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The "true ribs" are attached directly to the sternum anteriorly. These ribs include ribs:

1-7

The manubriosternal joint is attached to rib:

2

The seventh rib articulates with the ______ and ______ vertebral bodies.

5, 7

Stance vs swing ratio

60:40

Why did the patient have limited cervical rotation with a poor posture?

Abnormal compression of the bilateral zygapophyseal joints

Lateral ligaments of the ankle resist inversion forces. Adding plantar flexion to the inversion stress can isolate which of the following ligaments?

Anterior talofibular ligament

Which of the following statement is true about the location of the "hamstring" muscles?

Biceps femoris is lateral and the semimembranosus/tendinosis is medial.

Knee menisci are important for shock absorption.The medial meniscus is _____ and the lateral meniscus is _____.

C-shaped; O-shaped

CoP: at initial contact

CoP is just lateral to heel

The concept of a supination twist to overcome substantial hindfoot pronation in weight bearing includes which of the following motions?

Dorsiflexion of the 1st & 2nd rays with plantarflexion of the 4th & 5th rays

As the patient successfully completes the pull-up phase, what is the next phase of the stair cycle?

Forward continuance

Orthopedic gait- knee motion restriction

IC occurs at midfoot if full extension is limited stride length is shortened knee doesn't reach full extension at mid stance, COM remains lower throughout gait cycle

Which of the following statements about the meniscofemoral ligaments is NOT correct?

Is thicker than the posterior cruciate ligament

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the iliofemoral ligament of the hip?

It attaches to the anterior superior iliac spine.

How does a forward head posture affect the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?

It causes the mandible to be in a retruded position.

ll of the following structures attach to the patella EXCEPT

LCL

When customizing an ankle foot orthosis for a patient,the therapist and orthotisttypically work together to determine the best position for the foot and ankle. If an individual status post stroke is unable to tolerate the abrupt heelstrike-to-foot flat motion that is presented in thepreceding scenario, which of the following is the best accommodation?

Lock the ankle in 5 degrees of plantarflexion instead of neutral. Doing so will leave less distance for the foot to travel during heel strike to foot flat, but still allows enough toe clearance during swing phase because the toe will still be held up.

Taking into consideration, the increased knee flexion during foot flat in the scenario, would this form of orthosis be appropriate for an individual with 0/5 strength in the ipsilateral quadriceps?

No, this orthosis will affect the ankle and will put the knee in the flexed weight-bearing position, which will require increased quadriceps strength to maintain stance.

Although the ankle foot orthosis (AFO) is designed to aid in swing phase of gait, what biomechanical changes are expected during the heel strike to foot flat stages of the stance phase?

Owing to lack of plantarflexionrange of motion (ROM),heel strike will abruptly proceed to foot flat; the knee will require more eccentric extensor strength and, ultimately, increased knee flexion at foot flat.

the peroneal (fibulas) longus and brevis contribute to

PF and eversion

the gastrocnemius muscle is biarticulate. Thus, it is the prime mover of ankle __ and an assistant movers of knee

PF, flex

In addition to having the necessary ROM of knee, what muscle should be activated?

Quadriceps

What may contribute to this patient's inability to ascend the 6-inch step from the weight acceptance phase through the pull-up phase?

Range of motion (ROM) of knee flexion of only 60 degrees

Which of the following is NOT correct about the thoracodorsal fascia?

Tension on the thoracodorsal fascia via abdominal muscle contraction will cause it to decrease spinal stiffness.

For this individual to position in better alignment with the "plumb line" and stand without upper extremity (UE) support, what must he do? On which anatomical structures must he depend?

The individual must shift his UE weight behind the plumb line, allowing his hips to rest in extension on the "Y-ligament."

Which of the following statements is correct about the structure and the motion it prevents?

The posterior cruciate ligament prevents posterior translation of the tibia on the femur.

Step up at the knee

The quadriceps muscle is a knee extensor, which is the main motion required at the knee during a step up.

Stair gait cycle

The stair gait cycle consists of weight acceptance, pull up, forward continuance, foot clearance, and foot placement. Forward continuance occurs after the pull up phase.

For an individual with a thoracic spinal cord injury, what is the postural/biomechanical purpose of hanging on the Y-ligaments?

This position shifts the ground reaction force (GRF)/plumb line to allow for standing without the use of muscles in the hips/trunk.

Choose the best description of coupled motions occurring in the cervical spine.

Upper cervical spine has rotation and side-bending occurring to opposite sides.

What posture deviation was evident in this patient?

abnormal atlanto-occipital position

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the innominate?

acetabulum

The greatest amount of muscle contraction occurs in what type of sitting

active erect sitting

When performing a seated knee extension exercise with a very heavy weight, one might attempt to extend the hip to avoid __________ insufficiency of the __________.

active; rectus femoris

if you stand on a single leg and the pelvis on the opposite side drops, the motion occurring at the weight-bearing hip is:

adduction

The clavicular portion of the pectoralis major muscle CANNOT:

aid in exhalation if the arms are overhead

A normal response to a slight perturbation of balance would be

an ankle strategy

In normal gait, the ground reaction forces (external forces) at initial contact are:

ankle plantar flexion, knee extension, hip flexion

The outermost portion of the intervertebral disc is known as the:

annulosum fibrosum

If a person is standing erect and flexes the trunk on the hip, the center of mass will move __________ and the line of gravity moves __________ within the base of support.

anterior; anterior

in optimal standing posture, the line of gravity passes __ to the ankle, __ to the knee and __ to the hip

anterior; anterior, posterior

An individual has difficulty achieving terminal knee extension. To facilitate this motion, one should glide the tibia _______ with slight _______ rotation.

anterior; external

During deep inspiration, the upper rib cage expands more in a(n) ____ direction and the lower rib cage expands more in a(n) ____ direction.

anterior; lateral

A newborn has approximately 30° to 40° of femoral neck ____________. This ____________ about 1.5° per year until skeletal maturity.

anteversion; decreases

Which of the following DOES NOT limit thoracic flexion?

approximation of anterior vertebral bodies

When rotating to the RIGHT, the ribs on the right side:

become more convex posteriorly and less convex anteriorly

In weight-bearing (CKC), the coupled motions of pronation are:

calcaneal eversion, abduction (medial rotation), and dorsiflexion

the proximal attachment of the plantar fascia

calcaneous

In the human adult spine, lordotic curves naturally occur in the:

cervical and lumbar regions

The spinous process is bifid in the:

cervical spine

The central tendon of the diaphragm becomes stabilized by:

compression on the abdominal viscera

The osteology of the knee involves movement of the _____ tibia and the _____ femur.

concave;convex

Orthopedic gait- glute medius weakness

contralateral (swing side) pelvis drops in frontal plane compensation occurs by leaning forward assistive device (cane) for unaffected side

Using a cane on the ____________ side of a hip injury helps to reduce weight-bearing on the involved hip by 15%. It is also instrumental in activating the ____________ on the cane side to assist the ____________ muscles on the involved side to overcome gravitational torque.

contralateral; latissimus dorsi; abductor

The best description of the atlanto-occipital joint is:

convex superior joint surface on concave inferior joint surface

The head of the femur is _____ and the acetabulum is _____.

convex; concave

The transverse atlantal ligament is part of the:

cruciform ligament

the distal tarsal bones include the cuneiforms and

cuboid bone

Old people walking:

decreased velocity increased stance time; double limb support decreased swing time decreased step and stride length increased stride width

The bursa found between the tibial tuberosity and the patellar tendon is:

deep infrapatellar

all of the following are lateral ankle ligs except

deltoid lig

A characteristic unique to the thoracic spine is:

demifacets

The zagapophyseal joints are:

diarthrodial

the tibias anterior muscle contributes to

dorsiflexion and inversion

Isolated contraction of the anterior tibialis produces ___________. Isolated contraction of the posterior tibialis produces ___________. Co-contraction of the anterior and posterior tibialis produces ___________.

dorsiflexion; plantarflexion; inversion

Performing the lowering motion of a squat with increased attention to preventing knee valgus involves the following muscle activity:

eccentric knee extensors, concentric hip external rotation, isometric erector spinae

The active contribution of the lateral pterygoid in relation to the disc is it:

eccentrically controls posterior translation of the disc during elevation.

Actions of the medial pterygoid include:

elevates and contra laterally deviates

when the heel rises in WB, the great toe will

extend at the MTP

sesamoid bones of the foot are located under the

first MT

the sesamoid bones of the foot are found under the

first MT

The orientation of the lumbar zygapophyseal joints favors what motions?

flex and ext

The sesamoid bones of the foot serve as an anatomic pulley for the _____________.

flexor hallucis brevis

Hip abduction occurs in the:

frontal plane

if the right gluteus medius muscle is weak, you would see increased __ plane motion of the pelvis during right __ phase of gait

frontal; stance

Knock knees

genu algum

The larger medial condyle of the femur results in an angle at the knee known as:

genu valgus

The muscle that will ACTIVELY LIMIT (control) hip flexion is the

gluteus maximus

The greater trochanter is the attachment for the:

gluteus medius and piriformis

An individual is lying prone and the hip is taken to end range abduction. The range is limited to 30° with the knee in extension. When the knee is flexed, the leg can be abducted further. Thus, the limiting structure is most likely the ___________.

gracilis

the intervertebral disc does not consist of

granulosum centrosome

A bunion involves a structural deformity of the foot which is described as:

hallux valgus

the most likely compensation that would occur for a lack of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion would be

hip external rotation

The rectus femoris muscle contributes to:

hip flex. and knee ext.

If an individual has an increased anterior pelvic tilt, stretching the __________ or strengthening__________, may help reduce the tilt.

hip flexors; hamstrings

Which of the following hip ligaments is known as the "Y" ligament?

iliofemoral lig

The lesser trochanter is the attachment for the:

iliopsoas

An increased lumbosacral angle:

increases the shearing force between L5 and S1

The structure that tethers the disc from moving too far anteriorly is the:

inferior retrodiscal lamina

contraction of the diaphragm causes

inhalation

weight acceptance

initial contact; loading responce

Swing phase

initial swing, midswing, terminal swing

If a person is standing erect and rotates the trunk to the right, the right hip is in:

internal rotation

The ligament that connects spinous processes above and below is the:

interspinous

Orthopedic gait- quadriceps weakness

knee in full extension knee achieves extension w/ aid of hip extensors and forward motion of trunk pulling femur over tibia, extension maintained by calf knee may have tendency to be hyper extended

the mortise of the ankle is the space between the

lateral malleolus and medial malleolus

The muscle that has attachments to the articular disc is the:

lateral pterygoid

Based on the study by Delp et al., the piriformis muscle was determined to be a:

lateral rotator in hip extension and a medial rotator in 90° of hip flexion

For an individual with mid- to low-thoracic paralysis, which of the following muscles can be used to maintain extension and ensure postural stability during standing with KAFOs without upper extremity support?

latissimus dorsi

compensation for knee extensor weakness during walking may be achieved by all of the following EXCEPT

leaning the trunk backward

Muscles contracting during mandibular deviation to the right include:

left medial and lateral pterygoid

The deep erector spinae muscles have an anterior inclination, which allows them to resist lumbar anterior shearing forces. The muscle that has a similar function in the upper quarter is:

levator scapula

Center of pressure

location w/in foot where GRFs are applied

the curve of the cervical spine is a _______ and is ______ posteriorly

lordosis; concave

in a slumped seated posture, muscles you would expect to be elongated include:

lumbar erector spinae, longus colli

gait

manner or style of walking

Muscles of mandibular elevation include:

masseter and temporalis

Muscles that can cause ipsilateral deviation.

masseter and temporalis

single limb support

midstance; terminal stance

CoP: terminal stance and preswing

moves medial b/w 1st and 2nd MT

When palpating the 1st ray of the foot, the sequence of the bones one would encounter (proximal to distal) would be:

navicular, medial cuneiform, metatarsal

CoP: midstance

near center of foot

Contraction of the diaphragm results in all the following EXCEPT:

negative pressure results on the abdominal viscera

Muscles NOT attached to the superior and inferior borders of the ribs.

outermost intercostal

patient "JT" has been observed to be walking with a decreased step duration on the right. This is most likely due to

pain on the R side with weight-bearing

static posture is maintained by all of the following except

passive dermal tension

The iliotibial band attaches to the lateral border of the _______, contributes to knee _______ when the knee is flexed less than 30°, and contributes to knee _______ when the knee is flexed more than 30°.

patella; ext; flex

The "Q-angle" of the knee is the angle formed by the quadriceps tendon and the:

patellar ligament

in a slumped seated posture, muscles you would expect to be shortened include:

pectorals major, sternocleidomastoid

During ambulation, poor force development of the left hip abductors may result in:

pelvic drop on the right with compensatory hip hiking right

the motion of "pointing your toes" is known as

plantarflexion

The motion that occurs at the talocrural joint is:

plantarflexion/dorsiflexion

In closed kinetic chain, the anterior cruciate ligament prevents _______ translation of the femur on the tibia.

posterior

As a person goes into a deep squat, the line of gravity moves ______ to the knee and the flexion moment of the knee ______.

posterior; increases

limb advancement

preswing

lumbar disc pathology can be related to flexed sitting postures because of:

prolonged tension on the posterior annulus fibrosus

The two innominate bones articulate anteriorly via the

pubic symphysis

With reciprocal clicking, the first click is ______ and the second is ______.

recapturing; dislocating

hip extension is ACTIVELY LIMITED (controlled) by the

rectus femoris

Which of the following scenarios would be appropriate to isolate the gastroc-soleus complex to assess possible muscle injury?

resting PF with the knee flexed isolates the soleus

Orthopedic gait- ankle motion restriction

restriced DF early heel raise during stance may position hip in lateral rotation during stance during sway, may need to increase hip Flex/ knee flex to prevent tripping

shifting your body weight in standing from bilateral to unilateral stance on the right leg will cause the center of mass of the body to

rise and move to the right

The arthrokinematic motion during mandibular depression is ______ in the INFERIOR space and ______ in the SUPERIOR space.

roll; glide

The vertebral column contains fused vertebrae of the:

sacral spine

Cervical flexion occurs in what plane?

sagittal

The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments prevent excess _____ plane motion.

sagittal

Hip flexion occurs in the _____ plane. In open kinetic chain hip flexion, the femur rolls _____ and glides _____.

sagittal; anterior; posterior

Which of the following muscles correspond to the action stated?

sartorius is a hip ext. rotator

Which of the following attachments is NOT common to both the medial and lateral meniscus?

semimembranosus

Mature walking

stability in stance sufficient foot clearance in swing prepositioning of foot during swing for IC adequate step length

Which of the following best describes the sacroiliac joint?

synovial joint anteriorly and syndesmosis posteriorly

the ankle joint is known as the talocrural joint. ID the bones of this joint

talus, tibia, and fibula

Which of the following is NOT correct about the knee meniscus?

the meniscus is not innervated

Ribs 8 through 10 are "false ribs" because:

they don't attach directly to the sternum

The _______________ muscle has a dynamic role in the functioning of the medial longitudinal arch.

tibialis posterior

gait cycle; stride

time from when the heel of one foot touches the ground to the time it touches the ground again

A characteristic unique to the cervical spine is:

transverse foramen

When the angle of inclination of the hip increases, this is called coxa ____________. The change in alignment (shorter distance between femoral head and greater trochanter) results in a ____________ in muscular demand to overcome gravitational adduction moments to maintain hip abduction.

valgus; increase

Which of the following muscles is not biarticulate?

vastus medialis

The muscle group that generates the most torque at the knee is:

vastus medialis; intermedius, lateralis

The costovertebral joint is an articulation between the ________ and the ________.

vertebral body; rib head

Immature walking

wide-based gait stepping initiated at hips w/ stiff knees IC made w/entire foot hips in lat. rotation short steps increased double limb support upper extremities used for balance lack of pelvic mobility