The Reformation

Anne Boleyn

Anne Boleyn - the second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I; was executed on a charge of adultery (1507-1536).

Holy League

Any of various European alliances sponsored by the papacy during the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries. They include the League of 1511-13, formed by Pope Julius II to expel Louis XII of France from Italy, and the French Holy League (also called the Catholic League) of 1576 and 1584, a Catholic extremist league formed during the French Wars of Religion.

Geneva

Calvin established a theocracy in Geneva by 1540 a. Geneva became the new center of the Reformation in Europe. Geneva became home to Protestant exiles from England, Scotland, and France, who later returned to their countries with Calvinist ideas.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin's foundational work for Calvinism.

Protestant Work Ethic

Calvinists later emphasized the importance of hard work and accompanying financial success as a sign that God was pleased

Carafa

Carlo Carafa, of a distinguished family of Naples, vicious and talented was successively condottiero in the service of France and of Spain, vying for their protectorates in Italy until 1555, when he was made a cardinal,[3] to 1559 the all-powerful favourite and Cardinal Nephew of Pope Paul IV Carafa, whose policies he directed and whom he served as papal legate in Paris, Venice and Brussels.

Catherine of Aragon

Catherine of Aragon was Queen of England from 1509 until 1533 as the first wife of King Henry VIII; she was previously Princess of Wales as the wife of Prince Arthur.

Consistory

A judiciary made up of lay elders (presbyters) who had the power to impose harsh penalties for those who did not follow God's law.

Priesthood of all Believers

A doctrine of the Protestant Christian Church: every individual has direct access to God without ecclesiastical mediation and each individual shares the responsibility of ministering to the other members of the community of believers.

Presbyterianism

A form of Protestant Church government in which the church is administered locally by the minister with a group of elected elders of equal rank, and regionally and nationally by representative courts of ministers and elders.

Diet of Worms

A meeting of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V's imperial diet at Worms in 1521, at which Martin Luther was summoned to appear. Luther committed himself there to the cause of Protestant reform, and his teaching was formally condemned in the Edict of Worms.

Puritans

A member of a group of English Protestants of the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Reformation of the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete and sought.

Charles IX

Charles IX 1550-1574. King of France (1560-1574). His mother, Catherine de Médicis, controlled most of his decisions and persuaded him to order the massacre of French Protestants on Saint Bartholomew's Day in 1572.

Mennonites

Founded by Dutch leader Menno Simmons were descendants of Anabaptists. Emphasized pacifism (perhaps in reaction to what happened in Münster).

Francis I of France

Francis I was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1515 until his death. He was the son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy.

Colloquy of Marburg

(1529) Zwingli officially split with Luther over the issue of the Eucharist.

Thirty-Nine Articles

(Anglicanism) A set of formulas defining the doctrinal position of the Church of England, drawn up in the 16th century, to which the clergy are required to give general consent.

Unitarians

(Who reject the trinity) also were influenced by the Anabaptists.

Basel

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Johann Tetzel

A German Dominican friar whose preaching on indulgences, considered by many of his contemporaries to be an abuse of the sacrament of penance, sparked Martin Luther's reaction.

Anabaptists

A Protestant sectarian of a radical movement arising in the 16th century and advocating the baptism and church membership of adult believers only, nonresistance, and the separation of church and state.

Jesuit Order

A Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen; it is strongly committed to education and scholarship.

Michael Servetus

A Unitarian humanist from Spain, was burned at the stake in 1553 for his denial of the Trinity.

Wittenberg

A city of east-central Germany on the Elbe River east of Dessau. Martin Luther made the city the center of the Protestant Reformation when he nailed his 95 theses to the door of the Schlosskirche in 1517.

Erasmus In Praise of Folly

A prose satire (1509) by Erasmus, written in Latin and directed against theologians and church dignitaries.

Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants

Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants is a piece written by Martin Luther, related to the German Peasants' War.

Massacre

An indiscriminate and brutal slaughter of people.

Absenteeism

An official not participating in benefices but receiving payment and privileges

Tragedy at Münster

Combined armies of Protestant and Catholic forces captured the city and executed Anabaptist leaders.

Modern Devotion

Devotio Moderna, or Modern Devotion, was a movement for religious reform, calling for apostolic renewal through the rediscovery of genuine pious practices such as humility, obedience and simplicity of life.

Johann Eck

Dr. Johann Maier von Eck was a German Scholastic theologian and defender of Catholicism during the Protestant Reformation.

Ecclesiastical Ordinances

Ecclesiastical ordinances are the bylaws of a Christian religious organization, especially that of a diocese or province of a church. They are used in the Anglican Communion, particularly the American Episcopal Church and Roman Catholic Church.

Edward VI

Edward VI 1537-1553. King of England and Ireland (1547-1553). The son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, he died of tuberculosis.

Nepotism

Favoring family members in the appointment of Church offices

Huguenots

French Calvinists; brutally suppressed in France.

Gasparo Contarini

Gasparo Contarini was an Italian diplomat, cardinal and Bishop of Belluno. He was one of the first proponents of the dialogue with Protestants, after the Reformation.

Habsburg-Valois Wars

Habsburg-Valois Wars were a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involved, at various times, most of the city-states of Italy, the Papal States, most of the major states of Western Europe (France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, England, and Scotland) as well as the Ottoman Empire.

Pope Paul III

He came to the papal throne in an era following the sack of Rome in 1527 and rife with uncertainties in the Catholic Church following the Protestant Reformation. During his pontificate, and in the spirit of the Counter-Reformation, new Catholic religious orders and societies, such as the Jesuits, the Barnabites, and the Congregation of the Oratory, attracted a popular following.

Henry II of France

Henry II 1 1133-1189. King of England (1154-1189). The son of Princess Matilda, he founded the Plantagenet royal line and appointed Thomas à Becket as archbishop of Canterbury. His quarrels with Becket concerning the authority of the Crown over the Church led to the murder of the archbishop (1170).

Henry VIII

Henry VIII 1491-1547. King of England (1509-1547) who succeeded his father, Henry VII. His divorce from Catherine of Aragon, his first wife, compelled him to break from the Catholic Church by the Act of Supremacy (1534).

Henry VIII, Defense of the Seven Sacraments, Defender of the Faith

Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later assumed the Kingship, of Ireland, and continued the nominal claim by English monarchs to the Kingdom of France.

Charles V

Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).

Ignatius of Loyola

Ignatius of Loyola was a Spanish knight from a local Basque noble family, hermit, priest since 1537, and theologian, who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuit Order) and, on 19 April 1541, became its first Superior General.

Quakers

In England, shared similar beliefs to Mennonites.

Jane Seymour

Jane Seymour was Queen of England from 1536 to 1537 as the third wife of King Henry VIII. She succeeded Anne Boleyn as queen consort following the latter's execution for high treason, incest and adultery in May 1536.

John Calvin

John Calvin was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism.

John Knox

John Knox was a Scottish clergyman and writer who was a leader of the Protestant Reformation and is considered the founder of the Presbyterian denomination in Scotland.

Clerical Ignorance

Many priests and Church leaders were illiterate.

Leipzig Debate 1519

Martin Luther arrived in Leipzig and joined the debate in July 1519, at the invitation of Eck. Luther and Eck expanded the terms of the debate, to include matters such as purgatory, the sale of indulgences, the need for and methods of penance, and the legitimacy of papal authority.

Martin Luther

Martin Luther was a German friar, Catholic priest, professor of theology and seminal figure of the 16th-century movement in Christianity known later as the Protestant Reformation.

Mary Tudor

Mary I was Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death. Her executions of Protestants caused her opponents to give her the sobriquet "Bloody Mary".

Menno Simons

Menno Simons was an Anabaptist religious leader from the Friesland region of the Low Countries. Simons was a contemporary of the Protestant Reformers and his followers became known as Mennonites.

Sale of Indulgences

People paying money to the Church to absolute their sins or the sins of their loved ones.

Philip II of Spain

Philip II of Spain - king of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I; he supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England.

Philip II of Spain

Philip II was King of Spain from 1556 and of Portugal from 1581. From 1554 he was King of Naples and Sicily as well as Duke of Milan. During his marriage to Queen Mary I, he was also Prince Consort of England and Ireland.

Philipp Melanchthon

Philipp Melanchthon was a German reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and an influential designer of educational systems.

Pope Clement VII

Pope (1523-1534) who refused to grant thewho refused to grant the divorce of Henry VIII from Catherine of Aragon and was unable to stop Henry's break with the Roman Catholic Church.

Pope Leo X

Pope Leo X, born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, was Pope from 9 March 1513 to his death in 1521. The second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, ruler of the Florentine Republic, he was elevated to the cardinalate in 1489.

League of Schmalkalden

Schmalkaldic League alliance formed in 1531 at Schmalkalden by Protestant princes and delegates of free cities. It was created in response to the threat (1530) by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V to stamp out Lutheranism.

Predestination

Since God is all-knowing, He already knows who is going to Heaven and who is destined for Hell.

Sir Thomas More, known to Roman Catholics as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist.

Sir Thomas More, known to Roman Catholics as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist.

St.Peter's Basilica

St. Peter's Basilica is a Late Renaissance church located within Vatican City.

The Elect/Visible Saints

The "elect" are church members who have had their conversion experience. They should become model Christians: "visible saints".

Swiss Cantons

The 26 cantons of Switzerland are the member states of the federal state of Switzerland. Each canton was a fully sovereign state with its own border controls, army and currency from the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) until the establishment of the Swiss federal state in 1848

95 Theses

The 95 Theses, a document written by Martin Luther in 1517, challenged the teachings of the Catholic Church on the nature of penance, the authority of the pope and the usefulness of indulgences.

Council of Trent

The Council of Trent (Latin: Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trento (Trent) and Bologna, northern Italy, was one of the Roman Catholic Church's most important ecumenical councils. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.

The Council of Trent

The Council of Trent (Latin: Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trento (Trent) and Bologna, northern Italy, was one of the Roman Catholic Church's most important ecumenical councils. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.

Defence of the Seven Sacraments

The Defence of the Seven Sacraments is a theological treatise written by King Henry VIII of England in 1521. Henry started to write it in 1519 while he was reading Martin Luther's attack on indulgences.

Edict of Nantes

The Edict of Nantes, issued on 15 April 1598, by Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic.

English Reformation

The English Reformation was a series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Catholic Church.

Peasants Revolt 1524

The German Peasants' War, Great Peasants' War or Great Peasants' Revolt (German: Deutscher Bauernkrieg) was a widespread popular revolt in the German-speaking areas of Central Europe, 1524-1525.

The Imitation of Christ

The Imitation of Christ by Thomas à Kempis is a Catholic devotional book. It was first composed in Latin ca.1418-1427.

Marburg Colloquy

The Marburg Colloquy was a meeting at Marburg Castle, Marburg, Hesse, Germany which attempted to solve a disputation between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli over the Real Presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper. It took place between 1 October and 4 October 1529.

Massacre of Vassy

The Massacre of Vassy, also known as the Massacre of Wassy, is the name given to the murder of Huguenot worshipers and citizens in an armed action by troops of Francis, Duke of Guise, in Wassy, France on 1 March 1562. The tragedy is identified as the first major event in the French Wars of Religion.

The Pacification of Ghent

The Pacification of Ghent, signed on 8 November 1576, was an alliance of the provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands for the purpose of driving mutinying Spanish mercenary troops from the country and promoting a peace treaty with the rebelling provinces Holland and Zeeland.

Peace of Augsburg

The Peace of Augsburg, also called the Augsburg Settlement, was a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes, on September 25, 1555, at the imperial city of Augsburg, now in present-day Bavaria, Germany.

Pilgrimage of Grace

The Pilgrimage of Grace was a popular rising in Yorkshire in the autumn of 1536 in protest against Henry VIII's break with the Roman Catholic Church, the Dissolution of the Monasteries and the policies of the King's chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, as well as other specific political, social and economic grievances.

Reformation Parliament

The Reformation Parliament was so-called because it was the English Parliament, commencing in 1529, that passed and enabled the major pieces of legislation leading to the English Reformation.

St. Bartholomew's Day

The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy in French) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants), during the French Wars of Religion.

Submission of the Clergy

The Submission of the Clergy was a process by which the Church of England gave up their power to formulate church laws without the King's licence and assent. It was first passed by the Convocation of Canterbury in 1532 and then by the Reformation Parliament in 1534.

42/39 Articles

The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion are the historically defining statements of doctrines of the Church of England with respect to the controversies of the English Reformation. First established in 1563, the articles served to define the doctrine of the Church of England as it related to Calvinist doctrine and Roman Catholic practice.

German Peasants' War, Twelve Articles

The Twelve Articles were part of the peasants' demands of the Swabian League during the German Peasants' War of 1525.

Church of England (Anglican Church)

The episcopal church of England; Anglican Church: it is an established church with the sovereign as its head, formed when Henry VIII broke with the papacy in the 16th cent.

Act of Supremacy

The first Act of Supremacy was a piece of legislation that granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy, which means that he was declared the supreme head of the Church of England. It is still the legal authority of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom.

Book of Common Prayer

The official service book of the Church of England and, with some variation, of other churches of the Anglican Communion. It was compiled by Thomas Cranmer and others and first issued in 1549.

Pluralism

The practice of holding more than one office or church benefice at a time.

Catholic Reformation

The reform movement of the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th and early 17th centuries considered as a reaction to the Protestant Reformation.

Simony

The sale of church offices/ positions

Confessions of Augsburg

The statement of beliefs and doctrines of the Lutherans, formulated by Melanchthon and endorsed by the Lutheran princes, which was presented at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530 and which became the chief creed of the Lutheran Church.

Thomas Cranmer

Thomas Cranmer was a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I.

Thomas Cromwell

Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex, KG, was an English lawyer and statesman who served as chief minister to King Henry VIII of England from 1532 to 1540. Cromwell was one of the strongest and most powerful advocates of the English Reformation.

Thomas Wolsey

Thomas Wolsey was an English political figure and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. When Henry VIII became King of England in 1509, Wolsey became the King's almoner.

Thomas à Kempis

Thomas à Kempis, C.R.S.A. was a German canon regular of the late medieval period and the most probable author of The Imitation of Christ, which is one of the best known Christian books on devotion.

Transubstantiation

Transubstantiation is the change whereby, according to the teaching of the Catholic Church, the bread and the wine used in the sacrament of the Eucharist become, not merely as by a sign or a figure, but also in actual reality the body and blood of Christ.

Ulrich Zwingli, Zurich

Ulrich Zwingli's insistence that the Bible, not the church, was the source of Christian truth made him a major force in the Protestant Reformation that swept Europe in the 16th century. Born to a village bailiff, Zwingli studied in Basel, Bern and Vienna before becoming a Roman Catholic priest. He was appointed in 1519 to the Great Minster church in Zurich.

Dutch Reformed Church

United Provinces of the Netherlands.

Utopia

Utopia is a work of fiction and political philosophy by Thomas More (1478-1535) published in 1516 in Latin. The book is a frame narrative primarily depicting a fictional island society and its religious, social and political customs.

Pope Paul IV

While serving as papal nuncio in Spain, Pope Pope Paul IV developed an anti-Spanish outlook that later coloured his papacy, and resulted in the Papal States suffering a serious military defeat in the Italian War of 1551-59.

William Tyndale

William Tyndale was an English scholar who became a leading figure in Protestant reform in the years leading up to his execution. He is well known for his translation of the Bible into English.

William of Orange

William of Orange - King of England and Scotland and Ireland; he married the daughter of James II and was invited by opponents of James II to invade England; when James fled, William III and Mary II were declared joint monarchs (1650-1702).