejaculation of semen

azoospermia

lack of spermatozoa in the semen

Wernicke area

language comprehension

Broca area

language expression

What is the left brain concerned with?

language, mathematical functioning, reasoning, and analytical thinking.

LSH

laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy

LAVH

laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy

macro-

large

pulmonary abscess

large collection of pus (bacterial infection) in the lungs

macrocephaly

large head

ventricular septal defect

large hole between two ventricules lets venous blood pass from the right to the left ventricle and out to the aorta without oxygenation

macrophages

large phagocytes

thoracotomy

large surgical incision of the chest; cuts into the bone, muscle, and cartilage

plexus

large, interlacing network of nerves.

laryng/o

larynx (voice box)

LMP

last menstrual period

endothelium

layer of epithelial cells that line blood vessels; this is the innermost layer

microalbuminuria

leakage of very small amounts of albumin through the glomeruli

systolic CHF

left ventricular function dysfunction results in a low ejection fraction (the amount of blood that leaves the left ventricle)

soft palate

lies posterior to the roof of the mouth

bi/o

life

epithelial tissue

lines internal organs and outer surfaces on skin

parietal pericardium

lining the outer fibrous coat

cheil/o

lip

labi/o

lip

lipoprotein electrophoresis

lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated and measured in a blood sample

labia

lips of the vagina; labia majora are the larger, outermost lips, and the labia minora are the smaller, innermost lips

auscultation

listening to sounds within the body, typically using a stethoscope

Metabolism

literally to cast (bol/o) a change (meta-) Total chemical process of the cell

-ole

little, small

-ule

little, small

hepat/o

liver

aneurysm

local widening of an arterial wall usually caused by atherosclerosis and hypertension or congential weakness in the vessel wall. common in the aorta. its danger is that it may rupture or hemorrhage

pulmonary valve

located in the right ventricle; the right atrium contracts to force blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery. At this moment, the tricuspid valve is closed

Effects of dislodged emboli

lodge in vessels and cause transient ischemic attack (TIA), or stroke, or lodge in smaller vessels and create petechiae (multiple pinpoint hemorrhages)

Muscle cell

long and slender and contains fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing

LEEP

loop electrocautery excision procedure

ischmic

loses its normal flow of blood and becomes deprived of oxygen

urinary incontinence

loss of control of the passage of urine from the bladder

Demyelination

loss of myelin sheath; prevents the conduction of nerve impulses through an axon and causes paresthesias, muscle weakness, unsteady gait, and paralysis.

mandibul/o

lower jaw; mandible

left ventricle

lower left chamber of the heart; has the thickest walls of all chambers of the heart. It pumps blood with great force so that blood travels through arteries to all parts of the body; propels blood through the aortic valve into the aorta

right ventricle

lower right chamber of the heart

cervix

lower, neck-like portion

statins

lowers cholesterol levels

LP

lumbar puncture

What are the 3 plexuses?

lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial

pneumon/o

lungs

pulmon/o

lungs

LH

luteinizing hormone

lymph/o

lymph, a clear fluid that bathes tissue spaces, is contained in special lymph vessels and nodes throughout the body

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord

MRA

magnetic resonance angiography

MRI of the chest

magnetic waves create detailed images of the chest in frontal, lateral, and cross-sectional (axial) planes; helps diagnose mediastinal tumors

urea

major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine

symptoms of pericarditis

malaise, fever, and chest pain

andr/o

male

mast/o

male breast

testosterone

male hormone produced by the testes

androgen

male hormone producing or stimulating male characteristics

gamete

male or female sexual reproductive cell; sperm cell or ovum

lung cancer

malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi; often associated with cigarette smoking and the most frequent fatal malignancy

carcinoma of the breast (breast cancer)

malignant tumor of the breast (arising from milk glands and ducts)

chondrosarcoma

malignant tumor of the cartilage and flesh

wilms tumor

malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood

pancreatic cancer

malignant tumor of the pancreas

choriocarcinoma

malignant tumor of the placenta

bladder cancer

malignant tumor of the urinary bladder

multi-

many

polymorphnuclear

many shaped cells

poly-

many, much

bolus

mass of food

tonsils

masses of lymphatic tissue located in depressions of the mucous membranes, lie on both sides of the oropharynx

ovum

mature egg cell (female gamete). ova develop from immature egg cells called oocytes.

automatic external defibrillators (AEDs)

may be found in workplaces, airports, and other public places and are used in an emergency situation to reverse ventricular fibrillation

Nerve Cell

may be long and have various fibrous extensions that aid in its job of carrying impulses

-prandial

meal

-type

means classification or picture

pelvic

means pertaining to the pelvis, composed of the hip bones surrounding the pelvic cavity

BNP test

measurement of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in blood; elevated in patients with heart failure and useful in diagnosis with patients of CHF and dyspnesa

lipid tests (lipid profile)

measurement of cholesterol (less than 200 mg/dL) and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample; high levels of lipids are associated with atherosclerosis

pelvimetry

measurement of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

measurement of urea levels in blood

spirometer

measures the volume and rate of air passing into and out of the lung

meat/o

meatus

periosteum

membrane surrounding the bone

pericardium

membrane surrounding the heart

mening/o or meningi/o

membranes, meninges

meningocele

meninges protrude to the outside of the body

men/o

menses, menstruation

dendrite

microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse

pap test

microscopic examination of stained cells removed from the vagina and cervix

axon

microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell

renal tubule

microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration

Medi/o

middle

galact/o

milk

lact/o

milk

lactiferous ducts

milk-carrying ducts

psych/o

mind

catheter ablation

minimally invasive treatment to treat cardiac arrhythmias; uses radiofrequency energy delivered from the tip of a catheter inserted through a blood vessel and into the heart, destroys tissue that causes arrhythmias

absence seizures (petit mal seizures)

minor form of a seizure; consists of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of the person's surroundings

mammary papilla

mipple of the breast. A papilla is any small nipple-shaped projection

MAC

monitored anesthetic care

terat/o

monster (Greek teraam monster

menstruation

monthly shedding of the uterine lining. The flow of blood and tissue normally discharged during menstruation is called the menses (Latin mensis means month)

spina bifida cystica

more sever; cyst-like protrusions

multiple gestation

more than one fetus inside the uterus

atrial fibrillation

most common type of cardiac arrhythmia, affecting 5-10% of 70-80 year olds and greater than 15% of individuals in their 80%; electrical impules move randomly throughout the atria causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting in a coordinated rhythm; palpitations, fatigue, and shortness of breath occur

complex partial seizure

most complex seizure; seizures that cause patients to pause in whatever they are doing, become confused, and have memory problems

or/o

mouth

stomat/o

mouth

kines/o, kinesi/o, -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic

movement

muc/o

mucus

myx/o

mucus

multip

multipara; multiparous

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

multiple fluid-filled sacs within and on the kidney

my/o

muscle

myometrium

muscle layer of the uterus

my/o, myom/o

muscle, muscle tumor

stomach

muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus

vagina

muscular, mucosa-lined canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body

MG

myasthenia gravis

hypertrophy of the right ventricle

myocardium works harder to pump blood through a narrowed pulmonary artery

coarctation of the aorta (CoA)

narrowing (coarctation) of the aorta; surgical treatment consists of removal of the constricted region and end-to-end anastomosis of the aortic segments

pyloric stenosis

narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum

Proxim/o

nearest

cervic/o

neck (of the body or of the uterus)

culdocentesis

needle aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac; physician will insert a needle through the vagina into the cul-de-sac

amniocentesis

needle puncture of amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis

neur/o

nerve

sciatic nerve

nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot

function of the medulla oblongata

nerve fibers cross over, left to right and right to left; contains centers to regulate heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system

radicul/o

nerve root (of spinal nerves)

postictal events

neurologic symptoms such as weakness that occur after seizures

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells

neutr/o

neutrophil ( a white blood cell)

neo-

new

neonatal

new birth

neoplasm

new formation

-stomy

new opening

vasovasostomy

new opening (anastomosis) between two parts of the vas deferens.

noct/o

night

azot/o

nitrogen

uremia

nitrogenous waste accumulates abnormally in the blood

creatinine

nitrogenous waste excreted by the urine

uric acid

nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine

Insomniac

no sleep

nulli-

no, not, none

a-

no, not, without

an-

no, not, without

Two general categories of lung cancers

non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC)

Euthyroid

normal thyroid

rhin/o

nose

in-

not

Nucle/o

nucleus

nucle/

nucleus

basophils

number of these cells increases in the healing phase of inflammation; (stain blue)

fibrocystic disease

numerous small sacs of fibrous connective tissue and fluid in the breast

Other risk factors for stroke

obesity, substance abuse, and elevated cholesterol levels

OB

obstetrics

meconium ileus

obstruction of the small intestine in the newborn caused by impaction of thick, dry meconium near the ileocecal valve.

hydronephrosis

obstruction of urine flow may be caused by renal calculi compression of the ureter bu tumor, or hyperplasia of the prostate gland at the base of the bladder in males

stress incontinence

occurs due to strain on the bladder opening during coughing or sneezing

inguinal hernia

occurs when part of the intestine protrudes downward into the groin region and commonly into the scrotal sac in the male.

cystocele

occurs when part of the urinary bladder herniates through the vaginal wall as a result of weakness of the pelvic muscles.

splenomegaly

occurs with development of high blood pressure in hepatic veins and hemolytic blood disease

urgency incontinence

occurs with inability to hold back urination when feeling the urge to void

lingual surface

on the side of the tooth directly opposite the facial surface

uni-

one

ovary

one of a pair female organs (gonads) on eachside of the pelvis. ovaries are almon-shaped, about the size of large walnuts, and produce egg cells(ova)and hormones

kidney

one of two bean-shaped organs behind the abdominal cavity(retroperitoneal) on either side of the spine in the lumbar region; each weighs about 4-6 ounces

ureter

one of two muscular tubes (16 to 18 inches long) lined with mucous membrane; they carry urine in peristaltic waves from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

-er

one who

-or

one who

coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

open heart surgery that treats CAD by replacing clogged vessels

tracheostomy

opening into the trachea through which an indwelling tube is inserted

-stomy

opening to form a mouth (stoma)

OCPs

oral contraceptive pills

tax/o

order, coordination

clitoris

organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra

receptor

organ that recieves a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves. The skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors

staphylococci

other berry-shaped bacteria, grow in small clusters, like grapes

ec-, ecto-

out, outside

ex-

out, outside of, outward

exo-

out, outside of, outward

ex-

out, outside, away from

cortex

outer region of an organ; the renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney

cerebral cortex

outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

uterine serosa

outer-most layer surrounding the uterus; produces a watery-like secretion

chorion

outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of the placenta

oophor/o

ovary

ovari/o

ovary

cardiac pacemaker

overcomes arrhythmias and keeps the heart beating at the proper rate; the power source is a generator that contains a computer and lithium battery. It detects the heart's own electrical activity and transmits that information to the generator. The computer analyzes the hearts' signals and decides when and where to pace.

ox/o

oxygen

left side of the heart

oxygenated blood enters here from the pulmonary veins; muscles will pump blood out of the heart through the aorta

-algia

pain

-dynia

pain

sciatica

pain or inflammation along the course of the nerve

dys-

painful

coronary arteries

pair of blood vessels that arise from the aorta and supply oxygenated blood to the heart; after the blood leaves the heart via the aorta, a portion is at once led back over the surface of the heart through the coronary arteries

palat/o

palate

Treatment for bronchiectasis

palliative and includes antibiotics, mucolytics, bronchiodilators, respiratory therapy, and surgical resection

pancreat/o

pancreas

what is both an exocrine and endocrine gland

pancreas

Glands affected by CF

pancreas (not enough enzymes-poor growth), sweat (abnormal salt production), and epithelium of the respiratory tract

embolic protection devices

parachute-like filters used to capture embolic debris during stenting

-plegia

paralysis (loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body)

palsy

paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function)

bell palsy

paralysis on one side of the face; cause can be a viral infection; antiviral drugs can be used

cell body

part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus

greater omentum

part of the peritoneum in the front of the abdomen. contains fat and hangs down loosely like an apron over the intestines to keep them warm

root

part of tooth that lies w/i the bony tooth socket

crown

part of tooth that shows above the gum line

cerebral palsy

partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by loss of oxygen (hypoxia) or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or in the perinatal period

urinary catheterization

passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth; occurs in premature infants, causing cyanosis, fatigue, and rapid breathing. Treatment include use of a drug (indomethacin) to promote closure; surgery via catheterization (with coil embolization to "plug" the ductus); and ligation (tying off) via a small incision between the ribs

Path

pathology

PCA

patient-controlled anesthesia

aura

peculiar sensation experienced by the affected person before the onset of a seizure; examples include: dizziness, numbness, and visual or olfactory disturbances

PID

pelvic inflammatory disease

Pelv/i

pelvic, hip region

pen/o

penis

balan/o

penis (Greek balanos, acorn)

rugae contain digestive glands that produce?

pepsin and HCl acid

PUL

percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy

pericardi/o

pericardium

perine/o

perineum

gestation

period from fertilization of the ovum to birth

PD

peritoneal disease

peritone/o

peritoneum

-ac

pertaining to

-ac, -iac

pertaining to

-al

pertaining to

-ar

pertaining to

-ary

pertaining to

-eal

pertaining to

-iac

pertaining to

-ic

pertaining to

-ic, -ical

pertaining to

-ical

pertaining to

-ior

pertaining to

-ous

pertaining to

-tic

pertaining to

al-

pertaining to

paroxsymal

pertaining to a sudden occurrence, such as a spasm or seizure; oxysm/o means sudden

epi/gastr/ic

pertaining to above the stomach

epigastric

pertaining to above the stomach

Hypochondriac region

pertaining to below the cartilage

Intervertebral

pertaining to between the vertebra(e). a disk is this

seminiferous tubules

pertaining to carrying sperm in the testes

cerebr/al

pertaining to cerebral

cryongenic surgery

pertaining to destruction of tissue by producing cold temperature

adipose

pertaining to full of fat

unilateral

pertaining to one side

-genic

pertaining to producing or forming

-genic

pertaining to producing, produced by, or in

abdominal

pertaining to the abdomen

Retroperitoneal

pertaining to the back of the peritoneum

Dorsal

pertaining to the back portion of the body

Coccygeal

pertaining to the coccyx

cortical

pertaining to the cortex

spermolytic

pertaining to the destruction of sperm

anterior

pertaining to the front

medullary

pertaining to the medulla

Medial

pertaining to the middle

cervical

pertaining to the neck

Nucleic

pertaining to the nucleus

Pelvic

pertaining to the pelvis

penile

pertaining to the penis

penoscrotal

pertaining to the penis and scrotum

cranial

pertaining to the skull

testicular

pertaining to the testes

percutaneous

pertaining to through the skin

transurethral

pertaining to through the urethra

iatr/ogenic

pertaining to treatment or physician

-ose

pertaining to, full of

-ose

pertaining to; full of

neutrophils

phagocytes that are important in diseas-fighting cells; (stain purple); most numerous in disease-fighting "soldiers"

microglial cell

phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the CNS

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

phlebitis to a vein deep within a muscle

-type

picture, classification

How to relieve hydrocephalas?

place a catheter (shunt) from the ventricle of the brain into the peritoneal space or right atrium of the heart so that CSF is continuously drained.

endotracheal intubation

placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway; patient can then be placed on a ventilator

thrombo/cyte

platelets cells

pleur/o

pleura (membrane surrounding lungs and adjacent to chest wall)

lobar pneumonia

pneumonia that affects a lobe of the lung; signs and symptoms include fever, chills, cough, dark sputum, rapid shallow breathing, and cyanosis

puberty

point in the life cycle at which secondary sex characteristics appear and gametes are produced

PKD

polycystic disease

granulocytes

polymorphonuclear cells that contain dark-staining granules in their cytoplasm and have multilobed nucleus, formed in bone marrow (Ex: eosin, baso, and neutrophils)

pont/o

pons

brainstem

pons and medulla oblongata

Cause of atelectasis

poor inspiratory effort after surgery, blockage of bronchus or smaller bronchial tube by secretions, tumor, and chest wounds permitting air, fluid, or blood to accumulate in pleural cavity

kal/o

potassium

hypo/gastr/ic

prefix (below) / root (stomach) / suffix (pertaining to) - pertaining to below the stomach

-cyesis

pregnancy

obstetr/o

pregnancy and childbirth

-gravida

pregnant

abruptio placentae

premature separation of the implantation placenta

PMS

premenstrual syndrome

what has an additional occlusal surface

premolars and molars

aspirin

prevents clumping of platelets

primip

primipara; primiparous

-ion

process

Catabolism

process of breaking down

catabolism

process of breaking down

anabolism

process of builidng up

-tomy

process of cutting

incision

process of cutting into

gast/ro/tom/y

process of cutting the stomach

-graphy

process of recording

dialysis

process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the blood; used to treat acute or chronic renal failure and some cases of drug use

-logy

process of study

hematology

process of study of blood

gastr/o/enter/o/logy

process of study of the stomach and intestines

bi/o/logy

process of studying life

dermat/o/log/y

process of studying skin

nephr/o/logy

process of studying the kidneys

recombinant DNA

process of taking a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another

-opsy

process of viewing

-scopy

process of visual examination (with an endoscope)

cysto/o/scopy

process of visually examining the urinary bladder, sac, or cyst

-scopy

process of visually examining with an endoscope

reabsorption

process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream

filtration

process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter. In the kidney, blood pressure forces materials through the filter (glomerulus). About 180 quarts of fluid are filtered from the blood daily, but the kidney returns 98-99% of the water and salts. Only about 1 & 1/5 quarts (1500mL) of urine are excreted daily.

-ism

process, condition

-y

process, condition

murmur

produced by the flow of blood through the valves; abnormal swishing sound

prostat/o

prostate gland

-globin

protein

prote/o

protein

hemoglobin

protein in erythrocytes that carries oxygen through the bloodstream

CA 125

protein marker elevated in ovarian cancer (normal range of values is 0-35)

hem/o/globin

protein of blood

PSRS

protonstereotactic radiosurgery

rectocele

protrusion of a portion of the rectum toward the vagina

hernia

protrusion of an organ or the muscular wal of an organ through the cavity that normally contains it

Exophthalmos

protrusion of the eyeball

Symptoms of MG

ptosis of the upper eyelid, double vision (diplopia), and facial weakness

transposition of the great arteries (TGA)

pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle and the aorta from the right ventricle; causes cyanosis and hypoxia; treatment requires an arterial switch procedure

pulmonary artery stenosis

pulmonary artery is narrow or obstructed

Lung conditions that stiffen and scar the lung

pulmonary fibrosis, radiation damage to the lung, and pneumoconiosis

sphygm/o

pulse

py/o

pus

Synthesis

put together

pylor/o

pyloric sphincter

PET scan of the lung

radioactive glucose is injected and images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells

chest x-ray (CXR)

radiographic image of the thoracic cavity (chest film)

How can you detect a heart attack?

raise in the ST segment

atrial flutter

rapid atrial rate (P wave) compared with slower ventricular rate (QRS)

flutter

rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria

mesothelioma

rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura; caused by asbestos exposure

right side of the heart

receives oxygen-poor blood and passes it along to the pulmonary artery

pulmonary veins

receives the newly oxygenated blood from the lung capillaries and returns the blood to the heart; only veins in the body that carries oxygen-rich blood

-gram

recod

-gram

record

ultrasonograohy

record of beyond sound

electr/o/cardi/o/gram

record of the electricity in the heart

electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

record used to detect electrical changes in heart muscle as the heart beats

pelvic ultrasonography

recording images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region

electrocardiography ECG

recording of electricity flowing through the heart

electroencephalography (EFG)

recording of the electrical activity of the brain

rect/o

rectum

raynaud disease

recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes. its marked by intense constriction and vasospasm of arterioles often of young, otherwise healthy women.

erythr/o

red

erythrocytes

red blood cells. made in bone marrow. carry oxygen from lungs to all body cells

erythro/o/cyte

red cell

statins

reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular death; reduces cholesterol production in the liver (Zocor, Lipitor, and Pravachol)

treatment of rheumatic heart disease

reduced activity, drugs to control arrhythmia, surgery to repair a damaged valve, and anticoagulant therapy to prevent emboli from forming

ACE inhibitors

reduces high blood pressure and the risk of future heart attack even if the patient is not hypertensive

beta-blockers

reduces the force and speed of the heartbeat and to lower blood pressure

cul-de-sac

region in the lower abdomen, midway between the rectum and the uterus

atrioventricular node (AV node)

region within the interatrial spetum where the wave of electricity passes from the pacemaker to this region of the myocardium; this node sends the excitation wave to a bundle of specialized muscle fibers

normal sinus rhythm

regularity of the P, QRS, and T waves

diastole

relaxation; occurs when the ventricle walls relax and blood flows into the heart from the vena cavae and the pulmonary veins; the tricuspid and mitral valves are open ; the pulmonary and aortic valves are closed (dubb sound-->2nd heart sound (S2))

calcium channel blockers

relaxes muscles in blood vessels

function of the thalamus

relay station ("triage center") for sensory impulses; control of awareness and consciousness

ovulation

release of the ovum from the ovary

heart-lung machine

relieves the heart and lungs of pumping and oxygenation functions during heart surgery

palliative

relieving symptoms but not curative

palliative

relieving symptoms, but not curing the disease

conization

removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy) of the cervix

pyelolithotomy

removal of a large calculus (stone) contributing to the blockage of urine flow and development of infection

vasectomy

removal of a portion of each vas deferens

orchiectomy

removal of a testicle

exenteration

removal of internal organs within the cavity

renal biopsy

removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination

lung biopsy

removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination

prostatectomy

removal of the prostate gland

tonsillectomy

removal of the tonsils

carotid endarterectomy

removes plaque buildup in carotid artery to reduce risk of stroke

pyel/o

renal pelvis

genitalia

reproductive organs; also called genitals

acute pulmonary edema

requires immediate medical attention: drugs (diuretics and vasodilators), oxygen in high [ ], and keeping patient in sitting position (to decrease venous blood flow to heart)

-oid

resembling

RDS

respiratory distress syndromeof the newborn

tissue plasminogen activator tPA and streptokinase

restore blood flow to the heart and limit irreversible damage to the heart muscle

RP

retrograde pyelogram

rrhythm/o

rhthym

Onset of true labor

rhythmic contractions, dilation of the cervix, and a discharge of bloody mucus from the cervix and vagina

What are combining forms?

root + combining vowel

hemat/o/logy

root/combining vowel/suffix

Syndrome

run together

sial/o

saliva, salivary

sialaden/o

salivary gland

cerebrospinal analysis

samples of CSF are examined; water,glu, Na, Cl, protein, RBC, and WBC are examined; can detect tumor cells and diagnose tumors and multiple sclerosis

chorionic villus sampling

sampling of placental tissues (chorionic villi) for prenatal diagnosis

olig/o

scanty

oligospermia

scanty production of sperm

arachnoid membrane

second layer surrounding the brain and spinal cord; loosely attached to the other meninges by web-like fibers

function of endothelial cells

secrete factors that affect the size of the blood vessel (endothelium derived relaxing factor, EDRF, and endothelin-a vasoconstrictor),reduce blood clotting, and promote the growth of blood vessels

erythropoietin

secreted by the kidneys; hormone that stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow

vitamin D

secreted by the kidneys; necessary for the absorption calcium from the intestine

renin

secreted by the kidneys; raises blood pressure in order to keep blood moving through the kidneys

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum)

gon/o

seed (Greek gone, seed)

-lepsy

seizure

Sz

seizure

temporal lobe epilepsy

seizures begin in temporal lobe

aut-

self, own

auto-

self, own

smini/i

semen, seed

SLN biopsy or SNB

sentinel lymph node biopsy - blue dyeor a radioisotope (or both) identities the first lymph node draining the breast lymphatics

septa (sing. septum)

separates the four chambers of the heart from one another

interatrial septum

separates the two upper chambers (atria)

chest tomograms

series of x-ray images each showing a "slice" of the chest at different depths; they detect small masses not seen on regular films

aplastic anemia

severe type, occurs when bone marrow fails to produce erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

migraine

severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache; prodromal symptoms (aura-peculiar sensations that precede the onset of illness) such as light sensitivity, sound sensitivity, flashes of light before the eyes, and partial blindness; pain is related to the dilation of blood vessels; medication targets serotonin receptors on blood vessels and nerves-- they will reduce inflammation and restrict blood vessels.

coitus

sexual intercourse; copulation

morph/o

shape, form

acu/o

sharp, severe, sudden

thec/o

sheath (refers to the meninges)

gyrus

sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution

sigmoid/o

sigmoid colon

silic/o

silica

derm/o

skin

dermat/o

skin

Crani/o

skull

brady-

slow

bradycardia

slower than 60 beats per minute. Normal pulse is about 60-80 beats per minute

Cardiac center

slows the heart rate when the heart is beating too rapidly

micro-

small

arterioles

small arteries

ganglia

small collections of nerve cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord (in the PNS)

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

small electrical device that is implanted inside the chest (near the collerbone) to sense arrhythmias and terminate them with an electric shock

septal defects

small holes in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defects) or the ventricles (ventricular septal defects); some require open heart surgery to close the hole between the chambers

ileum

small intestine

adenoids

small masses of lymphatic tissue in the part of the pharynx (throat) near nose and nasal passages.

electrolytes

small molecules that conduct an electrical charge such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+). They are necessary for proper functioning of muscle and nerve cells. The kidneys maintain the proper balance of electrolytes and water in the blood.

venules

small veins

arterioles

smaller branches of arteries; thin branches that carry blood to the tinest of blood vessels, the capillaries

endocardium

smooth layer of endothelial cells that lines the interior of the heart and heart valves

natr/o

sodium

-malacia

softening

transvaginal ultrasound

sound probe is placed in the vagina instead of across the pelvis or abdomen; it is best used to evaluate fluid-filled cysts

doppler ultrasound studies

sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries

Doppler ultrasound studies

sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels;an instrument focuses sound waves on blood vessels, and echoes bounce off red blood cells

subarachnoid space

space for fluid between the fibers and the third membrane and contains CSF

What is the right brain concerned with?

spatial relationships, art, music, emotions, and intuition.

-ist

specialist

sp gr

specific gravity

-phasia

speech

sperm/o, spermat/o

spermatozoa, semen

myel/o

spinal cord (means bone marrow in other contexts)

myle/o

spinal cord, bone marrow

lumbar puncture (LP)

spinal fluid can be withdrawn for diagnosis or relief of pressure on the brain; a hollow needle is inserted into the lumbar region of the spinal column below the region where the nervous tissue of the spinal cord ends, and CSF is withdrawn.

splen/o

spleen

abortion (AB)

spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus can exist on its own

P wave

spread of excitation wave over the atria just before contraction

QRS wave

spread of excitation wave over the ventricles as the ventricles contract

embryo

stage in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks

fetus

stage in prenatal development from 8 to 39 or 40 weeks

zygote

stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implantation to 2 weeks

amyl/o

starch

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

started within 3 hours after a stroke

dia/gnos/is

state of complete knowledge

-sis

state of, condition

gastr/o

stomach

hiatal hernia

stomach protrudes upward into the mediastinum though the esophageal opening in the diaphragm

lith/o

stone

motor disturbances in Parkinson's disease

stooped posture, shuffling gait, and muscle stiffness; pill rolling tremor of hands and characteristic mask-like lack of facial expression

-stasis

stopping, controlling

defibrillation

stops electrical activity in the heart for brief moment so that normal rhythm take over.

-sthenia

strength

tonsillitis

streptococcal infection inflammation of the tonsils

Characteristics of Arteries

strong, thick elastic walls blood pressure is HIGH carries oxygen-rich blood to the tissues from the heart

-plasm

structure or formation

-us

structure, substance

-um, -ium

structure, tissue

radi/ology

study fo the x-rays

-logy

study of

log/o

study of

onc/o/logy

study of a tumor

gynec/o/logy

study of a woman

hemat/o/logy

study of blood

path/o/logy

study of diseases

cardi/o/logy

study of heart

gynecology

study of the female reproductive organs including the breast

psych/o/logy

study of the mind

neur/o/logy

study of the nerves

ur/ology

study of the urinary tract

cyt/o/logy

studying of the cell

nitrogenous waste

substance containing nitrogen and excreted in the urine

-poietin

substance that forms

-gen

substance that produces

What do you do to make combining forms for parts of the body that end in x?

substitute g for x

tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal or ictal events)

sudden loss of consciousness, falling down, and then tonic contractions (stiffening of the muscles ) followed by clonic contractions (twitching and jerking movements of the limbs)

gluc/o

sugar

glyc/o

sugar

carotid artery

supplies blood to the head and neck

glial cell

supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses; examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes

mesial surface

surface of the tooth that lies nearer to the median line

distal surface

surface that lies farther from the medial line

Anastomosis

surgical connection/opening between two previously unconnected parts of the small intestine or over vessel, duct, or bowel segment

tracheostomy

surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck; a tube is inserted to create an airway

cesarean section

surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus

nephrostomy

surgical opening to the outside of the body from the renal pelvis; this is necessary when a ureter becomes obstructed and the obstruction cannot be removed easily. The renal pelvis becomes distended with urine, making nephrostomy necessary.

-centesis

surgical puncture to remove fluid

thoracentesis

surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural spaces

endarterectomy

surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery. Fatty deposits and thromboses are removed to open clogged arteries

-plasty

surgical repair

renal transplantation

surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient

salivary glands

surround and empty into the oral cavity

lips

surround the opening to the oral cavity

peri-

surrounding

peri-

surrounding, around

periodontal membrane

surrounds the cementum and holds the tooth in place in the tooth socket

Q

symbol for blood volume or rate of blood flow

coccyx

tailbone

technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan

technetium Tc99m sestamibi injected intravenously is taken up in cardiac tissue, where it is detected by scanning

breast ultrasound imaging and breast MRI

technologies using sound waves and magnetic waves to create images of breast tissue

TLE

temporal lobe epilepsy

cerebral concussion

temporary brain dysfunction (brief loss of consciousness) after injury, usually clearing within 24 hours; severe forms may lead to a coma

vagus nerve

tenth cranial nerve; its branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach

orch/o, orhi/o, orchid/o

testis, testicle

test/o

testis, testicle

pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

tests that measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs (airway function, lung volume, and capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently); performed 1. to evaluate SOB 2. monitor lung function in patients with respiratory disease 3. to evaluate disability 4. to assess lung function before surgery

thalam/o

thalamus

Pubic Symphysis

the area in which the pubic bones of the pelvis have grown together.

pulse

the beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries

acute cystitis

the bladder contains blood as a result of mucosal hemorrhage

2nd degree prolapse of the uterus

the body of the uterus is still w/i the vagina, but the cervix protrudes from the vaginal orifice

pulmonary circulation

the circulation of blood through the vessels from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart again

pituitary gland

the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

meatus

the external opening of the urethra; opening or canal

blood pressure

the force that the blood exerts on the arterial walls

diastolic CHF

the heart can contract normally but it is "stiff" or less compliant when relaxed or filling with blood; fluid backs up in the lungs and other parts of the body. Ex. hypertension

aorta

the largest single artery in the body; moves up at first (ascending aorta) but then arches over dorsally and runs downward (descending aorta) just in front of the vertebral column. It eventually branches into several arteries

myocardium

the middle, muscular layer of the heart wall; it is the thickest layer

dura mater

the outermost membrane of the meninges; thick, tough membrane that contains channels (dural sinuses) with blood

systemic circulation

the pathway of blood from the heart to the tissue capillaries and back to the heart via the vena cavae

urination or voiding

the process of expelling urine through the urethra; also called micturition

Immune response

the reaction between an antigen and an antibody

amnion

the sac (membrane) that surrounds the embryo (called the fetus after the 8th wk) in the uterus

central canal

the space through which CSF travels

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

the use of shock waves directed toward the stone from the outside of the body so that the stones may be passed from the body into the urine for excretion

Ectopic pregnancy

the zygote (early-stage embyro) develops outside the uterus- most often within the fallopian tube.

Antibiotic

these destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria

cardiac catheterization

thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery. This detects pressures and patterns of blood flow in the heart. Contrasts can be injected and x-ray images taken of the heart and blood vessels.

lept/o

thin, slender

right atrium

thin-walled upper right chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood; contracts and forces blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle

function of the cerebrum

thinking, personality, sensations, movements, memory

veins

thinner walls compared to arteries; conduct blood toward the heart from the tissues. They have little elastic tissue and less connective tissue than that of arteries

Characteristics of Veins

thins walls with valves blood pressure is LOW carries oxygen-poor blood from the tissues to the heart

pia mater

third layer of the meninges closest to the brain and spinal cord; it contains delicate connective tissue with a rich supply of blood vessels.

dips/o

thirst

Congenital Anomalies

those that an infant are born with include webbed fingers or toes (syndactyly) and heart defects.

Frontal lobe

thought processes, behavior, personality, and emotion

Functions of the cerebrum

thought, judgement, memory, association, and discrimination. Additionally, sensory impulses are received through afferent cranial nerves, and when registered in the cortex , they are the basis for perception.

computed tomography angiography(CTA)

three dimensional x ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using computed tomography (CT) (64 slice CT scanner)

meninges

three layers of connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

pharyng/o

throat

pharynx

throat

three types of strokes

thrombotic, embolic, and hemorrhagic

Thrombotic stroke

thrombus in the arteries leading to the brain which results in blocking of a vessel; atherosclerosis leads to this kind of stroke; TIAs may occur before a stroke (transient ischemic attacks)

per-

through

dia-

through, complete

thyr/o

thyroid gland; shield (the shape of the thyroid gland resembled [oid] a shield to those who named it)

chron/o

time

Hist/o

tissue

tPA

tissue plasminogen activator; a clot-dissolving drug used as a therapy for stroke

phor/o

to bear

-phoria

to bear, carry; feeling (mental state)

Anteflexion

to bend foward

bol/o

to cast (throw)

cis/o

to cut

sect/o

to cut

syncop/o

to cut off, cut short

phag/o

to eat, swallow

prolapse

to fall forward

-physis

to grow

Symphysis

to grow together

isch/o

to hold back

-meter

to measure

Transfusion

to pour across or through

-drome

to run

prodrome

to run before

crin/o

to secrete

endo/crin/e glands

to secrete within

-mission

to send

remission

to send back

-lapse

to slide, fall, sag

-opsy

to view

syn-, sym-

together, with

gloss/o

tongue

lingu/o

tongue

tonsill/o

tonsils

dent/i

tooth

odont/o

tooth

TAH-BSO

total abdominal hysterectomy-bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

ad-

toward (notice that the d faces toward the a)

trache/o

trachea (windpipe)

TRAMP flap

trans-rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap - for breast reconstruction

TIA

transient ichemic attact

TBI

traumatic brain injury

-therapy

treatment

iatr/o

treatment, physician

nitroglycerin

treats acute attacks of angina; given sublingually (under the tongue); a nitrate- a vasodilator that increases coronary blood flow and lowers blood pressure

biventricular pacemaker

treats delays and abnormalities in ventricular contractions and also can improve symptoms of congestive heart failure.

trigone

triangular region at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits

trigon/o

trigone (region of the bladder)

catheter

tube for injecting or removing fluids

onc/o

tumor

teratoma

tumor that is composed of different types of tissue

-oma

tumor, mass, collection of fluid

-oma

tumor, mass, swelling

aden/oma

tumor/mass of the gland

urethra

tune leading fr. urinary bladder to outside of body

strept/o

twisted chains

volvulus

twisting of the intestine on itself

Testicular torsion

twisting of the spermatic cord

bi-

two

vena cavae

two large veins that receive blood deficient in oxygen and pass the blood along to the right atrium of the heart from the tissue capillaries.

ureter

two tubes each leading from a kidney to urinary bladder

Magnetic resonance angiography MRA

type of MRI that gives highly detailed images of blood vessels. Physicians use MRA to view arteries and blockage inside arteries

astrocyte

type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from the capillaries.

palpitation

uncomfortable sensations in the chest from missed heartbeats

sub-

under

Subcuteneous

under the skin

hypo/derm/ic

under the skin

cryptorchidism

undescended testicles

fertilization

union of the sperm cell and ovum from which the embryo develops

Ana-

up

ana-

up, apart

epi-

upon, on, above

left atrium

upper left chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins; contracts to force blood through the mitral valve into the left ventricle

waste products of the body

urea, creatinine, and uric acid

ureter/o

ureter

urethr/o

urethra

cyst/o

urinary bladder

vesic/o

urinary bladder

cyst/o

urinary bladder; a sac or a cyst

UTI

urinary tract infection

lithotripsy

urinary tract stones are crushed

ur/o

urinary tract, urine

-uria

urination; urine condition

urin/o

urine

ur/o

urine (urea)

UA

urine analysis

cryosurgery

use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue; use a liquid nitrogen probe to produce freezing temperature

stereotactic radiosurgery

use of specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain; use a gamma knife (high energy radiation beam) to treat deep and inaccessible intracranial brain tumors and abnormal blood vessel masses (arteriovenous malformations); PSRS delivers a dose of proton radiation to a target and spares surrounding normal tissue

combining vowel

usually o, as in this term- links the root to the suffix or the root to another root. A combing vowel has no meaning of its own; it joins one word part to another

atrial flutter

usually symptomatic of heart disease and requires either medication, electrical cardioversion, or catheter ablation; up to 300 beats per minute

UAE

uterine artery embolization

metr/o, metri/o

uterus

uter/o

uterus

1st degree prolapse of the uterus

uterus descends into the vaginal canal

hyster/o

uterus, womb

uvul/o

uvula

colp/o

vagina

vagin/o

vagina

VH

vaginal hysterectomy

vag/o

vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)

valvul/o, valv/o

valve

varic/o

varicose veins

placenta

vascular organ that develops in the utterine wall during pregnancy. it serves as a communictation between maternal and fetal bloodstream

polyunsaturated fats

vegetable origin, such as corn and safflower oil; decrease blood cholesterol

phleb/o

vein

phleb/o, ven/o, ven/i

vein

ven/o

vein

nitrates also produce what?

venodilation to reduce venous return and decrease myocardial oxygen consumption, both of which help decrease the work of the heart

ventricul/o

ventricle, lower heart chamber

ventricular tachycardia

ventricular rate may be as high as 250 beats per minute. The rhythm is regular, but the atria are not contributing to ventricular filling and blood output is poor

spina bifida occulta

vertebral defect is covered over with skin and is only evident on x-ray or other imaging examinations.

fibrillation

very rapid,random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per minute)

angi/o

vessel

angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o

vessel

vas/o

vessel, duct; vas deferens

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

video equipment and a computer produce x ray images of blood vessels

herpes zoster (shingles)

viral infection affecting peripheral nerves; blisters and pain spread along peripheral nerves and are caused by inflammation due to herpes virus;occurs due to reactivation of the chickenpox virus

Occipital lobe

vision

laparoscopy

visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope

thoracoscopy (thorascopy)

visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope

colonoscopy

visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope (lighted magnifying instrument resembling a small, mounted pair of binoculars)

laryngoscopy

visual examination of the voice box

VCUG

voiding cystourethrogram

muscle tissue

voluntary muscle at parts of body where movement is under conscious control

muscle tissue

voluntary muscle found in arms, legs, etc. where movement is under conscious control

Reye syndrome

vomiting, swelling of the brain, increased intracranial pressure, hypoglycemia, and dysfunction of the liver. It may occur in children after a viral infection has been treated with aspirin.

episi/o

vulva

vulv/o

vulva

capillaries

walls that are only one endothelial cell thick; carries nutrient-rich, oxygenated blood from the arteries and arterioles to the body cells

hydr/o

water, fluid

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord; protects the brain and spinal cord from shock by acting like a cushion. It is usually clear and colorless and contains lymphocytes, sugar, and proteins.

aneurysm

weakened area in the vessel wall that balloons and may eventually burst

-paresis

weakness

Symptoms of ALS

weakness and atrophy of muscles in the hands, forearms, and legs, difficulty in swallowing and talking and dyspnea develop (b/c the throat and respiratory muscles become affected)

extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ECMO

what extracoporeal circulation uses

When is BNP secreted?

when the heart becomes overloaded, and it acts as a diuretic to help heart function return to normal

root canal/pulp canal

where blood vessels, nerve endings, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels are w/i the pulp caal

tissue capillaries

where gas exchange occurs within the tissues; the blood is rich in oxygen and deposits that oxygen within the tissues and picks up the carbon dioxide instead. Now that the tissues have oxygen, food is able to be broken down and energy is released

lung capillaries

where gas exchange occurs; the oxygen-poor blood picks up oxygen from the lungs (through inhalation) pu and exchanges it for carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide will remain in the lungs and will eventually be exhaled.

leuk/o

white

leukocytes

white blood cells

leuk/ocyte

white cell

dilation (dilatation) and curettage D & C

widening of the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus

con-

with, together

aspiration

withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using suction

end-

within

endo-

within

intra-

within

Endotracheal

within the trachea

intravenous

within the vein

gynec/o

woman, female

para 2-0-1-2

womans reproductive history( 2 full-term, 0 preterm, 1 abortion, 2 living)

suffix

word ending

lex/o

word, phrase

renal angiography

x-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney; helps to diagnose areas of bleeding and renal artery stenosis

kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)

x-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder; it demonstrates the size and location of the kidneys in relation to others organs in the abdominopelvis region

CT scan

x-ray images show multiple cross-sectional and other views of organs and tissues

angiography

x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material

cerebral angiography

x-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessel in the brain after injection of contrast material

mammography

x-ray imaging of the breast

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

x-ray imaging of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder

myelography

x-ray imaging of the spinal canal after injection of contrast medium into the subarachnoid pace

hysterosalpingography (HSG)

x-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material; used to evaluate tubal patency (adequate opening) and uterine cavity abnormalities

voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

x-ray record (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding

computed tomography (CT)of the brain

x-ray technique that generates computerized multiple images of the brain and spinal cord

radi/o

x-rays

arteriography

xray imaging of arteries after injection of contrast material

ather/o

yellowish plaque, fatty substance

Larynx

"Voice box"; located at the upper part of the trachea

Trachea

"Wind pipe" (tube leading from the throat to the bronchial tubes)

MRSA infection

(Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) affects the skin, causing "boils" and abscesses

Transuerthral resection of the prostate gland

(TURP) a portion of the prostate gland is removed with an instrument (resectoscope) passed through (trans-) the urethra.

Epithelial cell

(a lining and skin cell) may be square and flat to provide protection

Syndrome

(from the Greek dromos, meaning a course for running) is a group of signs or symptoms that appear together to produce a typical clinical picture of a disease or interited abnormality.

Symptom

(from the Greek, symptoma, meaning that which happes) is a subjective change in condition as percieved by the patient. Examples are loss of appetite, abdominal pain and fatigue

What happens to the brain during AD?

-Atrophy of the cerebral cortex -widening of the cerebral sulci -senile plaques due to degeneration of neurons and neurofibrillary tangles -deposits amyloid (protein) can occur in neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques, and blood vessels

3 Objectives to study med. term

1) analyze words by dividing them into component parts 2) Relate med. terms to structure and fuction of human body 3) Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems

Three main parts of the stomach

1) fundus 2) body 3) antrum

saliva is released from what glands?

1) parotid gland 2) submandibular gland 3) sublingual gland

Liver jobs

1) produce bile 2) maintaining blood glucose 3) manufacturing blood proteins 4) releasing bilirubin 5) removing blood toxins

cranial nerves

12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve)

spinal nerves

31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal column

Genetic Defect for HD is located on which chromosome?

4

How many chambers does the human heart have?

4!

What does a normal EKG show?

5 waves, or delfections, that represent electrical changes as a wave of excitation spreads through the heart

How often does the diastole and systole contraction take place?

70-80 times in minute (3ounces of blood with each contraction)

NSCLC

90% of lung cancers and comprises two main types: adenocarcinoma (derived from mucus-secreting cells) and squamous cell carcinoma (derived from the lining cells of the upper airway). Staging can be done by assessing mediastinal lymph nodes. Nodes are negative=good for surgery. Nodes are positive=multimodality treatment (chemo and irradiation) with or without surgery are an option. May be caused by a mutation (epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR) in lung tissue. In this case you could use EGFR inhibitors (Iressa and Tarceva) in targeted drug therapy.