theories

A reality therapist would most likely respond to a client's complaint of melancholy, sad mood by saying: a. "Sounds like you're depressing." b. "Sounds like you have depression." c. "Sounds like you're depressed." d. "Sounds like you're depressive."

"Sounds like you're depressing."

Teaching clients to replace unhelpful thoughts with more adaptive cognitions is..

Cognitive restructuring

An Adlerian therapist asks for the client's earliest recollections in order to: a. Discover goals and motivations. b. Reveal their beliefs and basic mistakes. c. Give clues as to the development of that individual's lifestyle. d. All of these options e. Both (b) and (c)

D

The term "social interest" refers to: a. An individual's attitude in dealing with the social world. b. A sense of identification and empathy with others. c. Striving for a better future for all humans. d. All of these options e. Both (a) and (b)

D.

From Carl Roger's perspective the client/therapist relationship is characterized by

a. A sense of equality

Existential therapy is best considered as:

a. An approach to understanding humans

In working with diverse clients, CBT therapists: a. Are wise to refrain from disputing the client's beliefs until the therapist fully grasps the client's cultural context. b. Are encouraged to be aware of the role of dependency in collectivistic cultures. c. Need to adapt their techniques as distorted thinking is a universal phenomenon. d. Both "a" and "b" e. All of these options

a. Are wise to refrain from disputing the client's beliefs until the therapist fully grasps the client's cultural context. b. Are encouraged to be aware of the role of dependency in collectivistic cultures.

The basic goal of Gestalt therapy is: a. Attaining awareness, and with it greater choice. b. To understand why we feel as we do. c. To uncover repressed material. d. All of these options e. None of these options

a. Attaining awareness, and with it greater choice.

1. According to REBT, what is the core of most emotional disturbance?

a. Blame

In Adlerian counseling, the client/therapist relationship is characterized by: a. Cooperation and respect. b. Equality. c. Disengagement. d. The counselor as "expert," the client as "sick." e. Both (a) and (b)

a. Cooperation and respect. b. Equality.

Gestalt-therapy techniques are designed to help the client: a. Expand awareness of the here-and-now. b. Intensify feelings and experiences. c. Make a value judgment of his or her behavior. d. Free himself or herself of specific behavioral symptoms e. Both (a) and (b)

a. Expand awareness of the here-and-now. b. Intensify feelings and experiences.

The central issue in existential therapy is:

a. Freedom and responsibility.

The techniques of psychoanalytic therapy are aimed at:

a. Gaining insights into the client's behavior

In a person-centered view, the actualizing tendency implied that humans: a. Have an innate desire to move toward health and fulfillment b. Can achieve their goals with proper motivation c. Need a growth promoting climate to move forward d. All of these options e. Both "a" and "c"

a. Have an innate desire to move toward health and fulfillment c. Need a growth promoting climate to move forward

________ involves the removal of unpleasant stimuli from a situation once a certain behavior has occurred. a. Negative reinforcement b. Positive reinforcement c. Punishment d. Systematic desensitization e. None of these options

a. Negative reinforcement

A limitation of reality therapy as it applies to multicultural counseling is: a. Oppressed clients may have little choice over their circumstances b. This therapy provides specific tools to help clients make the changes they desire c. The concept of the quality world is abstract and lacks cross-cultural appeal Reality therapists must be careful when adapting their approach to non-western cultures.

a. Oppressed clients may have little choice over their circumstances

The Adlerian approach is well suited to multicultural counseling because:

a. The approach encourages clients to define themselves within their social context.

A solution-focused brief therapist believes: a. The client is an expert on his or her own life b. The client is inherently competent c. The therapist is the expert on a client's life d. Both "a" and "b" e. For change to occur, clients must first acquire insight into the cause of their problems.

a. The client is an expert on his or her own life b. The client is inherently competent

Transference is viewed as: a. The core of the psychoanalytic process. b. A means to uncover earlier unfinished business from past relationships. c. A sign that therapy is not progressing well. d. Both (a) and (b)

a. The core of the psychoanalytic process. b. A means to uncover earlier unfinished business from past relationships.

The concept of "unconditional positive regard" implies: a. The therapist's acceptance of the client's right to all his or her feelings b. Acceptance of all behavior on the client's part c. The therapists acceptance of the client as a worthy being without stipulations d. Both "a" and "c"

a. The therapist's acceptance of the client's right to all his or her feelings c. The therapists acceptance of the client as a worthy being without stipulations

The purpose of examining a client's family constellation is: a. To get a picture of the individual's early social world. b. To bring unconscious factors to the surface. c. To discover hereditary aspects of the client's behavior. d. To determine who else in the family needs help. e. Both (b) and (c)

a. To get a picture of the individual's early social world.

All of the following are techniques used in solution-focused therapy except for: a. Using the reflecting team b. Scaling questions c. The miracle question d. Formula first session task e. Exception questions

a. Using the reflecting team

1. Expanding awareness is:

b. A basic goal of existential therapy

A major characteristic of the psychoanalytic therapist is: a. A deeply personal and sharing relationship b. A sense of being anonymous. c. Openness and self-disclosure. d. A focus on specific behavior and an objective appraisal of learned patterns of behavior e. Both (a) and (b)

b. A sense of being anonymous.

From a multicultural perspective, classical analysis may: a. Discourage clients who do not hold upper-middle-class values. b. Be problematic for clients from cultures that prefer a directive approach. c. Underscore the role of important cultural and political factors in the client's world. d. All of these options e. Both (b) and (c)

b. Be problematic for clients from cultures that prefer a directive approach. c. Underscore the role of important cultural and political factors in the client's world.

Which of the following is not considered a necessary and sufficient condition for change in the person-centered framework? a. Unconditional positive regard b. Creative expression c. Accurate empathetic understanding d. Congruence

b. Creative expression

All are true of solution-focused brief therapists except that they: a. Have little interest in a client exploring past problems b. Focus on the client's early childhood experiences c. Believe that the cause of a problem is not necessarily related to its solution d. Expect that two clients may have different solutions to the same problem e. Both "a" and "b"

b. Focus on the client's early childhood experiences

The founder(s) of solution-focused brief therapy is (are):

b. Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer

REBT views emotional disturbances as the result of

b. Irrational thinking and behaving

From a multicultural perspective, a limitation of Gestalt therapy is that: a. It does not specify techniques. b. It tends to produce high levels of intense feelings c. It is highly focused on direct expression of feelings d. It dwells too much on the past e. Both (b) and (c)

b. It tends to produce high levels of intense feelings c. It is highly focused on direct expression of feelings

Viktor Frankl's approach to existential therapy is known as

b. Logotherapy

Adler believed that human behavior is: a. Motivated by sexual urges. b. Motivated by social urges. c. Purposeful and goal-directed. d. All of these options e. Both (b) and (c)

b. Motivated by social urges. c. Purposeful and goal-directed.

The Gestalt therapist: a. Freely makes interpretations for the client. b. Pays attention to the client's nonverbal language. c. Is mainly nondirective. d. Helps the client understand why he or she is behaving in self-defeating ways. e. All of these options

b. Pays attention to the client's nonverbal language.

The type of cognitive error that involves thinking and interpreting in all-or-nothing terms, or in categorizing experiences in either/or extremes, is known as:

b. Polarized thinking.

A reality therapist will primarily focus on: a. Past behavior b. Present behavior c. Feelings d. Thoughts e. The client's personal history

b. Present behavior

If your client wanted to change a behavior, for instance, learning to control smoking, drinking, or eating, which behavioral technique would be most appropriate to employ?

b. Self-management

One of the limitations of the person-centered approach for counseling ethnic-minority clients is:

b. Some clients may expect a more structured approach

REBT employs what kind of method to help people resolve their emotional and behavioral problems?

b. The empirical method

From a multicultural perspective, some clients may reject this approach because: a. It is founded on abstract, westernized notions that are not widely applicable b. Their life circumstances provide them with truly limited choices c. Death anxiety is not a central issue in all cultures d. The use of techniques may be overwhelming for them.

b. Their life circumstances provide them with truly limited choices

Which of these solution-focused therapy techniques involves asking clients to describe times when they were able to solve their problem or when their problem was less severe? a. Pre-therapy change b. The miracle question c. Exception questions d. Scaling e. Formula first session task

c. Exception questions

Existential therapy is:

c. A phenomenological approach to therapy.

Behavior therapy is associated with all but one of the following: a. Empirically supported treatments b. Functional analysis of behavior c. A philosophical view of human behavior d. A comprehensive assessment process e. Operant conditioning

c. A philosophical view of human behavior

The person-centered view of human nature: a. Views people as basically competitive b. States that humans are driven by irrational forces c. Affirms a person's capacity to direct his or her own life d. Assumes that, while humans have the potential for growth, we tend to remain stagnant e. Both "a" and "b"

c. Affirms a person's capacity to direct his or her own life

The founder or rational emotive behavior therapy is:

c. Albert Ellis

"Fictional finalism" is an Adlerian term meaning:

c. An imagined central goal that guides our behavior.

1. The cognitive distortion of making conclusions without supporting and relevant evidence is:

c. Arbitrary inferences

In cognitive therapy, therapy techniques are designed to:

c. Assist individuals in making alternative interpretations of events in their daily living.

The main function of the rational emotive behavior therapist is to:

c. Challenge clients to reevaluate their ideas and philosophy of life

Of the following cognitive techniques, which one would Beck be least likely to employ? a. Exploring cognitive distortions b. Helping clients to replace negative imagery with more positive and successful coping scenes c. Confronting the musturbatory thinking of a client d. Encouraging clients to participate in cognitive rehearsal e. Teaching clients ways of testing hypotheses

c. Confronting the musturbatory thinking of a client

Field theory suggests that: a. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts b. Human beings have an innate capacity to self regulate. c. Everything in human experience is relational and in constant flux d. Phenomenological inquiry is the key to behavior change. e. The "how" of behavior is more important than the "why" of behavior.

c. Everything in human experience is relational and in constant flux

Which of the following is not typically a standard psychoanalytic technique? a. Free association b. Interpretation c. Exploration of one's position in the family d. Exploration of patterns of resistance e. Analysis of transference

c. Exploration of one's position in the family

The founder(s) of Gestalt therapy include(s) a. Alfred Adler b. Rollo May c. Fritz Perls d. Laura Perls e. Both (c) and (d)

c. Fritz Perls d. Laura Perls

Adlerian therapy has a phenomenological orientation. Thus, the therapist attempts to view the world: a. From an objective frame of reference. b. From his or her own subjective frame of reference. c. From the client's frame of reference. d. From the frame of reference of a particular theory. e. None of these options.

c. From the client's frame of reference.

Which of the following personal characteristics of the therapist is most important, according to Carl Rogers?

c. Genuineness

According to the existential viewpoint, death:

c. Gives significance to living

1. The goals of existential therapy include all but ____? a. Helping clients become more honest with themselves. b. Broadening clients' awareness of their choices. c. Helping clients to eliminate anxiety in their lives. d. Enabling clients to clarify their purpose and meaning in life. e. None of these options.

c. Helping clients to eliminate anxiety in their lives.

The technique of reflection involves the therapist: a. Restating the client's words verbatim b. Sharing his or her genuine emotional response with the client c. Mirroring the client's emotional experience of a particular situation d. Both "a" and "c"

c. Mirroring the client's emotional experience of a particular situation

The role of the client in rational emotive behavior therapy is like that of a:

c. Student or learner

Which anxiety reduction technique involves creating a hierarchy of the client's fearful experience?

c. Systematic desensitization

What is a limitation of person-centered therapy?

c. The approach does not emphasize the role of techniques in creating change in the client's life

An REBT therapist would contend that anxiety stems from: a. Unresolved issues of the past b. Inadequate ego-defense mechanisms c. The internal repetition of irrational sentences d. A normal human condition that should be accepted e. None of these options

c. The internal repetition of irrational sentences

One of the main ways that Beck's cognitive therapy differs from Ellis's REBT is that in Beck's approach, more so than in Ellis's approach: a. Reality testing is highly organized b. Thinking is considered to influence feeling and action c. The quality of the therapeutic relationship is basic to the therapy process d. Clients are asked to look for evidence to support their conclusions.

c. The quality of the therapeutic relationship is basic to the therapy process

1. What is the most important factor related to progress in person-centered therapy? a. Defining concrete and measurable goals b. The therapist's technical skills c. The relationship between the client and therapist d. The therapist's ability to think logically and to scientifically solve problems The client's motivation for change

c. The relationship between the client and therapist

WDEP stands for: a. Wants, decision, self-evaluation, perception b. Wishes, direction, engagement, purpose c. Wants, doing, self-evaluation, planning d. Wants, direction, efficacy, planning

c. Wants, doing, self-evaluation, planning

Behavior therapy assumes that: a. Behavior is the result of unconscious forces b. Behavior is the result of free choices c. Behavior is determined by psychic energy d. Behavior is learned e. Both "a" and "c"

d. Behavior is learned

The main goal of behavior therapy is:

d. Eliminating maladaptive learning and providing for more effective learning

Reality therapy is best described as:

d. A short-term therapy that stresses doing

All of the following are life tasks that Adler taught we must successfully master except for:

d. Achieving self-actualization

1. According to Gestalt theory, people use avoidance in order to: a. Keep themselves from facing unfinished business. b. Keep from feeling uncomfortable emotions. c. Keep from having to change. d. All of the above e. Both (a) and (b)

d. All of the above

1. According to REBT, it is important to change the way one uses language because: a. Imprecise language is one of the causes of distorted thinking processes. b. Language shapes thinking and behavior c. Language shapes feelings. d. All of these options e. Both "a" and "b"

d. All of these options

1. As a result of the client/therapist relationship in psychoanalytic therapy: a. Clients acquire insights into their own unconscious psychodynamics b. Clients are better able to understand the association between their past experiences and their current behavior c. Awareness is increased on the client's part d. All of these options

d. All of these options

1. Existentially, we are the authors of our lives in the sense that we create our: a. Destiny b. Life circumstances c. Problems d. All of these options e. All but (life circumstances)

d. All of these options

Beck's cognitive therapy involves: a. Helping clients recognize and discard self-defeating thinking. b. Looking at a client's "internal dialogue." c. Correcting erroneous beliefs d. All of these options e. All but "b"

d. All of these options

Behavior therapists tend to: a. Be active and directive b. Function as consultants c. Function as problem solvers d. All of these options

d. All of these options

The technique whereby the analyst explains the meaning of certain behavior is known as:

d. Interpretation.

Attributing to others the qualities or traits that are unacceptable to our own ego is best described as: a. Displacement. b. Introjections. c. Reaction formation. d. Projection e. None of these options

d. Projection

The basic aim of psychoanalytic therapy is: a. To treat specific learning disorders. b. To change overt behavior. c. To correct irrational thinking. d. To make the unconscious material conscious. e. Both (a) and (b)

d. To make the unconscious material conscious.

A healthy contact experience involves: a. Interacting with others while maintaining a sense of self. b. Creativity c. Maintaining balance between the figure and the ground d. Projection e. All but (d)

e. All but (d)

The concept of resistance can best be described as: a. Everything that prevents a client from producing unconscious material. b. That which needs to be analyzed and interpreted. c. An inevitable part of psychoanalytic therapy. d. An unwillingness to freely share with the analyst certain thoughts and feelings. e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Beck's cognitive therapy differs from Ellis's REBT in that Beck's approach emphasizes: a. More of a Socratic dialogue. b. Helping clients to discover their misconceptions by themselves. c. Working with the client in collaborative ways. d. More structure in the therapy process. e. All of these options

e. All of these options

Behavior therapy is characterized by: a. A focus on overt specific behavior b. A formulation of precise treatment goals c. The design of an appropriate treatment plan d. The objective assessment of the results of therapy e. All of these options

e. All of these options

In Gestalt therapy, the relationship between client and counselor is seen as: a. A joint venture. b. An existential encounter. c. An I/Thou interaction d. Both (a joint venture) and (an existential encounter) e. All of these options

e. All of these options

In working with diverse clients, strengths of the behavioral approach include: a. Specificity b. Action orientation c. Careful consideration of environmental conditions in the client's life d. Both "a" and "b" e. All of these options

e. All of these options

The basic goal of existential psychotherapy is: a. To expand self-awareness. b. To increase choice potentials. c. To help clients accept the responsibility of choosing d. To help the client experience authentic existence e. All of these options

e. All of these options

Without proper training, Gestalt therapists may: a. Evoke catharsis without having the ability to work it through with their client. b. Design faulty experiments. c. May use ready made techniques inappropriately d. May damage the therapeutic relationship with the client e. All of these options

e. All of these options

Which is (are) true concerning one's style of life? a. All people have a lifestyle, but no two people develop exactly the same style. b. The lifestyle is largely set by the age of 6. c. One's style of life is a reaction to perceived inferiority. d. One's style of life is learned from early interactions in the family. e. All of these options.

e. All of these options.

Rational emotive behavior therapy belongs to which category of therapy? a. Existential-humanistic b. Client-centered c. Psychoanalytic d. Gestalt e. Cognitive-behavior/action oriented

e. Cognitive-behavior/action oriented

A limitation of behavior therapy is: a. The overemphasis on feeling and the neglect of cognition b. The overemphasis upon insight c. The lack of empirical research validating its techniques d. The need for long-term treatment to effect change e. None of these options

e. None of these options

The main therapeutic goal of REBT is: a. To teach clients how to recognize which ego state they are in b. To make the unconscious conscious c. To assist the client in becoming aware of his or her "being-n-the-world." d. To challenge the client in making both a value judgment and moral decision about the quality of his or her behavior e. None of these options

e. None of these options

The tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for making this connection, is known as:

e. Personalization