The Lymphatic System

What is the function of lymphatic nodules?

defend against infection in the area

Which of the following could not occur when an antibody binds to an antigen?

direct destruction of the pathogen

Blockage of the axillary lymph nodes would result in swelling ________.

distal blockage in the arm

Histamine released by mast cells leads to all of the following symptoms except

high fever

After lymphocytes are formed, they are tested to see if they can bind to foreign antigen and respond to it. In other words, to see if they are

immunocomponent

If an individual has an infected cut on their thigh, in which region are lymph nodes most likely to enlarge?

inguinal region

The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from all of the following body regions, except the

lower limb

An antigen presenting cell presents antigen to a T helper cell

on its surface on a class II MHC

Which of the following is not a function of the lymph node?

production of red blood cells

Lymph from the right lymphatic duct drains which areas of the body? Check all that apply.

right side of head and neck, right upper limb, right side of thorax

After T- and B-lymphocytes are formed, they migrate to

secondary. lymphatic structures

Antibodies bind to antigens sites on pathogenic cells and in doing so open binding sites and promote complement fixation resulting in a conversion of complement proteins to fight the pathogen.

.

Antibodies that bind to all of the surface antigens of pathogens exhibit neutralization which prevents the pathogen from binding to and thus causing damage to human cells.

.

Antibodies that bind to more than one cell simultaneously can rapidly cause clumping or agglutination to occur which prevents the pathogen from contacting and damaging human cells.

.

Erythrocytes arriving at the site and perfusing the dermis are visible through the skin which produces redness.

.

Four cardinal signs of inflammation are recognized.

.

Interestingly, antibodies do not directly attach nor destroy any pathogens, rather they bind to pathogens and in doing so render them incapable of causing an immune response.

.

Small pathogenic molecules that are soluble are clumped together by antibodies binding more than one molecule simultaneously, making the molecule insoluble and less mobile. This is an example of precipitation.

.

Swelling increases the pressure of fluids and mechanical structures on adjacent structures and thus activating receptors for pain.

.

The increase in blood flow to an area of injury or infection brings heat from the axial regions of the body.

.

With increase blood flow and leakiness of capillaries, fluids are delivered to the tissue faster than they are removed resulting in swelling (edema).

.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between cellular and humoral immunity?

Cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and infected cells, while humoral immunity releases antibodies to do so.

Besides filtering blood for foreign materials and phagocytosis of old, defective erythrocytes, the spleen is also involved in what other major function?

Reservoir of platelets and erythrocytes

Thymus

Site of T-lymphocyte maturation

Because they come in direct contact with infected cells, the effector response of ____________ is referred to as cell-mediated immunity.

T-lymphocytes

Receiving antivenom to treat a snake bite is an example of ___________ immunity.

artificially acquired passive

If someone is infected with a virus, resulting in activated and memory B-lymphoctes and T-lymphoctes, they are exhibiting ____________ immunity.

active

The clumping of blood during a mismatched blood transfusion is due to a property of the antigen-binding region of antibodies called

agglutination

Pharyngeal tonsils are

also called adenoids

A T helper cell becomes activated by a

antigen presenting cell

Which of the following are needed for antibody production to occur with T cell dependent antigens?

antigen presenting cell, T helper cell, and B cell

Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are termed

antigens

Which of the following is not an example of nonspecific (innate) immunity?

antigens

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes recognize

antigens and MHC class I.

Receiving protection from a virus through a vaccine is an example of __________ immunity.

artificially acquired active

Select all that are infectious agents.

bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes attack

cells that display foreign proteins on their surface.

Helper T-lymphocytes secrete ________ to stimulate the proliferation of B-lymphocytes.

cytokines

Which of the following is not an antigen-presenting cell?

cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

A patient has a parasitic infection. Upon examination of a blood sample under the microscope, an abundance of granuloctyes are present. These are likely

eosinophils

B- and T-lymphocytes both mature in the red bone marrow.

false

Helper T cells can stimulate the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells but not that of B cells.

false

The inflammatory response is a specific defense mechanism that the body initiates against tissue damage.

false

Which of the following results in an increase metabolic rate that favors the immune system and slows downs many bacteria and viruses.

fever

Spleen

filters blood; storage of platelets and erythrocytes

Lymph Node

filters lymph

Mucus in the trachea is part of the body's

innate immunity

In ________ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is the same regardless of the pathogen, but in _________ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is specific to the particular pathogen present.

innate; adaptive

Macrophages secrete ________ which then activates ________ .

interleukin-1 ; helper T cells

Lymph vessels reabsorb what fluid from the tissues and return it to the venous circulation?

interstitial fluid

Which of the following is a first line of defense that help prevent bacteria from entering the body

keratin

Lymphatic capillaries located in the GI tract are called

lacteals

What areas drain lymph through the thoracic duct? Check all that apply.

left side of head and neck, left upper limb, left thorax, all of abdomen and both lower limbs

Cells in a lymph node that engulf and destroy damaged cells, foreign substances, and cellular debris are

macrophages

What do monocytes become when they leave the blood and travel to the site of an infection?

macrophages

During the inflammatory response ______ degranulate and release ________.

mast cells; histamine

The human body makes

millions of different types of cytotoxic T cells.

Which leukocyte is the first to arrive during the inflammatory response?

neutrophils

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes produce

perforin, which makes holes in cell membrane of infected cells.

The process of antibody production after initial exposure to an antigen is known as the _________ response.

primary

Antibodies are __________ produced in response to an antigen.

proteins

Why might it be beneficial to allow a mild fever to continue? Select all that apply.

replication of bacteria and viruses is slowed; it stimulates migration of immune cells into the tissues; it accelerates tissue repair

The primary functions of lymph include

returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes.

Peyer patches are large accumulations of MALT located only in the

small intestine

The ability to ward off a specific infection or disease, usually as a result of prior exposure and the body's production of antibodies or lymphocytes against one pathogen, is called

specific immunity

Foreign antigens presented on class I MHC molecules

stimulate cell destruction by activated T-cells

Interferon

stimulates macrophages and NK cells to destroy virus infected cells.

The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the

thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

Which lymphatic system organ involutes and becomes nonfunctional as aging occurs?

thymus

T-lymphocytes are named according to the _______ where they become immunologically mature.

thymus gland

A T helper cell must become activated before it can stimulate a B cell to produce antibody.

true

A normal, healthy cell only displays self-antigens with the MHC class I molecules.

true

Activated helper T-lymphocytes produce cytokines, which may stimulate B-lymphocytes to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells capable of producing antibodies

true

Activated helper T-lymphocytes produce cytokines, which may stimulate B-lymphocytes to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells capable of producing antibodies.

true

After complement activation, basophils may degranulate releasing chemicals that causes vasodilation.

true

After receiving a scrape on the knee, the area becomes red, swollen, and warm. Based on these symptoms, this is likely a site of inflammation.

true

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes produce cytotoxins, which cause apoptosis of infected cells.

true

High fever is dangerous because proteins may denature and metabolic pathways may change.

true

Interferons are made and released by host cells in response to the presence of viruses.

true

One benefit of inflammation is limiting the spread of a pathogen.

true

Protein is usually a T-cell dependent antigen.

true

The secondary immune response to a previously encountered pathogen is swifter and stronger than the primary immune response.

true

Factors that aid lymph return include all except ________.

urinary valves

The lymphatic ducts empty into

veins