The Real World: An Introduction to Society Chapter 3

Identify the shared values of Americans - individualism - freedom - humanitarianism - democracy

- democracy - freedom

Otaku culture originated in what country?

Japan

what are moral holidays?

times when people are allowed to break norms.

although many people feel that expectations for personal space (usually about 18 inches for americans) are innate, members of many cultures are used to noticeably less personal space than we are, which helps to demonstrate that our expectations for personal space are: - the direct result of hormonal differences in the limbic system - usually negotiable and not all that hard to change - a part of our culture and as such are learned rather than innate - impossible to measure accurately - something that is innate, more an instinct than something learned

- a part of our culture and as such are learned rather than innate

Which of the following is considered culture? - style of dress - dogs - historical artifacts - films

- style of dress - historical artifacts - films

which of the following are examples of cultural diffusion? - the dominance of Tim Horton's coffee and doughnut shops in Canada - the spread of hip-hop music among white youth - the growing number of Starbucks locations in the United States - the spread of anime programs like Dragon Ball in the United States during the last two decades

- the spread of hip-hop music among white youth - the spread of anime programs like Dragon Ball in the United States during the last two decades

what are norms?

Rules or guidelines regarding what kinds of behavior are acceptable and appropriate.

what is language?

System of communication using vocal sounds, gestures, or written symbols; the primary means through which we communicate with each other and perpetuate our culture

What does ethnocentrism mean?

Tendency to view one's own culture as superior to others or to not consider other cultures at all.

True of False: Any physical object that has social meaning can be considered a part of material culture

True

True or False: ethnocentrism is a term that encapsulates the idea of someone reflexively believing his culture is naturally superior to others, and often judging other cultures by his own values

True

what is Otaku culture?

a Japanese word used to describe devoted fans, usually of manga, anime, or video games.

what are taboos?

a type of mores, and most powerful of all norms. something considered such a forbidden subject. like cannibalism or incest

material culture:

any physical object to which we give social meaning

cultural _________ is the imposition of one culture's beliefs and practices on another culture through _________ rather than by __________

imperialism media and consumer products military force

________ are more specific types of norms that formally codify what is permissible or forbidden

laws

cultural ________ occurs when cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar to one another

leveling

what are culture wars?

mainly waged over values and morality and the solutions to social problems, with liberals and conservatives fighting to define culture in the United States

In America, a married man who has several mistresses is violating a ____, but if he is married to more than one woman at the same time he is violating a ____. - more; law - positive sanction; negative sanction - law; taboo - norm; folkway - folkway, sanction

more; law

________ often include severe repercussions and public codemnation

mores

Value, Norm, or Neither? race-based job discrimination is illegal

norm

what are values?

shared beliefs that a group of people consider to be worthwhile or desirable; they articulate everything that a cultural group cherishes and honors

what are symbols that stand for or convey ideas

signs

What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis state?

sometimes referred to as the Principle of Linguistic Relativity. there are certain thoughts of an individual in one language that cannot be understood by those who live in another language

Signs, gestures, and language, as well as values and norms are all part of ____________ culture.

symbolic

the most powerful of all norms are _________

taboos

Value, Norm, or Neither? all people should have the chance to advance by "pulling themselves up by their bootstraps"

value

what is cultural leveling?

when cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar to one another

What is cultural diffusion?

when different groups share their material and nonmaterial culture with each other

Which of the following is an example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? - an indigenous person's word for coffee is "cacha" - a non-english speaking group adopts particular English words, such as coffee and Earth, into their own language - a non-english speaking group learns english as a second language at a very high rate due to the worldwide popularity of english - an indigenous people have no equivalent words for planet, earth, or world. they do not view a macro picture of multiple planets

- an indigenous people have no equivalent words for planet, earth, or world. they do not view a macro picture of multiple planets

which of the following statements accurately describes culture? - culture is handed down from generation to generation - culture acts as a lens through which individuals view the world - culture is second nature - culture included both symbolic and material elements

- culture is handed down from generation to generation - culture acts as a lens through which individuals view the world - culture included both symbolic and material elements

which of the following statements accurately describes culture? - culture is handed down from generation to generation - culture is second nature - culture acts as a lens through which individuals view the world - culture includes both symbolic and material elements

- culture is handed down from generation to generation - culture acts as a lens through which individuals view the world - culture includes both symbolic and material elements

What is considered non-material culture? - smartphones - emojis - clothing and accessories - texting in place of spoken conversation

- emojis - texting in place of spoken conversation

which of the following are examples of moral holidays? - Halloween - valentine's day - the night in the home city of the team that wins the super bowl - a snow day when school is canceled

- halloween - a snow day when school is canceled

identify the differing values of Americans - individualism - freedom - humanitarianism - democracy

- individualism - humanitarianism

What is considered material culture? - smartphones - emojis - clothing and accessories - texting in place of spoken conversation

- smartphones - clothing and accessories

which of the following statements accurately describes the ways that sociologists focus on culture? - sociologists often investigate societies outside the United States, traveling around the world engaging in empirical fieldwork - sociologists often focus on culture within their own society - sociologists study the cultures of the past, digging for artifacts that document the historical realities of peoples long dead - sociologists may engage in the process of "othering" by studying the unusual, extraordinary, or deviant in cultural groups

- sociologists often focus on culture within their own society - sociologists may engage in the process of "othering" by studying the unusual, extraordinary, or deviant in cultural groups

the increased use of facebook, twitter, and other social media by terrorist organizations in other countries to recruit new members is an example of what cultural phenomenon?

cultural diffusion

Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, or Neither? an American believes that other languages should be respected and valued equally to English

cultural relativism

cultural __________ usually occurs in the direction from more developed to less developed nations

diffusion

Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, or Neither? an American believes that learning a foreign language is not worth the time because English is the superior language

ethnocentrism

in many cultures the squat toilet, where one squats rather than sits, is still the most common type of bathroom facility. americans are often shocked when they encounter these toilets, seeing them as hopelessly disgusting. this attitude is an example of: - ethnocentrism - social control - economism - multiculturalism - dominant culture

ethnocentrism

Which pair of concepts consists of two direct opposites? - real culture and culture imperialism - subculture and counterculture - culture diffusion and cultural leveling - ethnocentrism and cultural relativism

ethnocentrism and cultural relativism

True of False: although american culture is highly visible worldwide via the media, the moral and political values of the country are not highly visible

false

what are the ways people use their bodies to communicate without words?

gestures

Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, or Neither? an American believes that he should learn Spanish because it could be of value to him

neither

Value, Norm, or Neither? families in the working class are less likely to have health insurance than those in the middle class

neither

what are mores?

norms that carry a greater moral significance and are more closely related to the core values of a cultural group

What are sanctions?

positive or negative reactions to the ways in which people follow norms

what is cultural imperialism?

process and practice of promoting one culture over another

What is cultural relativism?

seeing each different culture as simply that—different. Not better or worse, not right or wrong, but on its own terms