The Reconquista
Slavery
One of the greatest tragedies in the history of humanity in terms of scale and duration
What was the problem with the cities producing their own supplies?
The Spaniards feared they were becoming too independent, so they passed laws on the colonies forbidding them from making certain products.
Who initiated the colonial expansion under the Spanish empire?
The Spanish Conquistadors
What was the name of the official police and judicial force connected to the Catholic Church?
The Spanish Inquisition
Who destroyed the Aztec and Inca cultures?
The Spanish conquistadors
What were the Moluccas known as?
The Spice Islands- because they were so rich in spices
What did the Portuguese seize control of, to get control of the Moluccas?
The Strait of Malacca
True
The aide by the Portuguese king to the slave merchants was the start of private slave trade companies
What resulted in the genocide of the Ameridians?
The course of New World explorations by the Spanish, as they were filled with violence and disease
What were some main products that the settlers in the New World were forbidden to make? Why was this important
The creation of canvas for sails, hemp for rope and tar for sealing ships. Important because this was an age where you had to sail to get anywhere
Line of Demarcation
The imaginary line through the Atlantic Ocean
The Spanish government and religious officials proclaimed what?
The need for a pure and unified Spanish-Christian race
What was the result of the Spanish viewpoint that they were to convert the Native Americans?
The result was a race for control of people more than land, and abuses became the norm
How did the Spanish justify the mistreatment of the Native Americans?
They believed that it was their God-given duty to convert the Native Americans and the European notion of eternal salvation was a reward great enough to justify the mistreatment
What was the role of the Monarchy of Spain in the colonial expansion?
They developed the colonial expansion through administrators and missionaries
What did the Spanish have to promise in order to get title to land and ownership of the villages on the land?
They had to promise to convert the Native Americans to Christianity and then were able to use the land and labor as they saw fit
What was the Portuguese slave merchants' relationship with the government?
They received a special monopoly from the king to trade in slaves, and then gave a percentage of their earnings to the government.
What did the Native Americans have to pay to the Spaniards for rent?
They were given quotas of gold to pay as rent
How did the Spanish get the supplies they needed in the New World, at first?
They were shipped from Spain
Where did Portugal build a bustling trade empire?
Throughout the Indian Ocean
Why were the African colonies dependent on guns?
To defend themselves from other trade groups
What was the purpose of the Spanish Inquisition?
To detect heretics
Why did Europeans want to go to Asia?
To establish their own trade empires in the East.
Firearms to maintain control of their territory, that had been acquired through warfare and slave raids
What did the Benin society need and why?
New route to Asia
What was Christopher Columbus trying to find?
Fur industry and a respectful relationship with the Ameridians
What was developed in New France?
Exploitation if land and Native American labor
What was the economy based on during the Spanish colonial period?
Sugar PLantations
Where the slaves worked for the Portuguese
The Dutch
Who did the Ashanti trade with?
Portuguese and the British slave companies
Who did the Kingdom of Benin trade with?
Companies from Portugal
Who were the the first to send slaves to the Americas?
what agreement did the sultan of Granada negotiate?
a peace that would allow Moors to leave Spain unharmed
What regions and continents did the slave trade involve?
Africa, America, Europe, sometimes the Indian Ocean and the Caribbean
What was suggested in an effort to keep peace between Spain and Portugal?
An imaginary dividing line be drawn through the Atlantic Ocean, giving all lands to the west of the line to Spain, all lands to the East to Portugal
Where had Columbus really reached?
An island in the Caribbean Sea
What kingdoms were included in the Iberian Peninsula?
Aragon, Portugal, Castile
Columbus thought he had sailed to where?
Asia
Why did the government turn to the Spanish Inquisition to help restore the economy?
Because many of the conversos were very wealthy and this was an embarrassment to the native Spanish
Why were the Spanish monarchs envious of Portugal?
Because of Portugal's direct trade sea route to Asia
El Mina
Biggest coastal slave prison built by the Portuguese
The people who ruled Andalus were what race?
Black North Africans
Who received more than 40% of all the slaves reaching the Americas?
Brazil
Black Legend
Brutal practices of the conquistators
How was Portugal's complaint resolved?
By moving the line further west to include parts of modern-day brazil for the portuguese
How did the Portuguese take control of the spice trade from Muslim merchants?
By sinking all trade ships, other than their own
How did the Spanish Inquisition restore the economy in Spain?
By taking the wealth of hundreds of thousands of Jews and former Jews as a form of revenge and to take their money
Who were completely wiped out by disease?
Caribs and Arawaks of the Caribbean
Bartolome de las Casas
Catholic friar who fought for the rights of the Amerindians
Who replaced the Portuguese as a dominant supplier of slaves?
Dutch West Indies Company
Emperor Atahualpa
Emperor of the Inca Empire, captured at the Battle of Cajamarca
Who brought infectious diseases to the New World?
Europeans
True or False - Andalus did not have any universities, hospitals, libraries or schools for the people
Fase
Which Spanish explorer arrived in the Philippines?
Ferdinand Magellan
Why were the Spanish Christians outraged by the Jews?
For their having been protected by the Muslim Moors of Andalus
Defender of the Indians
Friar Bartolome de Las Casas
Ashanti Kingdom
Gained firearms and began trading with the Dutch -one of the important African states developed at that time
Da Gama's voyage of 27,000 miles
Gave Portugal a direct sea route to India
What city did the Portuguese capture, that became the capital of their trading empire?
Goa
What was a huge draw for the conquistadors and later SPanish Settlers?
Gold
The reconquest was complete in which city?
Granada
How did Las Casas help the Indians?
He engaged in a series of debates before the Pope, stating that the Indians were rational human beings capable of converting to Christianity. This resulted in the pope signing an order that they could no longer be slaughtered for sport or profit
What did Da Gama say to get the mayor to let him into the port?
He said that he would sink all of the ships in the harbor if they did not trade with him
What did Las Casas believe about why God delivered the New World to Spain?
He thought it was a test to see if the loyal Catholic nation of Spain could be merciful and just
Why did the mayor of Calicut not want to let Da Gama into their port?
He thought they were pirates
What happened to the Encomienda System?
It turned into something close to outright slavery. Native Am were paid extremely low wages, if at all to perform hard labor on plantations and mines
Palmares
Jungle town created in Brazil as a community for runaway slaves
Infectious diseases
Killed many Ameridians ahead of the European invasions
Hernan Cortes
Led the Spanish Conquistadors in the attack against the Aztecs
Francisco Pizarro
Led the invasion at the Battle of Cajamarca
Viceroyalty of Peru
Located in Lima, Peru and controls South America
Were taxes low or high in Andalus?
Low
Slave Trade
Made European colonies wealthy
How did a critical mass of Spaniards change the provision of supplies?
Major population centers like Mexico City, Lima, and Vera Cruz began producing some of these items themselves
What town did the Portuguese capture in Indonesia?
Malacca, on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula
How were the slaves captured?
Merchants and traders made contact with the coastal kingdoms to capture slaves from the interior
Viceroyalty of New Spain
Mexico City was its capital which controlled Mexico, Central America and Caribbean
How much silver did Potosi yield?
More silver than had existed in all of Europe up to that time
Weapons and gundpowder
Most important commodities in slave trade
What religion ruled Andalus?
Muslim
Who was forced to convert to Christianity in Spain?
Muslims and Jews
Converso
Muslims and Jews who converted to Catholicism
Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, England, France
companies from what countries participated in the trade?
Hernan Cortes
conquistador who destroyed the Aztec Empire
Francisco Pizarro
conquistador who destroyed the Inca Empire
New World - Columbian Exchange
corn, potatoes, chili peppers, chocolate, turkey, silver, sweet potatoes, tobacco, quinine
Small Pox
deadliest disease
Sugar cane
dominant crop for encomiendas and later African slave plantations
Minas Gerais
gold mine discovered in Brazil
What was Las Casas horrible mistake?
he signed a document arguing for bringing African slaves to the New World as an alternative to the enslavement of the Indians. His signature held the greatest weight in bringing the African slave trade to the new world
Columbian Exchange - Old World
horse, cows, sheep, rice, wheat, coffee, bananas, African slaves, diseases, sugar, cotton, religion, guns/gun powder
What wa forbidden in Spain during this time of religious fantaticism
intermarriage between Christians and conversos or Jews
What happened to the encomienda system?
it wa officially abolished in 1717
Creoles
people of Spanish descent who were born in the New World (inferior to Peninsulares)
Mestizos
people of mixed race (european, Spanish, Indian)
Encomienda
plantation run by former conquistadors that enslaved the Amerindians
limpieza de sangre
purity of blood
Viceroyalty of New Spain
responsible for the control of Central America, Mexico, and North America - located in Mexico City
Vasco da Gama
sailed around the coast of Africa and into the Indian Ocean and into Calicut India
Potosi, Peru and Zacatecas, Mexico
silver mines
Bartolome de Las Casas
spanish Friar who became famous for his defense of the native people in the Americas
The long Reconquista caused the Spanish people to be what?
strongly devoted Christians and militaristic-minded
What products did the slave ships bring to Europe from America?
sugar, cotton, coffee, tobacco and rice
Encomienda system
system set up to protect native people as well as teach them the Spanish language and Catholic religion
What started the era of exploration and colonization?
the Treaty of Tordesillias
Spanish conquest of Maya civilization
the campaign that lasted much longer than the campaign against the Aztecs
What was the political justification for the Spanish Inquisition?
the existence of a threat to the monarchy
Transatlantic Slave Trade
triangular trade
Ameridians
What did Christopher Columbus actually find?
Describe the 3 steps of slave trade
1. Slave ships left Western Europe with goods to exchange for slaves. In Africa, captains traded their merchandise for slaves. 2. Cross the Atlantic 3. Connected America to Europe
What did Henry found?
A navigation school on the southwestern coast of Portugal
After the Reconquista, what period started?
A period of religious fantaticism
What was tremendously important in the Castile society?
A person's reputation and honor
What did Portugal think Columbus had done?
Claimed lands for Spain that were really lands that Portuguese sailors would have reached first
Viceroyalty of Peru
Controlled South America
Brazil
Controlled by the kingdom of Portugal and receives most of the Africa slaves
Christopher Columbus
Convinced the Spanish to finance his plan to find a route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean
Middle Passage
Crossing of the Atlantic, where Africans were transported to America
What did Christopher Columbus' voyage do?
It opened up the way for European colonization of the Americas
Why was continued high volume of slaves necessary?
High slave mortality and low fertility on the sugar plantations
Coastal Prisons
How did the Portuguese control the slaves?
Eighteen months
How long did the entire circuit in the slave trade last?
5 million
How many Africans died during the initial capture and passage to the coastline where the slaves were loaded onto ships?
Treaty of Tordesillas
Imaginary line created to divide the world of trade between Spain and Portugal. Portugal received Brazil
Disease was slower to spread where?
In the scattered populations of North America
What was the immediate impact of Columbus' voyage?
Increased tension between Spain And Portugal
What killed millions of Ameridians?
Infectious diseases brought over from Europe
Spanish conquistadors
Invaded areas of Central and South America, looking for riches
Cape Verde
Islands off the coast of West Africa, colonized by the Portuguese
Indian and African Slaves
Part of new world caste system
Peninsulares
Part of new world caste system, government officials born in Spain sent to rule in the Americas
Mulattoes
People of mixed race (European, Spanish and African)
Who stepped in to keep peace between Spain and Portugal?
Pope Alexander VI
What country took the lead on overseas exploration?
Portugal
Gold
Primary mineral mined in the New World
Who was the nation's most enthusiastic supporter of exploration?
Prince Henry
What was the period of time called where the northern kingdoms were taking control of Spain?
Reconquista
Transatlantic Slave Trade
Regarded as the first system of international trade or "period of globalization"
Potosi
Remote mountaintop in Bolivia that yielded silver
Suriname
Runaway slaves formed lasting communities here, blending W African, native Amerindian and European elements
Jacques Cartier
Sailed to present day Canada for the French government, and established New France
Who were hit the hardest by the diseases brought over from Europe?
Small populations with little built up immune systems - island based groups were annihilated
Pepper and Cinnamon
Some of the spices the Portugese sailors brought back to Portugal
Andalus is in what part of Iberia?
Southern
The Moors controlled which part of Spain?
Southern most part
True
T or F - Encomeienda system was a brutal form of slavery
True
T or F - Most Africans were farmers and unprepared to defend themselves
True
T or F - Resistance to slavery was a common occurance
What did Portugal complain about the line?
That it gave too much land to Spain
What did Bartolome de Las Casas believe about the treatment of the native Americans?
That not only was it a crime, but a mortal sin
What did the conquistadors believe?
That they held considerable military and technological superiority over the native cultures
Who shipped the most slaves to the New World?
The Dutch
Who did Northern Spain push out of Southern Spain?
The Moors
Motivation for colonial expansion
Trade and Spread of Christian faith
Biggest movement of humans in history
Transatlantic Slave Trade
What connected the economies of 3 continents?
Transatlantic Slave Trade
What was a determining factor in the creation of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century?
Transatlantic Slave Trade
Columbian Exchange
Transfer of diseases between the Old World and the New World
Treaty of Tordesillias
Treaty signed between Spain and Portugal where they agreed to honor the line
True or False - in Andalus, Christians and Jews had significant religious freedom?
True
True or False: items that the Portuguese purchased in Asia were about 1/5 of the cost they paid in Italy or through the Arabs?
True
False
True or False - most slaves did not live in family units
True
True or False: The English begain supplying their plantation colonies with slaves through their own British West Indies Company
True
True or false - many aspects of African culture survived
Viceroyalty of New Spain and Viceroyalty of Peru
Two massive kingdoms created by the Spanish in the Americas to control the native populations
What did Spain do with the proceeds from the silver?
Used it to wage nearly endless wars in Europe
How many people were sold as slaves?
approximately 12.5 million
Reasons the Americas suffered from the Columbian Exchange
because of the diseases which Amerindians had no immunities to
Reasons for European benefits from the Columbian Exchange
because of the foods which led to an increase in population