The World and Europe Unit 2

Aristotle

Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.

Aristagoras

Greek tyrant who revolted against the Persians.

Battle of Salamis

Greek victory over the Persian navy during the Second Persian War. Themistocles kept ships in strait of Salamis secretly sent slave to Xerxes with a false rumor that Greeks were in disagreement. Xerxes sent fleet of the Strait of Salamis, heavy Persian sailing ships could not manuever the narrow straits. Greeks attacked remaining Persian fleet and they were destroyed.

Greeks and what they represent

Greeks who lived in Greek cities considered themselves citizens of that city only.

Plataea

Last major battle of the Persian War where the Greeks defeated the Persians. Final land battle during second Persian invasion of Greece. Greeks assembled huge army, marched out of Pelopnnesus. Persians retreated to Boeotia, built fortified camp near Plataea. Stalemate for 11 days. Greek battle line fragmented. Thinking Greeks in full retreat, Mardonius ordered his forces to pursue them, Greeks halted and gave battle. Routing lightly armed Persian infantry and killing Mardonius. Large portion of Persian army was trapped in its camp and slaughtered.

What is Pericles talking about?

Laws protect equality.

How do we live a happy existence?

Live a good life

If one wants to see the ornamental details of the Parthenon one would have to go to

London

How did Greeks influence the mid century Case Study Houses of Los Angeles?

Modern architects borrowed from the primary concepts the Greeks initially developed,

What might Athena be holding her hand?

Nike

Who was not an early founder of democracy in Athens?

Pericles

Darius (war)

Persian leader at the battle of Marathon. Swore to burn down Melitus, Athens, and Eretria. Tried to cross Hellespont but his ships were destroyed. Had the waves whipped 300 times.

Cyrus conquered Ionia

Persians appointed tyrants to rule.

Spartan kings perception of Pericles

Persuasive and a bragger.

Xerxes Pontoon Bridge and Canal

Second attempt to bridge Hellespont successful. Xerxes prepared his expedition, channel dug through isthmus of the peninsula of Mount Athos, provisions were stored in stations on the road through Thrace. Establsiehd pontoon bridges, canal done across peninsula.

Sparta sends Envoys

Spartan envoys sent 3 ultimatums to Athens. Pericles argued that if they went into ultimatums it's a sign of weakness, we should prepare for war. Spartans did not have financial reserves that Athenians did. However, the Spartan army was three times as strong.

Who did the most damage to the Parthenon?

The Ottoman Turks, turned it into a dump.

Persian War Start

The Persian War started because Athens supported Ionian Greeks when they were rebelling in Anatolia against the Persians.

Persian Conversion/Faith

The Persians weren't very concerned about converting people of the empire to their faith.

Delos

The headquarters of the Delian League. was chosen as the base for the League because it was supposedly protected by Apollo.

Darius

The third king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. He ruled the empire at its peak. He organized the empire by dividing it into provinces and placing satraps to govern it. He organized a new uniform money system, along with making Aramaic the official language of the empire. He also worked on construction projects throughout the empire.

Artemisia

The woman ruler of Halicarnassus, on the Aegean coast of modern day Turkey who fought with the Persians against the Greeks at the battle of Salamis. Queen of Persian satrapy of Caria, inherited throne from father satrap Lygdamis. Only one of Xerxes commanders to be female. Covinced Xerxes to retreat back to Asia Minor after the defeat at Salamis, Xerxes famously said my men have become women and my women men.

Persians captured Eretria

Then sailed for Attica, landing in the bay near the town of Marathon.

Professors at Georgetown University fabricate an entire civilization

They needed an origin story for cartography and geometry, they knew nothing of Europeans prior to the Christian era, and they were trying to advance their careers.

Corinthian Column

This type of column is the most complex, with carvings that looks like leaves at the top.

Why do you think it is important for Greeks to commemorate the dead annually?

To emphasize values and ideals worth fighting and dying for.

What would the polis hope to achieve by inviting anyone to these performances?

To ensure that the citizens of the polis would be conscious about how their decisions affect the community.

Xerxes builds a canal

To maneuver his men towards the Peloponnesian peninsula.

The largest temple on the Acropolis was the Parthenon.

True

Start of The Persian Wars

Tyrant of Miletus(Aristagoras) Embarked to conquer the island of Naxos, with Persian support, the expedition was a debacle and incited all of Hellenic Asia Minor into rebellion against Persians. Beginning Ionian Revolt aka Persian Wars

Herodotus strategies

Wanted a deeper, more rational understanding, so he took a new approach looking at events from both sides to understand the reasons for them. Herodotus was the first writer to examine the past by combining three different kinds of evidence: opsis(eyewitness accounts), akoe(hearsay), and ta legomena(tradition).

The architecture of the ancient Greeks was based on

Washington DC

Militades successful strategy at the battle of marathon

Weaken the center and outflank the Persian troops.

Towers of Silence

a circular, raised structure used by Zoroastrians for exposure of the dead, particularly to scavenging birds for the purposes of excoriation.

Aristophanes

an ancient Greek dramatist remembered for his comedies (448-380 BC) 2,300 years after his death is still called the Father of Comedy.

The top of the column is called a

capital

Entasis

creates an illusion that prevents the appearance of bowing columns.

Victory over great Persia resulted in

flowering of culture in Athens

Satraps

governors of provinces of the Achaemenid. Responsible for the safety of the roads and putting down rebels. Swapped out repeatedly. Known as the Kings eyes.

According to Alain de Botton, why does Greek architecture persevere?

it exemplifies values we cherish like calm dignity and balance.

virtues pursued by Greeks

love of art and ideas personal excellence self discipline intellectual cursiosity personal balance

Because humans cannot perceive visual absolute, architects created

optical illusions

Greek temples always used

post and lintel

Xerxes

son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C. Persian leader at the battle of Thermopylae.

Pericles uses Delain League money to beautify

the Acropolis

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War

the Athenians sailed to the island of Melos, a Spartan colony, and demanded that the Melians submit to Athenian rule. The Melians pointed out that they'd never actually fought with the Spartans. The Melians politely asked not to participate in the fight, so the Athenians killed all the Melian men and enslaved all the women and children.

Persepolis

the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire(550-330BC) 60 miles northeast of Shiraz, Iran.

The frieze is a projecting image with a shallow overall depth found on

the entablature

What would Greeks find offensive about monster mansions?

the lack of balance.

Corinthian columns are

the most ornate

Doric columns are

the oldest columns

What is the Socrative Method?

to ask many questions to come to a better understanding

Why tragedy?

to be more sympathetic and less judgmental. Many were showed tragedy at a very young age and tragedy was supposed to be seen multiple times.

Why would city states shut down for the Tragedies?

For the people to learn that our lives are in the hands of fate and our morals have little to do with our consequences.

Cyrus

Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples. Often respected customs and religions.

Tomb of Cyrus

Golden bed, table set with drinking vessels, and a gold coffin inscription on the tomb.

Herodotus

Greek Historian, considered the father of History.nMuch of what we know about the Persians and their empire comes from an outsider writing about them, which is something we now call history, and one of the first true historians. The fact that Herodotus was a Greek is important because it introduces us to the idea of historical bias. Cicero gave him the title of the father of history.

To express man's potential

Greek at blurred the lines between human and the divine

Thucydides

Greek historian. Considered the greatest historian of antiquity, he wrote a critical history of the Peloponnesian War that contains the funeral oration of Pericles. Described Pericles as the first citizen of Athens.

Miletus

City on the western coast of Anatolia, formed alliance- The Ionian league. 490 BC aided by Plataea.

early founders of democracy in Athens

Cliethenes Solon

Where was Callimarchus born?

Corinth

What order is found in the Supreme Court in Washington DC?

Corinthian

Athens coming out of Persian war

Culture flourished and Athens embodied victory.

Darius Raises New Army

Darius died so his son Xerxes restarted preparations for a second invasion, Herodotus reported that he had 2.6 million men which new newer estimates found that it was 600,000 men and 1200 warships. Athenians had 15000 men and 700 vessels. Spartan king Leonidas lead with his 300 soldiers along with 6700 others.

Athenian Government

Derived its power not from its citizens, but from the imperialist belief that Might Makes Right. Democracy

Orders

Designs of columns and buildings

So if a treasury is to appear austere, what might be the appropriate column for the building?

Doric

Stragegoi

Elected commanders

Achaemenids

Enemy of the greek city states. Emancipated slaves mainly Hebrews from Babylonian. Aramaic language. Delegated power to local governments. Adopted Achaemenid customs. 480 BC 50 million lived in the empire.

Pericles ushered in the golden age of Athens

Expanded salaried bureaucracy

Pericles Refroms

Expanding Athenian bureaucracy, pay jurors for their service.

Persian Wars

A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious. The war was about resources and power. It was not about Athens trying to get Sparta to embrace democratic reform.

Pericles could best be described as a demagogue

Agitator, rabble rouser, and a provocateur.

The Delian League

Alliance between Athens and many of its allied cities following the first attempted invasion of Perisa into Greece. Caused a lot of wealth to flow into Athens and thus contributed to the Athenian "golden age." Was not really a league but a coalation Athens controlled.

How did Aristotle define tragedy?

An example of good people's small mistakes leading to significant consequences.

Pericles

Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens. Pericles, whose famous funeral oration, bragged about the golden democracy of Athens with rhetoric that wouldn't sound out of place today. Felt Athens should enjoy the wealth of the Delian League because they secured peace for the region.

Persians message to Spartans

Asked for aid

The Parthenon was dedicated to

Athena

Militades

Athenian general who defeated the Persians at Marathon. 554-489 BC. Set out with a fleet of 70 ships, to conquer islands that had supposedly sided with Persia, not a success. Dying of gangrene, died soon after in prison.

Pheidippides

Athenian who ran from Marathon to Athens. Brought news to Athens of victory, then ran to Sparta to request aid. Herodotus mentioned that he was visited by Pan on his way to Sparta. Pan asked why Athenians did not honor him, Athens promised that they would do so, Pan appeared in battle instilling in Persians his own brand of fear.

Battle of Marathon

Athenians were outnumbered by the Persians. The Persians were not present but neither were the Spartan allies(Spartans had been delayed by religious observations.) Militades decided to advance and attack at dawn rather than waiting for Spartans. Athenians engaged Persian infantry, blocking two exits, reinforced his flanks, luring Persians best fighters into his centre, enveloped Persians. In a panic they returned to their ships. Persians lost 7,000, Athenians lost 192. Athens defeated the Persians

Reason for Persians attack Athens

Athens came to the aid of Melitus.

De facto capital

Athens emerged as the de facto capital of Greece and then got to experience a Golden Age.

After Thermopylae

Athens was captured, Athenians were driven back to their last line of defense at the isthmus of Corinth according to Herodotus upon encountering deserted city. Xerxes had Athens burned, immediately regretted action, ordered it rebuilt next day, due to unrest in Babylon Xerxes was forced to send his army home.

Battle of Thermopylae

Battle during which 300 Spartans fought thousands of Persian soldiers in a narrow mountain pass. Persians were met by the Spartans. As a result of this battle Athens was sacked.

Why were athletes also expected to be scholars?

Because one cannot really exist without the other.

Philipides

Best known for running for 2 days to tell the Athenians of victory at marathon, in actuality he ran to Sparta to request help.

"Just because you do not take an interest in politics doesn't mean politics won't take an interest in you."

Citizens must take an active role in Civic life.

Thermopylae

- the persians defeat the Greeks; it is where the 300 spartans die. Hot gateways, famous epitaph beginning with go tell the Spartans. 3 days they held out. 2 narrow cliff faces. Outflanked on the third day, hidden goat path, traitor named Ephialtes of Trachis showed path to invaders.

How many city states belong to the Delian league

150-170

How many years after its establishment was the treasury moved to Athens

20 years

Peace of Nicias

50 year peace treaty that concluded the first phase of the Great Peloponnesian war. It lasted 7 years. Amiphipolis, under attack from Athens, Spartans sent aid, Cleon died in battle, Nicians negotiated a treaty with Spartans. A fragile truce.

Cambyses II

530-522 BC The son of Cyrus who became the King of Persia, led an invasion to Egypt where he ultimately conquered the title of Pharaoh. Invaded the kingdom of kush, but with little success.

Themistocles

A Greek military leader who convinced the Athenians to build a navy. This helped Athens win a major battle against Persia, the Battle of Salamis. He was ostracized around 471 BCE. After marathon he became the most prominent politician in Athens. Wanted to take newly discovered silver profits and rather than distribute them among the citizens, he wanted to build a new harbor at Piraeus and extend 2 long walls from Piraeus to Athens for safe passageway between the city and port. For this he was ostracized.

Aspasia

A foreign woman resident in Athens (ca. 470-400 B.C.E.) and partner of the statesman Pericles who was famed for her learning and wit. She was not trusted because she was from Melitus. Was Pericles mistress and closest advisor.

Zoroastrianism

Introduced the world to good/evil dualism and forbid slavery.

The Parthenon is Doric and the Temple of Athena Nike

Ionic

Delos was sacred

It was the birthplace of Apollo

Coinage of Persia

Known as the Daric, introduced by Darius, purity of 95.83%(made of lots of gold)