**TLB-Chapter 40: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

What commonly used intravenous solution is hypotonic? 0.45% NaCl 0.9% NaCl lactated Ringer's 5% dextrose in 0.45% NaCl

0.45% NaCl Explanation: 0.45% NaCl is hypotonic. Normal saline and lactated Ringer's are isotonic. 5% dextrose in 0.45% NaCl is hypertonic.

Which age group is at risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalances resulting from fad dieting? Adolescents Young adults Middle-age adults Older adults

Adolescents Explanation: Fad diets or purging to lose weight can cause severe fluid and electrolyte imbalances.

A young man has developed gastric esophageal reflux disease. He is treating it with antacids. Which acid-base imbalance is he at risk for developing? Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory acidosis Metabolic acidosis

Metabolic alkalosis Explanation: Endocrine disorders and ingestion of large amounts of antacids cause metabolic alkalosis.

How is control over the extracellular concentration of potassium within the human body is exerted? aldosterone. albumin. progesterone. testosterone.

aldosterone. Explanation: Aldosterone exerts major control over the extracellular concentration of potassium. It also enhances renal secretion of potassium.

The nurse is administering 1,000 mL 0.9 normal saline over 10 hours (set delivers 60 gtt/1 mL). Using the formula below, the flow rate would be: gtt/min = milliliters per hour x drop factor (gtt/mL) ÷ 60 min/hr 60 gtt/min 100 gtt/min 160 gtt/min 600 gtt/min

100 gtt/min Explanation: 100gtt/min is the correct rate. 1000 mL divided by 10 hours = 100 mL per hour x 60 gtt/minute, divided by 60 minutes/hour.

A nurse is assessing the central venous pressure of a client who has a fluid imbalance. Which reading would the nurse interpret as suggesting an ECF volume deficit? 3.5 cm H2O 5 cm H2O 9.5 cm H2O 12 cm H2O

3.5 cm H2O Explanation: The normal pressure is approximately 4 to 11 cm H2O. An increase in the pressure, such as a reading of 12 cm H2O may indicate an ECF volume excess or heart failure. A decrease in pressure, such as 3.5 cm H2O, may indicate an ECF volume deficit.

The nurse is calculating the infusion rate for the following order: Infuse 1,000 mL of 0.9% NaCl over 8 hours, with gravity infusion. Your tubing delivers 20 gtts/min. What is the infusion rate? 42 gtts/min 25 gtts/min 125 gtts/min 20 gtts/min

42 gtts/min Explanation: When infusing by gravity, divide the total volume in mL (1,000 mL) by the total time in minutes (480 minutes) times the drop factor, which is given as 20 gtts/min. The correct answer is 42 gtts/min.

A physician orders an infusion of 250 mL of NS in 100 minutes. The set is 20 gtt/mL. What is the flow rate? 20 gtt/min 30 gtt/min 40 gtt/min 50 gtt/min

50 gtt/min Explanation: The flow rate (gtt/min) equals the volume (mL) times the drop factor (gtt/mL) divided by the time in minutes.

A physician has asked the nurse to use microdrip tubing to administer a prescribed dosage of IV solution to a client. What is the standard drop factor of microdrip tubing? 30 drops/mL 60 drops/mL 90 drops/mL 120 drops/mL

60 drops/mL Explanation: Microdrip tubing, regardless of manufacturer, delivers a standard volume of 60 drops/mL. Macrodrip tubing manufacturers, however, have not been consistent in designing the size of the opening. Therefore, the nurse must read the package label to determine the drop factor (number of drops/mL).

A client with type AB blood has experienced a precipitous drop in hemoglobin levels due to a gastrointestinal bleed and now requires a blood transfusion. Which blood types may this client safely receive? Select all that apply. A B AB O

A B AB O Explanation: Persons with type AB blood are often called universal recipients, a fact that is rooted in their lack of agglutinins for either A or B antigens.

A client has been receiving intravenous (IV) fluids that contain potassium. The IV site is red and there is a red streak along the vein that is painful to the client. What is the priority nursing action? Slow the rate of IV fluids. Remove the IV. Apply a warm compress. Elevate the arm.

Remove the IV. Explanation: The client likely has phlebitis, which is caused by prolonged use of the same vein or irritating fluid. Potassium is known to be irritating to the veins. The priority action is to remove the IV and restart another IV using a different vein. The other actions are appropriate, but should occur after the IV is removed.

Which client(s) would be an appropriate candidate for total parenteral nutrition (TPN)? Select all that apply. client who has full-thickness (third-degree) burns over 40% of the body client with peptic ulcer disease client who had gastric surgery and is unable to eat for a few weeks client with anorexia nervosa client who has cholelithiasis

client who has full-thickness (third-degree) burns over 40% of the body client who had gastric surgery and is unable to eat for a few weeks client with anorexia nervosa Explanation: A client with severe burns, as well as a client who has had gastric surgery, would both be a candidate for TPN. TPN is designed for clients who are severely malnourished who will not be able to eat for a long period. A client with anorexia nervosa would also be an appropriate candidate for TPN. A client who has peptic ulcer disease will be able to eat after initiation of a medication regimen. A client who has cholelithiasis (gallstones) is able to feed onself through standard means.

The nurse is teaching a healthy adult client about adequate hydration. How much average daily intake does the nurse recommend? 1,000 mL/day 1,500 mL/day 2,500 mL/day 3,500 mL/day

2,500 mL/day Explanation: In healthy adults, fluid intake generally averages approximately 2,500 mL/day, but it can range from 1,800 to 3,000 mL/day with a similar volume of fluid loss. 1,000 mL/day and 1,500 mL/day are too low, and 3,500 mL/day is too high.

A client with protracted nausea and vomiting has been receiving intravenous solution at 125 ml/h for the past several hours. The administration of this solution has resulted in an increase in blood pressure because the water in the solution has passed through the semipermeable membrane of blood cells, causing them to swell. What type of solution has the client been receiving? Packed red blood cells An isotonic solution A hypertonic solution A hypotonic solution

A hypotonic solution Explanation: Because hypotonic solutions are dilute, the water in the solution passes through the semipermeable membrane of blood cells, causing them to swell. This temporarily increases blood pressure as it expands the circulating volume. Hypertonic solutions draw water out of body cells while isotonic solutions have little effect on the distribution of body fluids. Blood transfusions do not cause the entry of water into body cells.

The nurse is assessing a newly admitted client and finds that he has edema of his right ankle that is 2 mm and just perceptible. The nurse documents this at which grade? A. 1+ B. 2+ C. 3+ D. 4+

A. 1+ RATIONALE The edema in the client should be graded as 1+, which means that the edema is just perceptible and of 2 mm dimension. A measurement of 2+ or 3+ indicates moderate edema of 4 to 6 mm. A measurement of 4+ indicates severe edema of 8 mm or more.

A client is experiencing withdrawal from alcohol and admitted to the behavioral health unit. The client begins to have muscle weakness, tremors, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, and a change in mental status. What should the nurse prepare to replace in this client? A. Magnesium B. Chloride C. Potassium D. Phosphorus

A. Magnesium RATIONALE Magnesium deficit may lead to muscle weakness, tremors, tetany, seizures, heart block, change in mental status, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes (DTRs), and respiratory paralysis. This may occur with the client that is withdrawing from alcohol. Deficits in phosphorus may cause irritability, fatigue, weakness, paresthesias, confusion, seizures, and coma. Signs and symptoms of chloride deficiency include tachypnea, weakness, lethargy, diminished cognitive ability, hypertension, decreased cardiac output, dysrhythmias, and coma. Typical signs of hypokalemia include muscle weakness and leg cramps, fatigue, paresthesias, and dysrhythmias.

A nurse is inspecting the IV access site of a client receiving intravenous therapy. The nurse suspects that the IV has infiltrated based on which finding at the site? Select all that apply. A. Swelling B. Redness C. Pallor D. Warmth E. Coolness

A. Swelling C. Pallor E. Coolness RATIONALE The nurse should inspect the tissue around the IV entry site for swelling, coolness, or pallor. These are signs of fluid infiltration into the tissue around the IV catheter. The nurse should also inspect the site for redness, swelling, and warmth. These signs might indicate the development of phlebitis or an inflammation of the blood vessel at the site.

The process of filtration begins at the: A. glomerulus. B. Loop of Henle. C. Bowman's capsule. D. collecting ducts.

A. glomerulus. RATIONALE The process of filtration begins at the glomerulus.

When caring for a client who is on intravenous therapy, the nurse observes that the client has developed redness, warmth, and discomfort along the vein. Which intervention should the nurse perform for this complication? Elevate the client's head. Apply a warm compress. Position the client on the left side. Apply antiseptic and a dressing.

Apply a warm compress. Explanation: Prolonged use of the same vein can cause phlebitis; the nurse should apply a warm compress after restarting the IV. The nurse need not elevate the client's head, position the client on the left side, or apply antiseptic and a dressing. The client's head is elevated if the client exhibits symptoms of circulatory overload. The client is positioned on the left side if exhibiting signs of air embolism. The nurse applies antiseptic and a dressing to an IV site in the event of an infection.

What is the lab test commonly used in the assessment and treatment of acid-base balance? Complete blood count Basic metabolic panel Arterial blood gas Urinalysis

Arterial blood gas Explanation: ABGs are used to assess acid-base balance. The pH of plasma indicates balance or impending acidosis or alkalosis. The complete blood cell count measures the components of the blood, focusing on the red and white blood cells. The urinalysis assesses the components of the urine. Basic metabolic panel (BMP) assess kidney function (BUN and creatinine), sodium and potassium levels, and blood glucose level.

A client has been prescribed 2 units of packed red blood cells. A type and cross-match has been performed and the first unit has arrived on the floor from the blood bank. When administering this client's blood transfusion, the nurse should perform which actions? Select all that apply. Obtain appropriate tubing and prime it with normal saline or lactated Ringer's. Ask another nurse to assist with confirming the order, blood group, and other vital information. Take baseline vital signs and expect slight increases in blood pressure and heart rate after the infusion begins. Start the administration slowly for the first 15 minutes of the transfusion. Collect the last 5 mL of the packed cells and send to the laboratory for culturing.

Ask another nurse to assist with confirming the order, blood group, and other vital information. Start the administration slowly for the first 15 minutes of the transfusion. Explanation: Tubing for a transfusion is primed with normal saline, not lactated Ringer's. Vital information is checked with the assistance of another nurse. Blood pressure and heart rate are not expected to rise after the infusion begins and the infusion should be at a slow rate for the first few minutes. There is no need to collect cultures unless the client experiences a suspected transfusion reaction.

A nurse is performing a venipuncture on an older client. The client has visible veins that appear to roll. What nursing technique is mostappropriate? Avoid use of a tourniquet. Select a large-gauge needle. Consider venipuncture in the foot where veins are less visible. Use the client's nondominant hand to hold the vein in place.

Avoid use of a tourniquet. Explanation: It may be possible and advantageous to avoid using a tourniquet when accessing a vein that is visually prominent on an older adult. Use of a tourniquet may result in bursting the vein, sometimes referred to as "blowing the vein," when it is punctured with a needle. Using a large-gauge needle may also "blow" the vein. A small gauge or butterfly should be used. Using veins in the foot is not appropriate nor is attempting to hold the vein in place

A nurse who has diagnosed a client as having "fluid volume excess" related to compromised regulatory mechanism (kidneys) may have been alerted by what symptom? A. muscle twitching B. distended neck veins C. fingerprinting over sternum D. nausea and vomiting

B. distended neck veins RATIONALE Fluid volume excess causes the heart and lungs to work harder, leading to the veins in the neck becoming distended. Muscle twitching, and nausea and vomiting may signify electrolyte imbalances. The sternum is not an area assessed during fluid volume excess.

When an older adult client receiving a blood transfusion presents with an elevated blood pressure, distended neck veins, and shortness of breath, the client is most likely experiencing: A. allergic reaction. B. pulmonary embolism. C. fluid overload. D. anaphylaxis.

C. fluid overload. RATIONALE Fluid overload can occur when blood components are infused too quickly or too voluminously. Symptoms include increased venous pressure, distended neck veins, dyspnea, coughing, and abnormal breath sounds.

The nurse writes a nursing diagnosis of "Fluid Volume: Excess." for a client. What risk factor would the nurse assess in this client? A. excessive use of laxatives B. diaphoresis C. renal failure D. increased cardiac output

C. renal failure RATIONALE Excess fluid volume may result from increased fluid intake or from decreased excretion, such as occurs with progressive renal disease. Excessive use of laxatives, diaphoresis, and increased cardiac output may lead to a fluid volume deficit.

A nurse is performing a venipuncture on an older client. The client has visible veins that appear to roll. What nursing technique is mostappropriate? A. Avoid use of a tourniquet. B. Select a large-gauge needle. C. Consider venipuncture in the foot where veins are less visible. D. Use the client's nondominant hand to hold the vein in place.

D. Avoid use of a tourniquet. RATIONALE It may be possible and advantageous to avoid using a tourniquet when accessing a vein that is visually prominent on an older adult. Use of a tourniquet may result in bursting the vein, sometimes referred to as "blowing the vein," when it is punctured with a needle. Using a large-gauge needle may also "blow" the vein. A small gauge or butterfly should be used. Using veins in the foot is not appropriate nor is attempting to hold the vein in place.

A nurse is caring for a client who requires intravenous (IV) therapy. The nurse understands that which actions are the nurse's responsibilities related to this therapy? Select all that apply. Prescribing the kind of IV solution. Deciding the location of the IV catheter. Deciding the size of the IV catheter. Administering the IV solution. Determining the amount of IV solution.

Deciding the location of the IV catheter. Deciding the size of the IV catheter. Administering the IV solution. Explanation: The nurse is responsible for deciding the location and size of the IV catheter, as well as for administering the solution. The primary care provider is responsible for prescribing the kind and amount of solution.

A client is taking a diuretic such as furosemide. When implementing client education, what information should be included? Increased sodium levels Increased potassium levels Decreased potassium levels Decreased oxygen levels

Decreased potassium levels Explanation: Many diuretics such as furosemide are potassium wasting; hence, potassium levels are measured to detect hypokalemia.

The nurse reviews the laboratory test results of a client and notes that the client's potassium level is elevated. What would the nurse expect to find when assessing the client's gastrointestinal system? Abdominal distention Vomiting Paralytic ileus Diarrhea

Diarrhea Explanation: The client with hyperkalemia would experience diarrhea. Abdominal distention, vomiting, and paralytic ileus would reflect hypokalemia.

Because metabolism continually produces acids, maintenance of pH within these incredibly narrow limits depends on two processes: buffering and compensation. Which statement describes a function of buffering? It helps to prevent large changes in pH by absorbing or releasing H+ ions. The lungs, under the control of chemoreceptor areas in the brainstem respiratory center, are responsible for controlling the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. The renal system excretes acids and bases from the body as needed. The kidneys influence the maintenance of the normal acid-base balance by changing the rate of excretion or retention of H+ and HCO3 ions.

It helps to prevent large changes in pH by absorbing or releasing H+ ions. Explanation: Buffers are substances that help to prevent large changes in pH by absorbing or releasing H+ ions. Successful buffering causes extra H+ ions from the weak acids of the buffer pairs to be released into the blood. The function of lungs being responsible for controlling the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood describes respiratory compensation. The function of kidneys influencing the maintenance of the normal acid-base balance describes renal compensation.

A nurse is caring for a client who has recently suffered burns on 30% of his body. Based on his condition, what type of IV solution might be ordered for this client? 0.9% NaCl (normal saline) Lactated Ringer's 5% dextrose in 0.45% NaCl 5% dextrose in 0.9% NaCl

Lactated Ringer's Explanation: Lactated Ringer's solution is a roughly isotonic solution that contains multiple electrolytes in about the same concentrations as found in plasma (note that this solution is lacking in Mg2+ and PO43- ). It is used in the treatment of hypovolemia, burns, and fluid lost as bile or diarrhea and in treating mild metabolic acidosis.

A client is admitted to the unit with a diagnosis of intractable vomiting for 3 days. What acid-base imbalance related to the loss of stomach acid does the nurse observe on the arterial blood gas (ABG)? Metabolic acidosis Respiratory acidosis Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory alkalosis

Metabolic alkalosis Explanation: Metabolic alkalosis is associated with an excess of HCO3, a decrease in H+ ions, or both, in the extracellular fluid (ECF). This may be the result of excessive acid losses or increased base ingestion or retention. Loss of stomach acid may result in this condition. Metabolic acidosis is a proportionate deficit of bicarbonate in ECF. The deficit can occur as the result of an increase in acid components or an excessive loss of bicarbonate such as in diarrhea. Respiratory acidosis is when the carbon dioxide level is high and the ph is low. Respiratory alkalosis is when the carbon dioxide level is low and the ph is high.

The nurse is administering intravenous (IV) therapy to a client. The nurse notices acute tenderness, redness, warmth, and slight edema of the vein above the insertion site. Which complication related to IV therapy should the nurse most suspect? Sepsis Phlebitis Infiltration Air embolism

Phlebitis Explanation: Phlebitis is an inflammation of a vein caused by mechanical trauma from a needle or catheter. It is characterized by local acute tenderness, redness, warmth, and slight edema of the vein above the insertion site. Infiltration, the escape of fluid into the subcutaneous tissue, is caused by a dislodged needle or penetrated vessel wall. It is characterized by swelling, pallor, coldness, or pain around the infusion site and a significant decrease in the flow rate. Sepsis, or infection, is caused by invasion of microorganisms. It is characterized by erythema, edema, induration, drainage at the insertion site, fever, malaise, chills, and other vital sign changes. Air embolism is air in the circulatory system caused by a break in the IV system above the heart level. It is characterized by respiratory distress, increased heart rate, cyanosis, decreased blood pressure, and a change in level of consciousness.

A 50-year-old client with hypertension is being treated with a diuretic. The client reports muscle weakness and falls easily. The nurse should assess which electrolyte? Sodium Chloride Phosphorous Potassium

Potassium Explanation: Diuretics, commonly given to treat high blood pressure and heart failure, can cause an extracellular deficit or loss of electrolytes including potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Reference:

An infant is brought to the emergency room with dehydration due to vomiting. After several failed attempts to start an IV, the nurse observes a scalp vein. When accessing the scalp vein, the nurse should use: an 18-gauge needle. a winged infusion needle. an intermittent infusion device. a central venous access.

a winged infusion needle. Explanation: Winged infusion needles are short, beveled needles with plastic flaps or wings. They may be used for short-term therapy or when therapy is given to a child or infant.

A dialysis unit nurse caring for a client with renal failure will expect the client to exhibit which fluid and electrolyte imbalances? fluid volume excess and acidosis fluid volume deficit and alkalosis fluid volume excess and alkalosis fluid volume deficit and acidosis

fluid volume excess and acidosis Explanation: Fluid volume excess can be caused by malfunction of the kidneys (i.e., renal failure). The kidneys are also responsible for acid-base balance, and in the presence of renal failure, the kidneys cannot regulate hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions, so the client develops metabolic acidosis.

A client who is admitted to the health care facility has been diagnosed with cerebral edema. Which intravenous solution needs to be administered to this client? hypertonic solution hypotonic solution isotonic solution colloid solution

hypertonic solution Explanation: Hypertonic solutions are used in extreme cases when it is necessary to reduce cerebral edema or to expand the circulatory volume rapidly because it is more concentrated than body fluid and draws cellular and interstitial water into the intravascular compartment. Hypotonic solutions are administered to clients with fluid losses in excess of fluid intake, such as those who have diarrhea or vomiting. Isotonic solution is generally administered to maintain fluid balance in clients who may not be able to eat or drink for a short period. Colloid solutions are used to replace circulating blood volume because the suspended molecules pull fluid from other compartments. However, these solutions are not related to clients with cerebral edema.

Which solution is a crystalloid solution that has the same osmotic pressure as that found within the cells of the body and is used to expand the intravascular volume? hypertonic colloid isotonic hypotonic

isotonic Explanation: Isotonic fluids have an osmolarity of 250-375 mOsm/L, which is the same osmotic pressure as that found within the cell.

When the nurse reviews the client's laboratory reports revealing sodium, 140 mEq/L (140 mmol/L); potassium, 4.1 mEq/L (4.1 mmol/L); calcium 7.9 mg/dL (1.975 mmol/L), and magnesium 1.9 mg/dL (0.781 mmol/L); the nurse should notify the physician of the client's: low potassium. low calcium. high sodium. high magnesium.

low calcium. Explanation: Normal total serum calcium levels range between 8.9 and 10.1 mg/dL (2.225 to 2.525 mmol/L).

A group of nursing students is reviewing information about body fluid and locations. The students demonstrate understanding of the material when they identify which of the following as a function of intracellular fluid? maintenance of cell size maintenance of blood volume transportation of nutrients removal of waste

maintenance of cell size Explanation: The main function of the intracellular fluid is to maintain cell size. Vascular fluid is essential for the maintenance of adequate blood volume, blood pressure, and cardiovascular system functioning. Interstitial fluid, which surrounds the body's cells, is important for the transportation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other essential chemicals between the blood and the cell cytoplasm. Vascular and interstitial fluids also are important for waste removal.

The nurse writes a nursing diagnosis of "Fluid Volume: Excess." for a client. What risk factor would the nurse assess in this client? excessive use of laxatives diaphoresis renal failure increased cardiac output

renal failure Explanation: Excess fluid volume may result from increased fluid intake or from decreased excretion, such as occurs with progressive renal disease. Excessive use of laxatives, diaphoresis, and increased cardiac output may lead to a fluid volume deficit.

The student nurse asks, "What is interstitial fluid?" What is the appropriate nursing response? "Fluid inside cells." "Fluid outside cells." "Fluid in the tissue space between and around cells." "Watery plasma, or serum, portion of blood."

"Fluid in the tissue space between and around cells." Explanation: Intracellular fluid (fluid inside cells) represents the greatest proportion of water in the body. The remaining body fluid is extracellular fluid (fluid outside cells). Extracellular fluid is further subdivided into interstitial fluid (fluid in the tissue space between and around cells) and intravascular fluid (the watery plasma, or serum, portion of blood).

A nursing student is teaching a healthy adult client about adequate hydration. Which statement by the client indicates understanding of adequate hydration? "I need to drink no more than 1,000 mL/day" "I should drink 1,500 mL/day of fluid." "I should drink 2,500 mL/day of fluid." "I should drink more than 3,500 mL/day of fluid."

"I should drink 2,500 mL/day of fluid." Explanation: In healthy adults, fluid intake generally averages approximately 2,500 mL/day, but it can range from 1,800 to 3,000 mL/day with a similar volume of fluid loss.

A nursing instructor is explaining the difference between infiltration and phlebitis to a student. Which statement is most appropriate? "Infiltration is the inflammation of the vein, while phlebitis is a localized irritation." "Infiltration occurs when IV fluid escapes into the tissue, while phlebitis is inflammation of the vein." "Infiltration is a localized blood clot, and phlebitis occurs when an IV is improperly placed." "Infiltration occurs when an IV is improperly placed, and phlebitis indicates circulatory overload."

"Infiltration occurs when IV fluid escapes into the tissue, while phlebitis is inflammation of the vein." Explanation: Infiltration is the escape of IV fluid into the tissue, and phlebitis is the inflammation of a vein. All other options are incorrect.

The nursing instructor hears students discussing fluid and electrolyte balance. Which statement would warrant further instruction? "The lungs remove water though exhalation." "The heart circulates water and nutrients through the body." "The lungs regulate metabolic acid-base disturbances by controlling carbon dioxide." "The kidneys store and release antidiuretic hormone to increase water retention."

"The kidneys store and release antidiuretic hormone to increase water retention." Explanation: The pituitary glands store and release antidiuretic hormone rather than the kidneys. The other statements are correct regarding fluid and electrolyte balance.

The nurse is assessing a newly admitted client and finds that he has edema of his right ankle that is 2 mm and just perceptible. The nurse documents this at which grade? 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+

1+ Explanation: The edema in the client should be graded as 1+, which means that the edema is just perceptible and of 2 mm dimension. A measurement of 2+ or 3+ indicates moderate edema of 4 to 6 mm. A measurement of 4+ indicates severe edema of 8 mm or more.

A nurse is measuring the intake and output of a client who is dehydrated. What is the average adult daily fluid intake in milliliters that the nurse would use as a comparison? 1,500 mL 1,800 mL 2,300 mL 2,600 mL

2,600 mL Explanation: The average adult daily fluid source is: 1,300 mL from ingested water, 1,000 mL from ingested food, and 300 mL from metabolic oxidation, totaling 2,600 mL fluid.

A health care provider orders a bolus infusion of 250 mL of normal saline to run over 1 hour. The set delivers 20 gtt/mL. What is the flow rate in gtt/min? 42 gtt/min 83 gtt/min 167 gtt/min 5,000 gtt/min

83 gtt/min Explanation: The flow rate (gtt/min) equals the volume (mL) times the drop factor (gtt/mL) divided by the time in minutes. 250 mL × 20 gtt/mL ÷ 60 min = 83 gtt/min

The nurse is administering 1,000 mL 0.9 normal saline over 10 hours (set delivers 60 gtt/1 mL). Using the formula below, the flow rate would be: gtt/min = milliliters per hour x drop factor (gtt/mL) ÷ 60 min/hr A. 60 gtt/min B. 100 gtt/min C. 160 gtt/min D. 600 gtt/min

B. 100 gtt/min RATIONALE 100gtt/min is the correct rate. 1000 mL divided by 10 hours = 100 mL per hour x 60 gtt/minute, divided by 60 minutes/hour.

A client is scheduled for insertion of a peripherally inserted central catheter. When assisting with the procedure, the nurse would expect that which site would most likely be used? Basilic vein Cephalic vein Median cubital vein Scalp vein

Basilic vein Explanation: The basilic vein is used most often, but the median cubital and cephalic veins in the antecubital area also can be used. Scalp veins are appropriate for peripheral venous access in infants under 9 months of age.

A nurse is required to initiate IV therapy for a client. Which should the nurse consider before starting the IV? Select a primary tubing of about 37 inches (94 cm) long. Ensure that the prescribed solution is clear and transparent. Use half-instilled IV solutions before infusing a new one. Avoid replacing IV solutions every 24 hours.

Ensure that the prescribed solution is clear and transparent. Explanation: Before preparing the solution, the nurse should inspect the container and determine that the solution is clear and transparent, the expiration date has not elapsed, no leaks are apparent, and a separate label is attached. The primary tubing should be approximately 110 inches (2.8 m) long and the secondary tubing should be about 37 inches (94 cm) long. To reduce the potential for infection, IV solutions are replaced every 24 hours even if the total volume has not been completely instilled.

A nurse is changing a client's peripheral venous access dressing. The nurse finds that the site is bleeding and oozing. Which type of dressing should the nurse use for this client? Transparent semipermeable membrane dressing Occlusive dressing Sealed IV dressing Gauze dressing

Gauze dressing Explanation: A gauze dressing is recommended if the client is diaphoretic or if the site is bleeding or oozing. However, the gauze dressing should be replaced with a transparent semipermeable membrane once this is resolved. Transparent semipermeable membranes are a type of sealed IV dressing. Occlusive dressings would not be appropriate.

A client needs an intravenous fluid that will pull fluids into the vascular space. What type of fluid does the nurse prepare to administer as prescribed? Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic Osmolar

Hypertonic Explanation: A hypertonic solution has a greater osmolarity than plasma, which causes water to move out of the cells and be drawn into the intravascular compartment. A hypotonic solution has a lower osmolarity than plasma; therefore, fluid would move out of the intravascular space rather than pulling fluids from the tissues into the vascular space. An isotonic fluid remains in the intravascular compartment without any net flow across the semipermeable membrane. The concentration of particles in a solution is referred to as the osmolarity of a solution.

Which nursing interventions would be appropriate for a client diagnosed with deficient fluid volume? Select all that apply. Hypervolemia management Fluid restriction Intravenous therapy Electrolyte management Monitoring edema Nutrition management

Intravenous therapy Electrolyte management Nutrition management Explanation: If a client is at a fluid volume deficit, intravenous therapy may be ordered by the primary care provider to replenish fluids and electrolytes, warranting fluid and electrolyte management. Nutrition management may help to increase and maintain electrolyte levels by adding foods high in certain electrolytes to the diet. Hypervolemia refers to fluid volume excess. Fluid restriction would be contraindicated because the client is already at a deficit. Edema would be monitored in the case of fluid volume excess.

Which client would be a candidate for total parenteral nutrition? a client with diabetic ketoacidosis a postoperative appendectomy client a client with colitis and bloody diarrhea a client receiving intravenous antibiotics

a client with colitis and bloody diarrhea Explanation: Total parenteral nutrition is indicated when there is interference with nutrient absorption from the gastrointestinal tract or when complete bowel rest is necessary for healing. A client with bloody diarrhea and colitis requires complete bowel rest.

A client with dehydration will have an increase in: albumin potassium glucose aldosterone

aldosterone Explanation: The rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone and natriuretic peptide hormone systems regulate the volume within narrow limits by adjusting fluid intake and the urinary excretion of sodium, chloride, and water.

Which client is at a greater risk for fluid volume deficit related to the loss of total body fluid and extracellular fluid? an infant age 4 months an adolescent age 17 years a woman age 45 years a man age 50 years

an infant age 4 months Explanation: An infant has considerably more total body fluid and extracellular fluid (ECF) than does an adult. Because ECF is more easily lost from the body than intracellular fluid, infants are more prone to fluid volume deficits. An adolescent at 17 years is considered to have an adultlike body system similar to the 45-and 50-year-old.

The nurse is caring for a client who had a parathyroidectomy. Upon evaluation of the client's laboratory studies, the nurse would expect to see imbalances in which electrolytes related to the removal of the parathyroid gland? calcium and phosphorus potassium and sodium chloride and magnesium potassium and chloride

calcium and phosphorus Explanation: The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone, which regulates the level of calcium and phosphorus. Removal of the parathyroid gland will cause calcium and phosphorus imbalances. Sodium, chloride, and potassium are regulated by the kidneys and affected by fluid balance.

A client's most recent blood work indicates a K+ level of 7.2 mEq/L (7.2 mmol/L), a finding that constitutes hyperkalemia. For what signs and symptoms should the nurse vigilantly monitor? cardiac irregularities muscle weakness increased intracranial pressure (ICP) metabolic acidosis

cardiac irregularities Explanation: Hyperkalemia compromises the normal functioning of the sodium-potassium pump and action potentials. The most serious consequence of this alteration in homeostasis is the risk for potentially fatal cardiac dysrhythmias. Muscle weakness is associated with low magnesium or high phosophorus. Increased intracraniel pressure is a result of increase of blood or brain swelling. Metabolic acidosis is associated with a low pH, a normal carbon dioxide level and a low bicarbonate level.

A nurse is caring for a client who is on total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Which clients are candidates for TPN? Select all that apply. clients who have not eaten for a day clients with major trauma or burns clients with liver and renal failure clients who are recovering from cataract surgery clients with inflammatory bowel disease

ct response: clients with major trauma or burns clients with liver and renal failure clients with inflammatory bowel disease Explanation: The nurse knows that clients with major trauma or burns, clients with liver and renal failure, and clients with inflammatory bowel disease are likely candidates for TPN. Clients who have not eaten for a day or clients recovering from cataract surgery are not likely candidates for TPN. Clients who have not eaten for 5 days and are not likely to eat during the next week are considered for TPN.

A client admitted with heart failure requires careful monitoring of his fluid status. Which method will provide the nurse with the best indication of the client's fluid status? daily weights daily BUN and serum creatinine monitoring output measurements daily electrolyte monitoring

daily weights Explanation: Due to the possible numerous sources of inaccuracies in fluid intake and output measurement, the record of a client's daily weight may be the more accurate measurement of a client's fluid status. Laboratory tests are helpful in assessing kidney function and electrolyte values, but do not provide the precise information on fluid losses or gains as is provided by a daily weight (at the same time, using the same scale). Output measurements are not meaningful without intake measurements.

A nurse who has diagnosed a client as having "fluid volume excess" related to compromised regulatory mechanism (kidneys) may have been alerted by what symptom? muscle twitching distended neck veins fingerprinting over sternum nausea and vomiting

distended neck veins Explanation: Fluid volume excess causes the heart and lungs to work harder, leading to the veins in the neck becoming distended. Muscle twitching, and nausea and vomiting may signify electrolyte imbalances. The sternum is not an area assessed during fluid volume excess.

The nurse, along with a nursing student, is caring for Mrs. Roper, who was admitted with dehydration. The student asks the nurse where most of the body fluid is located. The nurse should answer with which fluid compartment? interstitial extracellular intracellular intravascular

intracellular Explanation: Intracellular is the fluid within cells, constituting about 70% of the total body water. Extracellular is all the fluid outside the cells, accounting for about 30% of the total body water. Interstitial fluid is part of the extracellular compartment. Intravascular is also part of the extracellular compartment.

Which is a common anion? magnesium potassium chloride calcium

orrect response: chloride Explanation: Chloride is a common anion, which is a negatively charged ion. Magnesium, potassium, and calcium are cations, or positively charged ions.

The nurse is caring for a client with metabolic alkalosis whose breathing rate is 8 breaths per minute. Which arterial blood gas data does the nurse anticipate finding? pH: 7.32; PaCO2: 28; HCO3: 24 pH: 7.60; PaCO2: 64; HCO3: 42 pH: 7.28; PaCO2: 52; HCO3: 32 pH: 7.32; PaCO2: 26; HCO3: 18

pH: 7.60; PaCO2: 64; HCO3: 42 Explanation: In metabolic alkalosis, arterial blood gas results are anticipated to reflect pH greater than 7.45; a high HCO3, such as 64; and a high PaCO2, such as 42. The numbers correlate with metabolic alkalosis, which is indicated by the hyperventilation and the retention of CO2. The other blood gas findings do not correlate with metabolic alkalosis.

A decrease in arterial blood pressure will result in the release of: protein. thrombus. renin. insulin.

renin. Explanation: Decreased arterial blood pressure, decreased renal blood flow, increased sympathetic nerve activity, and/or low-salt diet can stimulate renin release.

A client is diagnosed with hypovolemia after significant blood loss. Which action will the nurse take? Allow nothing by mouth. Give the client a glass of orange juice with added sugar. Encourage fluid intake. Start an IV of normal saline as prescribed.

Start an IV of normal saline as prescribed. Explanation: To treat a client with hypovolemia, the nurse should obtain an IV bag with normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) as prescribed. Fluid intake by mouth will not provide fluid quickly enough for the desired effect but should be attempted if feasible, in addition to an IV. Orange juice with additional sugar may be given to a person with low blood sugar.

The nurse is assessing a client's intravenous line and notes small air bubbles within the tubing. What is the priority nursing action? Tighten the roller clamp to stop the infusion. Twist the tubing around a pencil. Tap the tubing below the air bubbles. Milk the air in the direction of the drip chamber.

Tighten the roller clamp to stop the infusion. Explanation: The priority nursing action is to tighten the roller clamp on the tubing as this action prevents forward movement of air. All other options are appropriate to remove the air once the tubing has been clamped.

A home care nurse is visiting a client with renal failure who is on fluid restriction. The client tells the nurse, "I get thirsty very often. What might help?" What would the nurse include as a suggestion for this client? Avoid salty or excessively sweet fluids. Use regular gum and hard candy. Eat crackers and bread. Use an alcohol-based mouthwash to moisten your mouth.

ect response: Avoid salty or excessively sweet fluids. Explanation: To minimize thirst in a client on fluid restriction, the nurse should suggest the avoidance of salty or excessively sweet fluids. Gum and hard candy may temporarily relieve thirst by drawing fluid into the oral cavity because the sugar content increases oral tonicity. Fifteen to 30 minutes later, however, oral membranes may be even drier than before. Dry foods, such as crackers and bread, may increase the client's feeling of thirst. Allowing the client to rinse the mouth frequently may decrease thirst, but this should be done with water, not alcohol-based, mouthwashes, which would have a drying effect.

The process of filtration begins at the: glomerulus. Loop of Henle. Bowman's capsule. collecting ducts.

glomerulus. Explanation: The process of filtration begins at the glomerulus.

The student nurse asks, "What is intravascular fluid?" What is the appropriate nursing response? "Fluid inside cells." "Fluid outside cells." "Fluid in the tissue space between and around cells." "Watery plasma, or serum, portion of blood."

"Watery plasma, or serum, portion of blood." Explanation: Intracellular fluid (fluid inside cells) represents the greatest proportion of water in the body. The remaining body fluid is extracellular fluid (fluid outside cells). Extracellular fluid is further subdivided into interstitial fluid (fluid in the tissue space between and around cells) and intravascular fluid (the watery plasma, or serum, portion of blood).

A nurse is reviewing the client's serum electrolyte levels which are as follows: Sodium: 138 mEq/L (138 mmol/L) Potassium: 3.2 mEq/L (3.2 mmol/L) Calcium: 10.0 mg/dL (2.5 mmol/L) Chloride: 100 mEq/L (100 mmol/L) Phosphate: 5.75 mg/dL (1.8 mEq/L) Magnesium: 2.0 mEq/L (1.0 mmol/L) Based on these levels, the nurse would identify which imbalance? A. Hyponatremia B. Hypokalemia C. Hypercalcemia D. Hypermagnesemia

B. Hypokalemia RATIONALE All of the levels listed are within normal ranges except for potassium, which is decreased (normal range is 3.5 to 5.3 mEq/L; 3.5 to 5.3 mmol/L). Therefore the client has hypokalemia.

A nurse is obtaining an arterial blood specimen from a client to assess acid-base status. Which value is expected? pH: 6.45 PaCO2: 48 mm Hg (6.38 kPa) HCO3: 25 mEq/L (25 mmol/L) SaO2: 89%

HCO3: 25 mEq/L (25 mmol/L) Explanation: Normal values include: HCO3: 22 to 26 mEq/L; pH: 7.35 to 7.45; PaCO2: 35; and SaO2: oxygen saturation greater than 95%.

The nurse is planning to discontinue a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) for a client who is prescribed warfarin therapy. Which intervention will individualize care for this client? A. Apply pressure to insertion site for at least 3 minutes. B. Ask client to perform Valsalva maneuver. C. Instruct client to remain flat for 30 minutes. D. Apply petroleum-based ointment and sterile occlusive dressing.

A. Apply pressure to insertion site for at least 3 minutes. RATIONALE The nurse recognizes that the client prescribed warfarin is at risk for bleeding and individualizes care by applying pressure to the insertion site for longer than the minimum recommended 1 minute. The remaining interventions are appropriate for all clients when discontinuing a PICC line; they do not individualize care for the client prescribed warfarin.

The nurse is planning to discontinue a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) for a client who is prescribed warfarin therapy. Which intervention will individualize care for this client? Apply pressure to insertion site for at least 3 minutes. Ask client to perform Valsalva maneuver. Instruct client to remain flat for 30 minutes. Apply petroleum-based ointment and sterile occlusive dressing.

Apply pressure to insertion site for at least 3 minutes. Explanation: The nurse recognizes that the client prescribed warfarin is at risk for bleeding and individualizes care by applying pressure to the insertion site for longer than the minimum recommended 1 minute. The remaining interventions are appropriate for all clients when discontinuing a PICC line; they do not individualize care for the client prescribed warfarin.

Which solution is a crystalloid solution that has the same osmotic pressure as that found within the cells of the body and is used to expand the intravascular volume? A. hypertonic B. colloid C. isotonic D. hypotonic

C. isotonic RATIONALE Isotonic fluids have an osmolarity of 250-375 mOsm/L, which is the same osmotic pressure as that found within the cell.

The nurse is preparing a packed red blood cell transfusion for a client. The nurse checks the client's blood type in the electronic medical record (EMR) and notes that it is blood type B. What does this mean? The client has anti-A antibodies. The client has anti-B antibodies. The client has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. The client is a universal donor.

The client has anti-A antibodies. Explanation: Clients with type B blood have anti-A antibodies. This means they would attack any type A blood they receive, prompting a transfusion reaction. Clients with type O blood are universal donors.

Within 15 minutes after the start of a blood transfusion, the client complains of chills and headache. During frequent vital signs, the nurse begins to see an elevation in the temperature. What condition is the client experiencing? febrile reaction allergic reaction hemolytic reaction circulatory overload

febrile reaction Explanation: Febrile reaction to blood components can occur because of the recipient's hypersensitivity to the donor's white blood cells. In this reaction, the client develops a fever and chills and may complain of a headache and malaise.

When an older adult client receiving a blood transfusion presents with an elevated blood pressure, distended neck veins, and shortness of breath, the client is most likely experiencing: allergic reaction. pulmonary embolism. fluid overload. anaphylaxis.

fluid overload. Explanation: Fluid overload can occur when blood components are infused too quickly or too voluminously. Symptoms include increased venous pressure, distended neck veins, dyspnea, coughing, and abnormal breath sounds.

The nurse is caring for a client who was in a motor vehicle accident and has severe cerebral edema. Which fluid does the nurse anticipate infusing? isotonic hypotonic hypertonic hypotonic, followed by isotonic

hypertonic Explanation: A hypertonic solution is more concentrated than body fluid and draws cellular and interstitial water into the intravascular compartment. This causes cells and tissue spaces to shrink. Hypertonic solutions are used infrequently, except in extreme cases when it is necessary to reduce cerebral edema or to expand the circulatory volume rapidly. The nurse does not anticipate using isotonic fluids.

Upon assessment of a client's peripheral intravenous site, the nurse notices the area is red and warm. The client complains of pain when the nurse gently palpates the area. These signs and symptoms are indicative of: phlebitis. an infiltration. a systemic blood infection. rapid fluid administration.

phlebitis. Explanation: Phlebitis is a local infection at the site of an intravenous catheter. Signs and symptoms include redness, exudate, warmth, induration, and pain. A systemic infection includes manifestations such as chills, fever, tachycardia, and hypotension. An infiltration involves manifestations such as swelling, coolness, and pallor at the catheter insertion site. Rapid fluid administration can result in fluid overload, and manifestations may include an elevated blood pressure, edema in the tissues, and crackles in the lungs. REMEMBER: REDNESS + WARMTH = INLFAMMATION; "-ITIS" = INFLAMMATION

The nurse is teaching a nursing student how to record strict I&O for a client who wears adult absorbent undergarments. Which nursing teaching is appropriate? "Weigh the wet undergarment, subtract the weight of a similar dry item, and fluid loss is based on the equivalent of 1 lb (0.47 kg) = 1 pint (475 mL)." "We do not record fluids absorbed into undergarments." "Estimate the amount of fluid that you think was excreted into the undergarment." "You only record urine output in an adult undergarment; you do not record diarrhea output."

"Weigh the wet undergarment, subtract the weight of a similar dry item, and fluid loss is based on the equivalent of 1 lb (0.47 kg) = 1 pint (475 mL)." Explanation: Fluid output is the sum of liquid eliminated from the body, including urine, emesis (vomitus), blood loss, diarrhea, wound or tube drainage, and aspirated irrigations. In cases in which an accurate assessment is critical to a client's treatment, the nurse weighs wet linens, pads, diapers, or dressings, and subtracts the weight of a similar dry item. An estimate of fluid loss is based on the equivalent: 1 lb (0.47 kg) = 1 pint (475 mL).

When caring for a client who is on intravenous therapy, the nurse observes that the client has developed redness, warmth, and discomfort along the vein. Which intervention should the nurse perform for this complication? A. Elevate the client's head. B. Apply a warm compress. C. Position the client on the left side. D. Apply antiseptic and a dressing.

B. Apply a warm compress. RATIONALE Prolonged use of the same vein can cause phlebitis; the nurse should apply a warm compress after restarting the IV. The nurse need not elevate the client's head, position the client on the left side, or apply antiseptic and a dressing. The client's head is elevated if the client exhibits symptoms of circulatory overload. The client is positioned on the left side if exhibiting signs of air embolism. The nurse applies antiseptic and a dressing to an IV site in the event of an infection.

Which client would be a candidate for total parenteral nutrition? A. a client with diabetic ketoacidosis B. a postoperative appendectomy client C. a client with colitis and bloody diarrhea D. a client receiving intravenous antibiotics

C. a client with colitis and bloody diarrhea RATIONALE Total parenteral nutrition is indicated when there is interference with nutrient absorption from the gastrointestinal tract or when complete bowel rest is necessary for healing. A client with bloody diarrhea and colitis requires complete bowel rest.

The student nurse asks the instructor how buffer systems work in the body to maintain the pH of the blood. The instructor explains the buffer systems to the students. Which buffer systems will be discussed by the instructor? Select all that apply. Carbonic acid-sodium bicarbonate buffer system Phosphate buffer system Protein buffer system Potassium buffer system Respiratory buffer system

Carbonic acid-sodium bicarbonate buffer system Phosphate buffer system Protein buffer system Explanation: Carbonic acid-sodium bicarbonate buffer system, phosphate buffer system, and the protein buffer system are all used by the body to maintain acid-base balance. Potassium and respiratory are not buffer systems.

A nurse inspecting a client's IV site notices redness and swelling at the site. What would be the most appropriate nursing intervention for this situation? Discontinue the IV and relocate it to another site. Call the primary care provider to see whether anti-inflammatory drugs should be administered. Cleanse the site with chlorhexidine solution using a circular motion and continue to monitor the site every 15 minutes for 6 hours before removing the IV Stop the infusion, cleanse the site with alcohol, and apply transparent polyurethane dressing over the entry site.

Discontinue the IV and relocate it to another site. Explanation: The nurse should inspect the IV site for the presence of phlebitis (inflammation), infection, or infiltration and discontinue and relocate the IV if any of these signs are noted. Cleansing will not resolve this common complication of therapy.

The nurse is caring for a client with "hyperkalemia related to decreased renal excretion secondary to potassium-conserving diuretic therapy." What is an appropriate expected outcome? Bowel motility will be restored within 24 hours after beginning supplemental K+. ECG will show no cardiac dysrhythmias within 48 hours after removing salt substitutes, coffee, tea, and other K+-rich foods from diet. ECG will show no cardiac dysrhythmias within 24 hours after beginning supplemental K+. Bowel motility will be restored within 24 hours after eliminating salt substitutes, coffee, tea, and other K+-rich foods from the diet.

ECG will show no cardiac dysrhythmias within 48 hours after removing salt substitutes, coffee, tea, and other K+-rich foods from diet. Explanation: If the client is taking a potassium-conserving diuretic, he must be mindful of the amount of potassium he is ingesting because the potassium level is more likely to elevate above normal. Cardiac dysrhythmias may result if hyperkalemia occurs. Supplemental potassium should not be added to the client's intake. Potassium does not have a direct impact on bowel motility.

A client is receiving a peripheral IV infusion and the electronic pump is alarming frequently due to occluded flow. What is the nurse's mostappropriate action? Assess the area distal to the IV site for signs and symptoms of deep vein thrombosis. Flush the IV with 3 mL of normal saline. Change from infusion with an electronic pump to infusion by gravity. Flush the IV with 2 mL of 100 U/mL heparin.

Flush the IV with 3 mL of normal saline. Explanation: If fluid is slow to infuse, the nurse should reposition the client's arm and/or flush the IV. Changing to IV infusion will not resolve the problem and heparin is not used for clearing peripheral IVs. Deep vein thrombosis is unrelated to slow IV fluid infusion. Reference:

A client has been diagnosed with stage II breast cancer and will require 8 weeks of chemotherapy. Which intravenous access would the nurse anticipate? Groshong catheter tunneled under the subclavian vein PICC catheter inserted in the axillary vein 18 gauge peripheral IV port in the left forearm percutaneous catheter in the jugular vein

Groshong catheter tunneled under the subclavian vein Explanation: A Groshong catheter is a tunneled catheter that is frequently used for extended therapy. The tunneling helps to secure the catheter, as well as reduce the potential for infection. The other catheter choices are not the most appropriate.

A nurse is reviewing the client's serum electrolyte levels which are as follows:Sodium: 138 mEq/L (138 mmol/L)Potassium: 3.2 mEq/L (3.2 mmol/L)Calcium: 10.0 mg/dL (2.5 mmol/L)Magnesium: 2.0 mEq/L (1.0 mmol/L)Chloride: 100 mEq/L (100 mmol/L)Phosphate: 5.75 mg/dL (1.8 mEq/L)Based on these levels, the nurse would identify which imbalance? Hyponatremia Hypokalemia Hypercalcemia Hypermagnesemia

Hypokalemia Explanation: All of the levels listed are within normal ranges except for potassium, which is decreased (normal range is 3.5 to 5.3 mEq/L; 3.5 to 5.3 mmol/L). Therefore the client has hypokalemia.

A nurse is assessing for the presence of edema in a client who is confined to bed and who often lies supine. The nurse would pay particular attention to which area? Sacral area Face Hands Abdomen

Sacral area Explanation: The nurse should assess the sacral area in the client when determining the presence of edema. Edema is most noticeable in dependent areas of the body. The edema cannot be assessed in the face, hands and abdomen, as these are not dependent areas.

The nurse is monitoring a blood transfusion for a client with anemia. Five minutes after the transfusion begins, the client reports feeling short of breath and itchy. Which action should the nurse take? Reassure the client that the feelings are associated with anxiety and will pass. Confirm the shortness of breath by listening to the client's lungs. Stop the transfusion and notify the health care provider. Increase the rate of infusion to restore blood volume more quickly.

Stop the transfusion and notify the health care provider. Explanation: Life-threatening transfusion reactions generally occur within the first 5 to 15 minutes of the infusion. The nurse or someone designated by the nurse usually remains with the client during this critical time. Whenever a transfusion reaction is suspected or identified, the nurse's first step is to stop the transfusion, thereby limiting the amount of blood to which the client is exposed, and to notify the health care provider. Reassuring the client will not help if the client is experiencing a blood reaction. Increasing the rate of the administration will make the potential reaction worse if this is a transfusion reaction. Listening to the client's lungs is not the priority action.

A client admitted to the facility is diagnosed with metabolic alkalosis based on arterial blood gas values. When obtaining the client's history, which statement would the nurse interpret as a possible underlying cause? "I was breathing so fast because I was so anxious and in so much pain." "I've been taking antacids almost every 2 hours over the past several days." "I've had a fever for the past 3 days that just doesn't seem to go away." "I've had a GI virus for the past 3 days with severe diarrhea."

"I've been taking antacids almost every 2 hours over the past several days." Explanation: Metabolic alkalosis occurs when there is excessive loss of body acids or with unusual intake of alkaline substances. It can also occur in conjunction with an ECF deficit or potassium deficit (known as contraction alkalosis). Vomiting or vigorous nasogastric suction frequently causes metabolic alkalosis. Endocrine disorders and ingestion of large amounts of antacids are other causes. Hyperventilation, commonly caused by anxiety or pain, would lead to respiratory alkalosis. Fever, which increases carbon dioxide excretion, would also be associated with respiratory alkalosis. Severe diarrhea is associated with metabolic acidosis.

A client who is admitted to the health care facility has been diagnosed with cerebral edema. Which intravenous solution needs to be administered to this client? A. hypertonic solution B. hypotonic solution C. isotonic solution D. colloid solution

A. hypertonic solution RATIONALE Hypertonic solutions are used in extreme cases when it is necessary to reduce cerebral edema or to expand the circulatory volume rapidly because it is more concentrated than body fluid and draws cellular and interstitial water into the intravascular compartment. Hypotonic solutions are administered to clients with fluid losses in excess of fluid intake, such as those who have diarrhea or vomiting. Isotonic solution is generally administered to maintain fluid balance in clients who may not be able to eat or drink for a short period. Colloid solutions are used to replace circulating blood volume because the suspended molecules pull fluid from other compartments. However, these solutions are not related to clients with cerebral edema.

The nurse is preparing to insert an intravenous catheter into an adult client. Place the following steps in the correct order. Use all options. Click an option, hold and drag it to the desired position, or click an option to highlight it and move it up or down in the order using the arrows to the left. 1Apply a tourniquet 3 to 4 in (7.5 to 10 cm) above the site. 2Cleanse the site with chlorhexidine. 3Place nondominant hand 1 to 2 in (2.5 to 5 cm) below the site and pull the skin taut. 4Insert the needle gently. 5Release the tourniquet. 6Stabilize the catheter or needle.

Apply a tourniquet 3 to 4 in (7.5 to 10 cm) above the site. Cleanse the site with chlorhexidine. Place nondominant hand 1 to 2 in (2.5 to 5 cm) below the site and pull the skin taut. Insert the needle gently. Release the tourniquet. Stabilize the catheter or needle. Explanation: Interrupting the blood flow to the heart by applying a tourniquet causes the vein to distend. Distended veins are easy to see, palpate, and enter. Cleansing is necessary because organisms on the skin can be introduced into the tissues or the bloodstream with the needle. Chlorhexidine is the preferred antiseptic solution. Pressure on the vein and surrounding tissues using the nondominant hand helps prevent vein movement as the needle or catheter is being inserted. Inserting the needle or catheter gently minimizes trauma and deters passage of the needle through the vein. The tourniquet should be released after the needle is inserted, to restore normal blood flow, as it is no longer needed. Continue to stabilize the catheter or needle while flushing it with saline, to prevent trauma.

A client is hypotensive secondary to hypovolemia resulting from dehydration. Based on the nurse's knowledge about intravenous solutions, the nurse would expect the physician to prescribe which type of solution? Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic Volume expander

Isotonic Explanation: Isotonic fluids have an osmolarity of 250 to 375 mOsm per liter, which is the same osmotic pressure as that found within the cell. Isotonic fluids are used to expand the intravascular compartment and thus increase circulating volume. Because these solutions do not alter serum osmolarity, interstitial and intracellular compartments remain unchanged (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle, & Cheever, 2010). An isotonic solution is helpful for hypotension caused by hypovolemia in dehydration. When a hypotonic solution is infused, it lowers serum osmolarity, causing body fluids to shift out of the blood vessels and into the cells and interstitial space. For this reason, hypotonic fluids are administered when a client needs cellular hydration. Hypertonic fluids have an osmolarity of 375 mOsm per liter or higher and a greater osmotic pressure than the cell. When a hypertonic solution is infused, serum osmolarity is increased, pulling fluid from the cells and the interstitial tissues into the vascular space. The primary use for these solutions are management of intracranial hypertension and shock. Volume expanders, such as albumin, a plasma protein contained within the plasma, is used to restore intravascular volume and to maintain cardiac output in clients with hypoproteinemia.

A client has the following arterial blood gas results:pH: 7.33PaCO2: 42 mm HgHCO3: 19 mEq/L (19 mmol/L)PaO2: 95 mm HgWhich imbalance would the nurse suspect? Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis

Metabolic acidosis Explanation: The results reveal metabolic acidosis, which is characterized by a pH lower than 7.35 and a plasma HCO3 concentration lower than 22 mEq/L (22 mmol/L). Respiratory acidosis is indicated by a low pH accompanied by an increased arterial concentration of carbon dioxide, which often is clinically defined as a PaCO2 of greater than 45 mm Hg. Respiratory alkalosis is present when a high pH is accompanied by a blood carbon dioxide concentration lower than 35 mm Hg. Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by a pH higher than 7.45 and a plasma HCO3 concentration above 26 mEq/L (26 mmol/L).

An older adult has fluid volume deficit and needs to consume more fluids. Which approach by the nurse demonstrates gerontologic considerations? Ask the client every hour to drink more fluid. Offer small amounts of preferred beverage frequently. Have a loved one tell the client to drink more. Leave water on the bedside table.

Offer small amounts of preferred beverage frequently. Explanation: Rather than asking older adults if they would like a drink, it is important to identify their preferences and offer small amounts of their preferred liquids at frequent intervals. This intervention will assist in keeping oral mucosa moist and providing hydration needs.

The nurse is caring for a client who has a prescription for a peripheral intravenous (IV) infusion of a liter of 0.9 sodium chloride solution over 10 hours by gravity infusion. The drop factor is 60 gtts/mL. After reviewing the image, what is best action by the nurse to provide the appropriate drops per minute of medication? Administer 10 gtt/min over 30 seconds Ensure 50 gtt/min is given over 1 minute Regulate flow to allow 25 gtts every 15 seconds Adjust clamp below drip chamber so 75 gtts is provided in 15 seconds

Regulate flow to allow 25 gtts every 15 seconds Explanation: Administration may be achieved by gravity infusion, which requires the nurse to calculate the infusion rate in drops per minute. If using a gravity or free-flowing IV, calculate the drip rate required to achieve the desired infusion rate. A standard formula using dimensional analysis method to calculate is gtts/min (drops per min) is below. 1000 mL X 1 hour X 60 gtt = gtt/min = 60000 = 100 gtt/min (Why = Cancel units = mL units cancel each other, hours cancel each other, left with the units = gtts/min) 10 hours 60 min mL 600 The nurse can consider placing a time tape on the infusion bag to monitor hourly infusion rates and serve as a quick reference to monitor the rate at which the solution is entering the client. The tape gives an hourly indication of where the fluid level should be at a given time to avoid fluid infusing too quickly.

The nurse is determining a site for an IV infusion. What guideline should the nurse consider? Scalp veins should be selected for infants because of their accessibility. Antecubital veins should be used for long-term infusions. Veins in the leg should be used to keep the arms free for the client's use. Veins in surgical areas should be used to increase the potency of medication.

Scalp veins should be selected for infants because of their accessibility. Explanation: Potential sites for neonates and children include: veins of the scalp (neonates under 6 months) because of the accessibility, and dorsal veins of the foot (toddlers). The antecubital veins are not a good choice for infusion because flexion of the client's arm can displace the IV catheter. The veins in the leg of an adult should not be used, unless other sites are inaccessible, because of the danger of stagnation of peripheral circulation and possible serious complications, such as deep vein thrombosis. Veins in surgical areas are not recommended and would not increase the potency of medication.

A nurse uses an infusion pump to administer the IV solution to a client. The nurse is aware that an infusion pump adjusts the pressure according to the resistance it meets and there is a possibility that the needle may get displaced. How would a change in the needle's position affect the infusion pump? The pump will continue to infuse fluid even when the needle is displaced. The pump stops pushing the fluid in the client's vein when the needle is displaced. The pump compresses the tubing to infuse the solution at a precise, preset rate. The pump will sound an audible and visual alarm warning the nurse of the situation.

The pump will continue to infuse fluid even when the needle is displaced. Explanation: The nurse should be aware that an infusion pump continues to infuse fluid even when the needle is displaced. The pump continues to infuse fluid into the tissue until the machine's maximum preset pressure reaches its limit. The infusion pump adjusts the pressure according to the resistance it meets. The pump does not compress the tubing to infuse the solution at a precise, preset rate, which is done by a volumetric controller. An electronic infusion device would sound an audible alarm if the infusion container is empty, air is detected in the tubing, or resistance is met in delivering the fluid. The infusion pump does not stop pushing the fluid in the client's vein when the needle becomes displaced.

The nurse is describing the role of antidiuretic hormone in the regulation of body fluids. What phenomenon takes place when antidiuretic hormone is present? The client has a decreased sensation of thirst. The renal system retains more water. Urine becomes more diluted. The frequency of voiding increases.

The renal system retains more water. Explanation: When antidiuretic hormone is present, the distal tubule of the nephron becomes more permeable to water. This causes the renal system to retain more water. A lack of antidiuretic hormone causes increased production of dilute urine. Antidiuretic hormone does not cause thirst. Reference:

Which statement most accurately describes the process of osmosis? Water moves from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. Solutes pass through semipermeable membranes to areas of lower concentration. Water shifts from high-solute areas to areas of lower solute concentration. Plasma proteins facilitate the reabsorption of fluids into the capillaries.

Water moves from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. Explanation: Osmosis is the primary method of transporting body fluids, in which water moves from an area of lesser solute concentration and more water to an area of greater solute concentration and less water. Solutes do not move during osmosis. Plasma proteins do not facilitate the reabsorption of fluid into the capillaries, but assist with colloid osmotic pressure, which is related to, but not synonymous with, the process of osmosis.

After surgery, a client is on IV therapy for the next 4 days. How often should the nurse change the IV tubing for this client? every 12 hours every 24 hours every 36 hours every 72 hours

every 72 hours Explanation: IV tubings are generally changed every 72 hours or as per the facility's policy. Solutions are replaced when they finish infusing or every 24 hours, whichever occurs first. IV tubings are not replaced after every solution is over or after every 12, 24, or 36 hours.

The nurse is caring for a client who was found without food or water for 2 days in the desert. What explanation for the need for fluid does the client have? Select all that apply. facilitates cellular metabolism helps maintain normal body temperature acts as a solvent for electrolytes provides free hydrogen ions for cells supplies glucose for energy

facilitates cellular metabolism helps maintain normal body temperature acts as a solvent for electrolytes Explanation: Water in the body functions primarily to provide a medium for transporting nutrients to cells and wastes from cells; to provide a medium for transporting substances such as hormones, enzymes, blood platelets, and red and white blood cells throughout the body; to facilitate cellular metabolism and proper cellular chemical functioning; to act as a solvent for electrolytes and nonelectrolytes; to help maintain normal body temperature; to facilitate digestion and promote elimination; and to act as a tissue lubricant. Water does not, by itself, provide hydrogen or glucose.

During a blood transfusion, a client displays signs of immediate onset facial flushing, hypotension, tachycardia, and chills. Which transfusion reaction should the nurse suspect? allergic reaction: allergy to transfused blood febrile reaction: fever develops during infusion hemolytic transfusion reaction: incompatibility of blood product bacterial reaction: bacteria present in the blood

hemolytic transfusion reaction: incompatibility of blood product Explanation: The listed symptoms occur when a blood product is incompatible. Hives, itching, and anaphylaxis occur in allergic reactions; fever, chills, headache, and malaise occur in febrile reactions. In a bacterial reaction, fever; hypertension; dry, flushed skin; and abdominal pain occur.

During an assessment of an older adult client, the nurse notes an increase in pulse and respiration rates, and notes that the client has warm skin. The nurse also notes a decrease in the client's blood pressure. Which medical diagnosis may be responsible? hypervolemia hypovolemia edema circulatory overload

hypovolemia Explanation: The nurse should recognize that hypovolemia, also known as dehydration, may be responsible. Additional indicators of dehydration in older adults include mental status changes; increases in pulse and respiration rates; decrease in blood pressure; dark, concentrated urine with a high specific gravity; dry mucous membranes; warm skin; furrowed tongue; low urine output; hardened stools; and elevated hematocrit, hemoglobin, serum sodium, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Hypervolemia means a higher-than-normal volume of water in the intravascular fluid compartment and is another example of a fluid imbalance that would manifest itself with different signs and symptoms. Edema develops when excess fluid is distributed to the interstitial space.