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the temperature at which all atomic and molecular motion in matter stops completely is___________

-273 degrees celcius

A stream becomes graded when

...

Based off the earthquake and volcanic distribution map in your text and our course slides where in the US would you be safest from both earthquakes and volcanoes? 1. Oakland, CA 2. Memphis, TN 3. Jackson Hole, WY 4. Boston, MA 5. Anchorage, AK 6. Seattle, WA

...

If the capacity of a stream is exceeded, ___________ will occur.

...

The construction of a damn across a river is likely to cause _______ upstream and ________ downstream.

...

The effect of urbanization on a typical stream hydrograph is to

...

The energy of waves striking a headland that protrudes into the sea is _________ than that which strikes the beaches adjacent to it because__________.

...

The lengths of the individual channels in a dendritic drainage pattern are ___________ and this increases energy __________.

...

Which of the following is likely to occur if the gradient of a stream increases? 1. the stream will begin to deposit more of its load 2. the amount of aggradation in the channel will increase 3. the amount of bed load transport will decrease 4. the stream will begin to erode its channel and/or banks

...

Which of the following is true of floodplains? 1. they rarely occur in fluvial landscape created by an "old river" 2. they are erosional landforms 3. they often evolve after a stream has ceased downcutting at a significant rate 4. they are the areas of a stream where terraces are present

...

Which of the following may act as a base level? 1. a lake that a river flows into 2. sea level 3. the upper surface of a waterfall 4. all of these 5. a lake that a river flows into and sea level only

...

What is the drainage density of a 100 drainage basin with 25 miles of stream, running through three rivers?

0.25 mi./mi2

Other Fresh Water

Alpine glaciers include all of the following except 1) an ice cap. 2) a mountain glacier. 3) a cirque glacier. 4) a valley glacier.

1) an ice cap.

Which of the following dune types is incorrectly matched with the conditions necessary for its formation? 1) barchan - abundant sand 2) transverse - abundant sand 3) parabolic - vegetation controlled 4) crescentic - unidirectional wind

1) barchan - abundant sand INCORRECT

Because Aridisols form in arid environments, they are likely to

1) be very thin and poorly developed. 2) contain little organic matter. 3) contain calcic and salic horizons. Correct 4) All of these.

Which of the following is not an erosional feature formed by an alpine glacier?

1) cirque 2) horn 3) drumlin correct 4) col

5 soil forming factors

1. parent material 2. living organisms 3. climate 4. topography 5. time

Industry accounts for about ___ percent of the water used in the world

flood tides

2 high tides everyday

ebb tides

2 low tides everyday

Which of the following is not true? 1) A typical ice age includes periods of warming. 2) During most of Earth's history, the planet has been much cooler than it has been during the last two million years. 3) Modern man and his immediate ancestors (Homo erectus and Homo sapiens) lived during a climate anomaly. 4) We may be living in an interglacial of an ice age

2) During most of Earth's history, the planet has been much cooler than it has been during the last two million years. NOT TRUE

Which of the following is true regarding loess deposits 1) They are principally composed of sands and gravels. 2) They are formed of fine-grained clays and silts. 3) They are found only in the United States. 4) They form only following glacial activity.

2) They are formed of fine-grained clays and silts.TRUE

Which of the following is incorrectly matched 1) cut bank - outer portion of a stream meander 2) point bar - area of substantial erosion 3) aggradation - sediment accumulation in the stream channel 4) braided stream - maze of interconnected channels

2) point bar - area of substantial erosion INCORRECT

Ground Water

22%

Approximately what percentage of Earth's surface is exposed above sea level?

29 percent

Fresh Water

The spatial distribution of Earth dry regions are attributable to all of the following factors except 1) subtropical high-pressure cells between 15° and 35° N and S latitudes. 2) rain shadows to the lee of mountain ranges. 3) the equatorial low-pressure region and the ITCZ. 4) great distances from moisture-bearing air masses.

3) the equatorial low-pressure region and the ITCZ. EXCEPT THIS ONE

On average, seawater consists of _______dissolved salts.

3.5%

World wide average salinity is

3.5%

The water pressure at an ocean depth of 30 m is approximately _______decibars.

tidal power

30 locations that can generate electricity

The average person in the United States uses about ____L of water a day.

300

The oceans average salinity is approximately

35%

map projection is a process of converting

3D to 2D

Basal slip is facilitated by 1) regelation. 2) presence of melt water. 3) saturated sediments. 4) All of these.

4) All of these.

Which of the following is incorrect regarding floodplains? 1) They are formed by recurrent flooding in the area adjacent to the stream. 2) Natural levees on either side of a stream are formed during times when the stream is at flood stage and overflows the bank. 3) They are generally low-lying areas. 4) They are characterized by rapids and low waterfalls.

4) They are characterized by rapids and low waterfalls. INCORRECT

oldest rock

4.28 billion years ago from the hadean eon

Salt Water

47%

lethbridge public library location

49'41'N 112'50'w

A 50-year flood has an annual exceedance probability of

5%.

if the antarctic ice sheet was to melt completely how much would the global sea level rise?

60-70 m

_____ percent of the earth's surface is covered in water.

____ percent of fresh water is frozen in glaciers and polar icecaps.

Icecaps and Glaciers

77%

About __ percent of water is used by households.

The average elevation of exposed land is

875 m (2870 ft.)

Glaciation takes about _________ years to develop, whereas a deglaciation requires about ________ years.

90,000; 10,000

___ percent of Earth's water is salt water in oceans and seas.

*A(n) _________ is a meander that becomes isolated from the rest of the river a)oxbow lake b)undercut bank c)point bar d)cutoff

*Which of the following is not correct regarding tides? a)they are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the sun b)they are complex twice daily oscillations in sea level c)they are influenced by the size, depth, and topography of ocean basins d)they are influenced by shoreline configuration and latitude

*high tides are known as ______ where as low tides are known as ______ a)flood tides; ebb tides b)ebb tides; flood tides c)spring tides; neap tides d)neap tides; spring tides

10) Vertical elevation differences in a local landscape are referred to as A) relief. B) an order of relief. C) topography. D) crust.

12) The six types of topographic regions are defined based on A) arbitrary elevation and other descriptive criteria in common use. B) complex statistical analyses of surface relief variation across the surface of Earth. C) local criteria that have never been universally recognized. D) logarithmic relationships applied to elevation.

20) The dynamic equilibrium model refers to A) a balancing act between tectonic uplift and rates of denudation by weathering and erosion in a given landscape. B) a theory involving the cyclic or evolutionary development of a landscape. C) a sequential development of landforms. D) an important concept first stated by William Morris Davis.

28) Karst topography is formed primarily by A) carbonation and solution. B) mass wasting processes. C) oxidation and hydrolysis. D) exfoliation and hydration.

29) Processes that are related expressly to streams and rivers are termed A) fluvial. B) geomorphic. C) lemnetic. D) lotic.

30) A central peak, such as a volcanic mountain, generally produces a ________ drainage pattern. A) radial B) trellis C) parallel D) annular

33) The drop in stream elevation per unit distance is known as A) discharge. B) base level. C) gradient. D) aspect.

34) Which of the following is not factored when considering discharge? A) channel length B) channel width C) channel depth D) velocity

39) An earthquake, a submarine landslide, or an eruption of an undersea volcano is capable of producing a A) tsunami. B) tidal wave. C) slow-moving giant swell. D) wave in the open ocean of great height.

40) Seawater with less than 35‰ is termed A) brackish. B) brine. C) metahaline. D) freshwater.

43) Which of the following is not correct regarding tides? A) They are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the Sun. B) They are complex twice daily oscillations in sea level. C) They are influenced by the size, depth, and topography of ocean basins .D) They are influenced by shoreline configuration and latitude.

44) High tides are known as ________ whereas low tides are known as ________. A) flood tides; ebb tides B) ebb tides; flood tides C) spring tides; neap tides D) neap tides; spring tides

45) An earthquake, a submarine landslide, or an eruption of an undersea volcano is capable of producing a A) tsunami. B) tidal wave. C) slow-moving giant swell. D) wave in the open ocean of great height.

47) Coral formations A) tend to occur poleward of 30° latitude. B) survive in a broad ecological range because they are tolerant of temperature, salinity, and depth variation. C) require water that is high in sediment concentration. D) are made of animals living symbiotically with simple algae.

5) The density of material below the Moho is ________ that above it. A) greater than B) less than C) the same as

6) On average, the thickness of oceanic crust is ________ that of continental crust A) greater than B) less than C) the same as

Chemical weathering is greatest under conditions of a)higher rainfall and temperatures b)lower rainfall and temp c)higher rainfall but lower temps d)lower rainfall but higher temps

Chemical weathering processes are particularly effective on limestone landscapes, forming a)karst topography b)hydrolysis plains c)pressure-release jointing d)exfoliation domes and arch-like forms

When pressure is removed from overlying rock, the pressure of deep burial is relieved, initiating pressure-release jointing. The joints then separate into curved slabs. This is known as a)exfoliation b)salt crystal growth c)frost wedging d)spheroidal weathering

moraines

A class of landforms formed by the accumulation of glacial till are known as

Movement at the Geomorphic threshold signals

A conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy

till plain

A deposition of till that forms behind a terminal moraine as the glacier retreats and is generally spread widely across the ground surface is called a(n)

blowout depression

A depression created by deflation is known as a

glacier

A general term for a mass of perennial ice, resting on land or floating in the sea attached to a landmass is

U-; V-

A glaciated valley is ________ shaped; a stream cut valley is ________ shaped.

cirque glacier

A glacier confined in a bowl-shaped recess is known as a(n)

A glacier's mass balance is determined by A) accumulation. B) ablation. C) both accumulation and ablation. D) neither accumulation nor ablation.

Which continental glacial landform is a hole left behind after a block of glacial ice melts?

A kettle

epicentre

A location on the surface of the Earth directly above the point(focus) where an earthquake occurs.

fjords

A long, narrow glacially-eroded inlets in which the sea extends inland are known as

esker

A long, narrow, sinuous ridge of stratified sand and gravel located in a till plain is known as a(n)

kame

A small hill, knob, or mound of glaciofluvial sorted sand and gravel that forms on the surface of a glacier and is later left on the left surface after the glacier retreats is a(n)

kettle

A steep-sided glaciofluvial landform that occur as the result of blocks of ice calving from the retreating glacier and subsequent accumulation of till around the melting ice block is known as a(n)

Landslides occur when

A threshold is reached, the internal friction is overcome by the force of gravity, driving forces exceed resisting forces, ALL OF THE ABOVE.

After water itself, what are the primary elements that occur in sea water?

A) chlorine and sodium

Which of the following occurs when the Sun, Moon, and Earth are in alignment (i.e., in opposition or conjunction)?

A) maximum tidal ranges occur

Waves in shallow water that "feel bottom" are ____ and more ____ spaced than the swell they are related to.

A) taller; closely

Which of the following is true of waves that travel in wave trains?

A) they are produced by storm centers and generating regions far distant from the shore where they may break

Which of the following is not true of tides?

A) they are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the Sun

The coastal environment is considered to extend seaward

A) usually to depths of 60 m (200 ft), where storm waves can no longer move sediments

Which of the following can lead to hillslope failure? 1) making a roadcut in the side of a hill 2) increasing the slope angle 3) excessively watering a slope

ALL OF THESE: 1) making a roadcut in the side of a hill 2) increasing the slope angle 3) excessively watering a slope

Landslides occur when

ALL OF THESE: 1) a threshold is reached. 2) the internal friction is overcome by the force of gravity. 3) driving forces exceed resisting forces. 5) the internal friction is overcome by the force of gravity and driving forces exceed resisting forces only

Desertification is caused by

ALL OF THESE: poor agricultural practices deforestation global climate change

Terraces can form as a result of

ALL OF THESE: erosion rejuvination uplift

If material is to move downslope, it must overcome the force of

ALL OF THESE: friction the cohesion of particles to each other inertial resistance of the material

The rate at which rocks weather depends upon 1) the climate of an area. 2) the type of rock. 3) the amount of vegetation in an area. 4) All of these. 5) the climate of an area and the type of rock only.

ALL of these

The construction of a dam across a river is likely to cause____ upstream and____ downstream.

Aggradation; erosion.

Which of the following is/are explained by plate tectonic theory? Distribution of earthquakes Location of mountain ranges Distribution of volcanoes All of the above

All of the above

During the Pleistocene Epoch, continental glaciers in North America covered parts of modern day:

All of the above Canada Maine Washington State Wisconsin

Areas at high risk of desertitifcaion include

All of the above The Sahel region of Africa The western US Central Asia

All of the following are related to glacial erosion except A) plucking. B) ablation. C) abrasion. D) erratics.

Which is correct?

All of these Permanently frozen subsurface is called permafrost Subarctic climate regions with seasonally snow-free ground are periglaial regions Periglacial regions can sometimes feature polygonal rock formations Periglacial regions occupy about 20% of earths land are

The average salinity of sea water may be expressed as a. 3.5 percent, or 35 parts per thousand. b. 35,000 parts per million. c. 35 grams per kilogram. d. All of these are correct. e. None of these are correct as stated.

All of these are correct

18,000 years ago

All the above Global temperatures were colder than today Sea levels were lower than today A continental glacier covered most of Canada Pleistocene glaciers reached their maximum extent

What terms is associated with wave formation and breakers?

All the above Trough Crest Wavelength

________ is the general term for unconsolidated clay, silt, sand, gravel, and mineral fragments deposited by running water.

Alluvium

The general term for clay, silt, and sand deposited by running water is

Alluvium.

Alpine glaciers include all of the following except A) a piedmont glacier. B) a valley glacier. C) a cirque glacier. D) an ice cap.

Of the world's largest rivers, which has the greatest discharge?

Amazon River

Of the world's largest rivers, which has the greatest discharge?

Amazon River.

roche moutonnée

An asymmetrical hill of exposed bedrock produced by plucking and abrasion is known as a(n)

erg desert, or sand sea

An extensive area of sand and sand dunes is known as a(n)

ice sheet

An extensive, continuous mass of ice covering a continental scale is known as a(n)

John Wesley Powell put forward the idea of base level, which refers to

An imagined surface that extends inland from sea level, and is inclined gently upward. A level below which a stream cannot erode its valley.

A cutoff on a meandering stream results in the formation of

An oxbow lake.

75%

Approximately, what percentage of the Earth's freshwater is frozen?

Serrated ridges formed by erosion in glaciated mountains are

Arêtes

What is the significance of a seawater salinity of 24.7

At a salinity of 24.7, seawater's temperature of maximum density is the same as its freezing temperature. The salinity of ocean water is higher than 24.7, averaging about 35. Hence, the temperature of maximum density of seawater is lower than its initial freezing temperature. Seawater density always increases with falling temperature and decreases with rising temperature.

The maximum velocity line in a stream is

At the center and near the surface, corresponding with the deepest parts of the stream channel.

*which of the following is not an example of a depositional coastal landform? a)wave-built terrace b)barrier spit c)bay barrier d)wave-cut platform

*which of the following is true about seawater? a)seawater is pure H2O b)seawater is a solution c)the chemical composition of seawater is negligible d)the salinity of seawater is negligible

11) The measurement of land elevation relative to sea level is known as A) bathymetry. B) hypsometry. C) topography. D) geodesy.

16) When rock strata are strained beyond their ability to remain an intact unit, displacement occurs in a process known as A) folding. B) faulting. C) broad warping. D) stressing

16) When rock strata are strained beyond their ability to remain an intact unit, displacement occurs in a process known as A) folding. B) faulting. C) broad warping. D) stressing.

17) Orogenesis refers to A) the beginning of extensive faulting. B) a general term for a mountain-building episode that thickens continental crust. C) a general thinning of the crust. D) the formation of mountains without faulting, folding, or the capture of migrating terranes

18) An earthquake is best described as A) the point within the Earth where seismic waves originate. B) the sharp release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. C) the amount of ground displacement along a fault. D) the amount of stress rocks along plate boundaries experience.

23) Inclined surfaces that form the boundaries of landforms are known as A) catchment. B) slopes. C) free face. D) regolith.

25) Which of the following is not a type of physical weathering process? A) exfoliation B) hydrolysis C) salt crystal growth D) frost wedging

27) Exfoliation and pressure-release jointing are examples of ________ weathering processes. A) chemical B) physical C) biological D) both biological and physical

3) Earth's interior is layered because... A) centrifugal force separated out the materials based on weight as the Earth solidified. B) materials became sorted based on density as the Earth solidified. C) materials became sorted based on electromagnetic fields as the Earth solidified.

31) The area of land from which all water in it drains into the same place is known as a(n) A) interfluve. B) watershed. C) drainage divide. D) fluvial units.

36) Excess sediment may result in which of the following channel patterns? A) V-shaped valleys B) braided stream C) meandering stream D) straight, steep-walled channels

39) Which of the following is true about seawater? A) Seawater is pure water (H2O). B) Seawater is a solution. C) The chemical composition of seawater has great spatial variability. D) The salinity of seawater is negligible.

41) Areas with heavy freshwater runoff and low evaporation will have ________ average salinity. A) higher than B) lower than C) approximately the

46) Which of the following is not an example of a depositional coastal landform? A) wave-built terrace B) barrier spit C) bay barrier D) wave-cut platform

6) On average, the thickness of oceanic crust is ________ that of continental crust. A) greater than B) less than C) the same as

7) A rock transformed from any other rock through extreme heat and or pressure is referred to as A) sedimentary. B) metamorphic. C) igneous. D) ancient.

8) The continuous alteration of Earth materials from one rock type to another is known as the A) geologic cycle. B) rock cycle. C) hydrologic cycle. D) tectonic cycle.

A slow persistant mass movement of surface soil is called a)a debris avalanche b)soil creep c)a soil slide d)a rockfall

Of the world's largest rivers, which has the greatest discharge? a) Zaire (Congo) river b) amazon river c) missouri-ohio-mississippi river system d)chang chiang (yangatze) of asia

The area of land from which all water in it drains into the same place is known as a(n) a)interfluve b)watershed c)drainage d)fluvial units

The nucleus of old crystalline rock in each of the principal continental masses is called a a)basalt mass b)continental shield, or craton c)mountain mass d)composite zone

When rock is broken down and disintegrated in the presence of water and with chemical alterations to the rock, the process in operation is a)physical weathering b)chemical weathering c)hydrolysis d)carbonation

The present ocean salinity on Earth was achieved approximately

B) one billion years ago

Which of the following cannot be considered an efflux of material from the ocean water?

B) runoff

21. Volcanic activity generally does not occur A. along sea-floor spreading centers. B. around the perimeter of the Atlantic Ocean basin. C. in association with hot spots over plumes in the mantle. D. in the circum-Pacific belt.

B. around the perimeter of the Atlantic Ocean basin.

A crescent shaped dune with horns pointed downward is a:

Barchan dune

The degradation of a landscape by weathering, erosion, and transportation has an ultimate goal of reducing the landscape down to

Base level, namely sea level.

The largest material that can be carried by a stream is carried as

Bed load.

What alpine glacial landform develops a crevasse or wide crack opens along the headwall of a glacier?

Bergschrund

ground water table

Boundary between unsaturated zone and the lower, saturated zone

Which of the following stream channel forms is likely to develop when aggradation greatly exceeds erosion?

Braided channels.

*Cone-shaped deposits of sediment often found at mouth of canyons in arid and semiarid climates are called a)deposition b)deltas c)alluvial fans d)clastics

*the sediment load that travels in solution is a)bed load b)suspended load c)dissolved load d)flow load

1) Which of the following is incorrectly matched? A) endogenic — internal processes B) exogenic — external processes C) radioactive decay heat — exogenic energy source D) weathering — exogenic breaking and dissolving the crust

13) A continental craton is best described as A) the product of active folding and faulting. B) the surface accumulation of molten rock. C) the inactive remains of ancient tectonic activity. D) a landform undergoing constant tectonic activity.

15) Which of the following properly describes the formation of continental crust? A) All continental crust was formed millions of years ago. There is no active continental crust being formed. B) The formation of continental crust is independent of the formation of oceanic crust, involving only volcanism over the land masses. C) The formation of continental crust involves the entire sequence of seafloor spreading, subduction, remelting of oceanic crust, and subsequent rise of the remelted material. D) New continental crust is formed essentially in the same many as oceanic crust — from upwelling at mid-continental ridges.

19) The science that specifically studies the origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution of landforms is A) geology. B) geography. C) geomorphology. D) environmental chemistry.

21) Which of the following is not a denudation process? A) weathering B) erosion C) orogeny D) mass movement

22) Which of the following is not a class of mass movement? A) fall B) slide C) slip D) flow E) creep

31) The area of land from which all water in it drains into the same place is known as a(n) A) interfluve. B) watershed. C) drainage divide. D) fluvial units.

32) Drainage density refers to A) the thickness of the water in the stream. B) the number of channels in an area. C) a measure determined by dividing the length of all the channels by the area of its drainage basin. D) the arrangement of channels in a given area.

32) Drainage density refers to A) the thickness of the water in the stream. B) the number of channels in an area. C) a measure determined by dividing the length of all the the channels by the area of its drainage basin. D) the arrangement of channels in a given area.

33) The drop in stream elevation per unit distance is known as A) discharge. B) base level. C) gradient. D) aspect.

37) Channels with gradual slopes often develop a sinuous form called a ________ pattern. A) braided stream B) anabranching C) meandering stream

9) Limestone is a type of ________ rock that forms when ________. A) igneous; magma cools B) igneous; lava cools C) sedimentary; calcium carbonate precipitates, or organic material containing calcium carbonate accumulates in a water environment D) sedimentary; broken fragments of rock are deposited in a water environment and are then cemented together.

Strain, the amount of deformation undergone by an object, is expressed in rocks by a)metamorphism b)breaking and removal c)folding or faulting d)bearing

The concept of "orders of relief" refers to.. a) the ordering of surface features based on HEIGHT b)the ordering of surface features based on THEIR TIME OF ORIGIN c)the classification of landscapes based on scale d) the rate at which stressed is relieved in the crust

The drop in stream elevation per unit distance is known as a)discharge b)base level c)gradient d)aspect

Weathered bedrock or weathered parent material (regolith), excluding the unweathered bedrock itself, is designated the _____________ horizon.

Approximately what percentage of the population of the United States lives in a coastal area?

C) 1/2

Which of the following is true regarding mean sea level?

C) it is calculated based on average tidal levels recorded hourly at a given site over a period of many years

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

C) spring tides - high tides only

In deep water, a wave is not really migrating but is transferring energy through the water in simple cyclic undulations. These are called

C) waves of transition

Which of the following statements about shield volcanoes is true? A. They occur in shield areas of Earth. B. They are subject to violently explosive eruptions. C. They form from mafic magma. D. They consist of tremendous quantities of pyroclastics.

C. They form from mafic magma.

The total possible load a stream can transport is its____, whereas a stream's ability to move particles of specific size is its_____.

Capacity; competence.

As a stream's carrying capacity decreases, which of the following sizes of sediments will be deposited last?

Clay.

From inland to the ocean, which sequence of zones is correct?

Coast, backshore, foreshore, nearshore

The term "periglacial" refers to:

Cold-climate processes along the margins of glaciers

the absence of CO2 would make the earth_________

Colder

Fresh water

Contains little salt

Regions that are underlain almost entirely by permafrost with little unfrozen ground are in the zone of

Continuous permafrost

Which of the following is not generally true of the basal layer of a glacier?

Crevasses form in this region of the glacier.

Crevasses usually form as a result of A) friction, tension, and compression. B) ablation. C) deposition. D) regelation.

Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in Earth, from the surface to the center.

Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core

14) If you wanted to avoid earthquakes, which of the following areas would be the safest to live? A) convergent plate boundary B) divergent plate boundary C) island arc along a subduction zone D) shield

2) When geologists conclude that the Grand Canyon sequence of rocks was formed through hundreds of millions of years of deposition, mountain building, and erosion, they are basing this conclusion on the principle of ________ which states that ________. A) catastrophism; most rock formations were created as a result of supernatural processes B) catastrophism; a single, large flood was responsible for the creation of the rock sequence C) uniformitarianism; all geologic processes take immense amounts of time to occur and always occur at the same rate D) uniformitarianism; the geologic processes that operated in the past are the same as those that operate today, and they occurred in accordance with the same laws of nature that are operating today

24) The process that breaks down rock at the Earth's surface through disintegration of rocks into mineral particles or dissolving it into water is known as A) erosion. B) mass movement. C) landmass denudation. D) weathering.

26) Factors influencing the weathering process include A) the climate of an area. B) rock composition and structure. C) the amount of vegetation in an area. D) rock composition and structure, climate, and vegetation. E) only the climate of an area and rock composition.

35) Stream transport involves all of the following except A) saltation. B) bed load. C) traction. D) sheet flow.

38) Alluvial fans are formed as flowing water ________ as it leaves a constricted channel. A) gains velocity B) changes direction C) down cuts D) loses velocity

4) Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in Earth, from the surface to the center? A) crust, inner core, mantle, outer core B) inner core, outer core, mantle, crust C) mantle, crust, inner core, outer core D) crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

40) Which of the following is not an example of a depositional coastal landform? A) wave-built terrace B) barrier spit C) bay barrier D) wave-cut platform

41) Coral formations... A) tend to occur poleward of 30° latitude. B) survive in a broad ecological range because they are tolerant of temperature, salinity, and depth variation. C) require water that is high in sediment concentration. D) are made of animals living symbiotically with simple algae.

48) Which of the following is an example of a coastal wetland? A) playa lake B) mangrove swamp C) saltwater marsh D) both mangrove swamp and saltwater marsh E) playa lake, mangrove swamp, and saltwater marsh

Stream drainage patterns are determined by which of the following? a)regional steepness and relief b)variations in rock resistance c)climate d)climate, regional steepness and relief and variations in rock resistance

Which of the following is incorrectly matched? A) endogenic —internal processes B) exogenic —external processes C) radioactive decay heat —exogenic energy source D) weathering —exogenic breaking and dissolving the crust

Which the following human activities can contribute to mass movement? a)a roadcut b)surface mining c)residential and commercial development d)any human disturbance of a slope, including readjust, surface mining and development

which of the following lists the processes in the correct sequence as to their occurrence in nature? a)deposition, erosion, transport, weathering b)weathering, erosion, deposition, transport c)weathering, deposition, erosion, transport d)weathering, erosion, transport, deposition

Which of the following is true of the ocean deep zone?

D all of the above .... A) temperatures remain approximately 4 degrees C (39 degrees F) within most of this layer B) the water in this zone does not freeze because of the intense pressure exerted by the weight of overlying water C) the water in this zone does not freeze because of it's salinity

The average salinity of sea water may be expressed as

D) All the above ..... A) 3.5 percent, or 35 parts per thousand B) 35, 000 parts per million C) 35 grams per killogram

Dangerous "sleeper waves" result from

D) constructive, in-phase interference

Brackish water would most likely occur

D) in a deltaic swamp

The fact that the mixing zone in the ocean constitutes a ____ percentage of the total ocean volume means that wastes dumped int0 the ocean will be ____ diluted.

D) small; slowly

Regular patterns of smooth, rounded waves are called

D) swells

The littoral zone extends inland to

D) the highest water line that occurs during a storm

18. Which of the following can lead to the formation of mountains? A. plate collisions and volcanic activity B. exposure of plutons by erosion of surrounding landscape C. faulting D. All of these

D. All of these

Which of the following is true of the magma formed from subducted ocean floor material that is eventually incorporated into continental crust? A. The composition of the magma changes from a low silica content to a higher silica content by the incorporation of sediments and other materials when it melts. B. The magma that forms in this way tends to produce more violent volcanic eruptions than magma derived directly from the aesthenosphere. C. Batholiths may form from the rising magma. D. All of these may occur. E. The composition of the magma changes from a low silica content to a higher silica content by the incorporation of sediments and other materials when it melts and The magma that forms in this way tends to produce more violent volcanic eruptions than magma derived directly from the aesthenosphere only

D. All of these may occur.

Which of the following is a cause of warping? A. mantle convection B. hot spots C. isostatic adjustment D. All of these.

D. All of these.

Which of the following is incorrect? A. The highest mountain above sea level has an elevation of 8848 m (29,028 ft.). B. The greatest ocean depth is -11,030 m (-36,198 ft.). C. The ratio of land area to ocean area is approximately 140 to 360 million km (or, 1:2.5). D. Mean sea level is at 875 m (2870 ft.).

D. Mean sea level is at 875 m (2870 ft.).

Which of the following is correctly matched?

D: Parallel.

The effect of urbanization on a typical stream hydrograph is to

Decrease lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge.

As base level is approached by a stream, the ability of a stream to erode its bed

Decreases.

Which of the following stream channel types is likely to develop on gently sloping surfaces composed of rock or sediments with approximately the same resistance to erosion? Also assume that there are no structural controls on the pattern's development.

Dendritic.

All processes that cause reduction and rearrangement of land forms are included in the term of

Denudation

The glaciated shield regions of Canada and Northern Europe have disrupted surface drainage patterns that are called____ patterns.

Deranged.

Watersheds are defined by

Drainage divides.

What term defines the action of particles moving along the beach?

Drift

tens of meters per day

During a glacier surge, a glacier may move at a speed of

How do biological processes influence the type and amount of gases dissolved in seawater?

During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is removed from and oxygen is added to seawater. During cellular respiration, carbon dioxide is released to and oxygen is removed from seawater.

Which of the following can lead to the slope failure that causes mass movement? a)saturation from rainfall b)over steepening of the slope c)earthquakes d)volcanic eruptions e)saturation, over steepening of slopes, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

The coast extends inland

E) from the high tide level to the first major landform change

drumlins

Elongated hills, often in the shape of an inverted spoon, streamlined in the direction of glacial movement are called

yardangs

Elongated, streamlined ridges aligned parallel to the most effective wind direction are called

________ streams are not connected to groundwater systems and only flow after precipitation events.

Ephemeral

terminal

Eroded debris dropped at the glacier's farthest extent is called ________ moraine.

The term Aeolian refers to

Erosion, transportation, and deposition by the wind

fog forming in the morning after sunrise because of___

Evaporation

A river that begins in a wetter climate and flows through a dry climate is a

Exotic River

Agriculture accounts for 30 percent of the water used in the world.

False

Although many elements are dissolved in seawater; no gases are dissolved in it

False

As the evaporation rate increase, salinity decreases

False

Brine water tends to occur near coastal deltas

False

In the U.S., underground water tubing is the most common form of irrigation.

False

Nonpoint-source pollution is pollution that comes from a specific site.

False

Phosphorus is a plant nutrient that causes the growth of algae to slow down

False

Physical weathering dominates in warm and wet climates

False

Potable means that water is unsafe for drinking.

False

Seawater is not a solution

False

Structures such as buildings and parking lots can act as impermeable layers and reduce the amount of water entering an aquifer.

False

T/F the geological time scale uses EQUAL intervals for dividing the earth's long history in a series of eons, eras, periods and epochs

False

T/F the inner core of earth is liquid iron, surrounded by a solid iron outer core

False

T/F As the potential evapotranspiration increases, salinity decreases

False

T/F Brine water tends to occur near coastal deltas

False

T/F Geologically speaking, the continents began forming relatively recently

False

T/F In 1989, Hurricane Hugo wreaked havoc in Puerto Rico, yet missed the South Carolina coastline

False

T/F The barrier islands off the Louisiana shore have been growing at fast rates in recent decades.

False

There are three major uses for water: residential use, agricultural use, and animal use.

False

Which of the following is not true? 1) Soil erosion is occurring throughout most of the densely inhabited regions of the world. 2) Soil that has eroded could take centuries to be replaced. 3) Loss of soil, combined with exponential population growth, could lead to serious food shortages. 4) Fertilizers can maintain soil fertility and productivity into the distant future-even if the soil is eroding. 5) Both the direct and indirect costs of soil erosion is estimated at hundreds of billions of dollars worldwide.

Fertilizers can maintain soil fertility and productivity into the distant future-even if the soil is eroding

Natural levees are created during

Floods.

Rectangular drainage patterns form as a result of_____.

Flow through a faulted landscape.

Stream-related processes are termed

Fluvial.

fluid

For purposes of discussing eolian processes, the wind acts like a

On which part of a slope would rocks tend to fall at the highest speed?

Free face

Given present warming trends and projected climate change for the next century sea level is estimated to rise?

From 1.0 to 1.4 m (3.28 to 4.6 ft)

List three forms of physical weathering

Frost Action, Salt Crystal Growth and Pressure release jointing

Patterned ground in periglacial environments results from

Frost sorting

ground ice

Frozen subsurface water in regions of permafrost is called

_____ threshold is the point at which there is enough energy to overcome resistance against movements

Geomorphic

abrasion

Glacial polish results from

Glacial surges may be associated with A) water pressure under the glacier. B) soft bed below the glacier. C) lubrication from meltwater. D) water pressure, soft bed, or lubrication.

The bulk of ice on earth is in

Greenland and Antartica

Rivers east of the continental divide in the Rockies drain into the

Gulf/Atlantic drainage.

The suspended load of a stream consists of particles that are

Held aloft in the stream flow.

Chemical Weathering is greatest under conditions of

Higher mean annual rainfall and temperature.

Volcanic activity located away from plate boundaries is associated with

Hotspots

If ice were always denser than liquid water, speculate on some of the consequences.

If ice were denser than liquid water, ice that forms at the air/water interface would sink to the bottom of a body of water. Hence, in cold climates lakes would freeze from the bottom up and aquatic life could not exist.

medial

If two glaciers with lengthy ridges of till along each side of the glacier merge, a ________ moraine may form.

Brackish water would be most likely to occur

In a deltaic swamp

At constant temp, how does the density of seawater change with increasing salinity? With constant salinity, how does the density change with falling temp?

In both cases, the density of seawater increases.

Describe how hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules. During which phase change of water are all hydrogen bonds broken?

In hydrogen bonding, the positively charged hydrogen pole of a water molecule attracts the negatively charged oxygen pole of another water molecule. All hydrogen bonds are broken during the phase change of water from liquid to vapor (or ice to vapor).

Describe the season change in temp of the ocean surface first in subtropical and then in polar latitudes. Explain the differences.

In subtropical latitudes, the sea-surface temperature reaches its annual maximum in late summer and early autumn due to the lag response of water temperature to incoming solar radiation. At polar latitudes, evaporation and cooling increases the density of surface waters causing that water to sink. This essentially stabilizes the sea-surface temperature.

In terms of areal extent, which of the following sequences is ordered from largest to smallest extent covered? A) alpine glacier, ice field, ice cap, ice sheet B) ice sheet, ice cap, ice field, alpine glacier C) ice sheet, alpine glacier, ice field, ice cap D) ice sheet, ice field, ice cap, alpine glacier

________ streams have some groundwater input, but only flow for certain periods during a year.

Intermittent

Which of the following is true of spheroidal weathering?

It attacks the corners an edges of rocks

Which of the following is correct of the longitudinal profile of most rivers?

It is concave in shape.

Which of the following is true of the longitudinal profile of most rivers?

It is concave in shape.

Which of the following is correct of a floodplain?

It is generally filled with layers of alluvium.

Which of the following is true about joints

Joints are small, joints enhance

An example of chemical weathering is

Karst topography

Describe how changes in the phase of warm bring about a transfer of heat energy within the Earth system.

Latent heat is absorbed from the environment during melting of ice and vaporization of ice (sublimation) and liquid water (evaporation). Latent heat is released to the environment during freezing of water, condensation, and deposition. Water that evaporates from the ocean may condense into clouds within the atmosphere. Hence, the latent heat supplied at the sea surface for evaporation is later released to the atmosphere during cloud formation.

Identify and describe three phase changes of water during which latent heat is released to the environment.

Latent heat is released to the environment during freezing (liquid to solid), condensation (vapor to liquid), and deposition (vapor to solid).

in a mid latitude cyclone warm front precipitation is usually_____intense and of ________ duration compared to that near the cold front

Less; longer

A general term for the coastal environment is

Littoral zone

Distinguish between a maritime climate and a continental climate in terms of annual temp range and name some U.S or Canadian cities having these climates.

Maritime climates experience much less contrast between average winter and average summer temperatures than continental climates. As an example, the climate of San Diego, CA is maritime and the climate of Kansas City, MO is continental.

Which of the following occurs when the sun, moon,and Earth are in alignment?

Maximum tidal ranges occur

At present, which of the soil orders of Soil Taxonomy occupy the most land area in the United States?

Mollisols

What depositional landform can be created by both alpine and continental glaciation?

Moraine

An interruption in a stream's graded profile of equilibrium is called a

Nickpoint.

Which of the following horizon designations is in the correct sequence from the surface to bedrock?1) O, R, C, B, A 2) A, B, C, O, R 3) S, O, I, L 4) O, A, E, B, C, R

O,A,E,B,C,R

Which of the following is true of joints? 1) Joints are small, localized fault planes along which movement occurs. 2) Joints enable more water to move through the ground. 3) Joints enhance the rate of weathering. 4) All of these are true. 5) Only Joints enable more water to move through the ground and Joints enhance the rate of weathering are true.

Only joints enable more water to move through the ground and Joints enhance the rate of weather are true.

In reality, a landscape behaves as an ___ system

Open

Exfoliation occurs because

Overlaying rock is removed, thereby allowing the underlying rock mass to expand and fracture

firn

Partially compacted snow that is an intermediate between snow and ice is called a(n)

Pebbles can be moved by ________ in a process known as ________. A) saltating particles; surface creep B) saltating particles; deflation C) deflation; surface creep D) deflation; saltation

________ streams flow year-round, fed by snowmelt, rainfall, groundwater, or a combination thereof.

Perennial

tundra

Periglacial environments are likely to occur in which of the following climate types?

When rock is broken and disintegrated without dissolving, the process in operation is

Physical weathering

vector data

Point, Line, Area data

Uplift of the landscape creates ____ energy which is converted to ____ energy when materials begin to move down slope.

Potential ; Kinetic

Identify 2 conservative properties of seawater. Explain why these are considered conservative.

Properties of seawater that remain essentially unchanged are described as conservative. Examples include the concentration of dissolved nitrogen and inert gases such as argon.

A central peak, or a dome of a volcanic mountain, generally produces____ drainage patterns.

Radial.

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

Radioactive decay heat - exogenic energy source

Relative to dune movement and form, a dune's slipface forms on which side? A) leeward side B) windward side C) freedune side D) none of the above—it is not associated with a particular side

What factors govern surface water salinity in the open ocean?

Salinity refers to the quantity of salt dissolved in water. Processes that alter the salinity of surface waters in the open ocean include the rate of evaporation, precipitation, and sea-ice formation and melting. During evaporation and sea-ice formation, dissolved salts are left behind increasing salinity. Precipitation and the melting of sea-ice or glaciers (all freshwater sources) add fresh water decreasing salinity.

The mechanism of sediment transport in which particles are bounced along the ground is

Saltation

Stream transport involves all of the following

Saltation, bed load, traction.

The ultimate base level is

Sea level.

unsorted; sorted

Sediments deposited by glacial ice are ________; material deposited by glacial meltwater are ________.

piedmont glacier

Several valley glaciers coalescing at the base of a mountain range form a(n)

Stream drainage patterns are determined by which of the following?

Slope, differing rock resistance, climatic and hyrdrologic variability.

Which of the following is correct regarding soil? ) 1)Soil is an inorganic by-product of geological processes. 2) Soil is composed of mineral matter only. 3) Soil is a dynamic natural body composed of both mineral and organic matter. 4) Soil science is called geomorphology.

Soil is a dynamic natural body composed of both mineral and organic matter

Permafrost is

Soil with temperatures remaining below freezing for at least 2 years

Solifluction is most similar to which mass movement process? A) slump B) mudflow C) fall D) creep

stratified drift

Sorted sediment deposited by glaciofluvial action are called

Define specific heat. When the same quality of heat is added per unit mass, does a substance having lower specific heat warm more or less that a substance having a higher specific heat?

Specific heat is the amount of heat that will raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 Celsius degree. With the same input of heat per unit mass, a substance with a low specific heat warms more than a substance with a higher specific heat.

A large dune that results from winds shifting in all directions is a:

Star dune

Which is the measure of the average kinetic energy of atoms or molecules that compose a substance?

Temperature

Distinguish between temperature and heat.

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of atoms or molecules that compose a substance. Heat can be thought of as energy in transit. If two objects with different temperatures are brought into contact, heat is transferred from the object with the higher temperature to the one with the lower temperature.

Which of the following is correct?

The Pine Island Glacier's rate of flow has increased by 400% from 1985 to 2006

The ability of the wind to move materials A) is small compared to other transporting agents, such as water and ice. B) increases with decreased wind speed. C) exceeds that of other transporting agents, such as water and ice. D) is greater than that of water because of the higher density of air compared to water.

firn line

The accumulation zone of a glacier ends at the ________, which marks the elevation above which the winter snow and ice remained intact throughout the summer.

Which answer choice is correct with regard to the North American ice sheet 18,000 years ago?

The area of 3000-m thick ice on the North American ice sheet was much less prevalent than areas that are 3000 m thick on Greenland

outwash plain

The area of sediment deposit by by glaciofluvial action beyond the glacial terminus is known as the

2,000 m (6,500 ft)

The average thickness of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets is more than

The bulk of ice on Earth is in A) floating ice shelves and packs. B) Greenland and Antarctica. C) European and Asian mountain ranges. D) North America, specifically Alaska.

Which of the following tends to occur when an area experiences tectonic uplift in its headwater region?

The channel will begin to erode downward at a faster rate.

Which of the following is true regarding the flooding of New Orleans in 2005?

The city is almost entirely below the level of the Mississippi, with parts actually below sea level.

Consider the butte shown below, which is made of sedimentary rock. Buttes such as that shown above occur in the western United States, but not in the eastern United States. What could account for this?

The climate is different, and this affects the type of landforms that develop.

River water ultimately empties into the ocean and yet the average salinity of river water is much less than the average salinity of ocean water. Explain the difference.

The discharge of rivers and streams into the ocean is not the only source of the dissolved components of seawater. Other sources include chemical reactions between hot lava and cold water on the sea floor, suspended materials (e.g., volcanic ash) that settle out of the atmosphere into the ocean, and a variety of marine biological processes that both remove and add ions.

patterned ground

The expansion and contraction of frost action results in the movement of soil particles, stones, and small boulders into distinct shapes know as

glacial drift

The general term for all glacial deposits is

abrasion

The grinding and shaping of rock surfaces by the "sand blasting" action of particles captured in the air is termed

Which of the following is true of precipitation in North America? 1. the highest amounts occur in the southwest and midwest 2. the highest amounts occur in the southeast and extreme south 3. the lowest amounts are received in the midwest 4. the lowest amounts are received near hudson bay

The highest amounts occur in the southeast and extreme south...

lateral

The lengthy ridges of till along each side of an alpine glacier are ________ moraines.

For the ocean as a whole, what is the most abundant gas dissolved in seawater? What is the role of this gas in photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

The most abundant gas dissolved in seawater is carbon dioxide. Through photosynthesis, phytoplankton use carbon dioxide (along with sunlight and water) to manufacture food. Marine organisms release carbon dioxide as a byproduct of cellular respiration.

The ocean in a major player in Earth's climate. Why?

The ocean is a major player in Earth's climate system for several reasons. The ocean is the source of most atmospheric water vapor. Depending on water temperature, the ocean is a source or a sink for carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. The ocean is also a sink or source of heat energy for the atmosphere depending on the temperature difference between the sea-surface and the overlying air. Water's high specific heat and ocean circulation means that the ocean has a high thermal inertia and can store a tremendous amount of heat energy.

What is the pH of pure water? Is the average pH of ocean water slightly acidic or alkaline?

The pH of pure water is 7. The average pH of seawater is slightly alkaline.

glacier

The presence of till indicates deposition by a

Stream capture refers to

The process by which one channel erodes through a drainage divide and captures the headwater regions of another stream.

icebergs

The process of calving produces

Explain how surface water salinity can act as a rain gauge over large areas of the ocean.

The rate of evaporation of ocean water to a large extent depends on sea-surface temperature. For a fixed temperature (and therefore, a fixed rate of evaporation) in the open ocean, the sea-surface salinity is inversely proportional to the rainfall. In this way salinity is a proxy rain gauge.

porosity

The ratio of the volume of void or air spaces in a rock or sediment to the total volume of the rock or sediment. The capacity of rock or soil to hold water varies with the material

deflation

The removal and lifting of individual loose particles by the wind is termed

Compare the salinity of surface ocean waters in regions where precipitation is low and evaporation rates are high to the global annual average.

The salinity of these waters is higher than the ocean's global average salinity. Net evaporation increases salinity because most dissolved substances are left behind when seawater evaporates.

ripples

The smallest features shaped by individual saltating grains are

What is the significance of SOFAR channel?

The speed of sound is at a minimum value in the SOFAR channel. Sound waves are essentially trapped in the channel and can travel long distances with little loss of energy.

Which of the following is likely to occur if the gradient of a stream increases? (Assume that the discharge and sediment load remain unchanged.)

The stream will begin to erode its channel and/or its banks.

Which of the following is likely to occur if the gradient of a stream increases? Assume that the discharge and sediment load remain unchanged.

The stream will begin to erode its channel and/or its banks.

cold climate processes along the margins of glaciers

The term periglacial refers to

ventifacts

The term used to describe rocks that are pitted, fluted, or polished from eolian erosion is

The transformation of snow into glacial ice in Antarctica takes ________ than in midlatitude alpine glaciers because ________. A) less time; there is more melting and refreezing in the midlatitudes and, therefore, it takes much longer there B) less time; more snow fall in the polar regions each year slows the glacier formation process C) longer; the dryness of the Antarctic climate and minimal snowfall as compared to wetter climates with constant snowfall D) longer; the long summer days in Antarctica (up to 24-hours) results in more sunlight impeding the glacier development process

ice sheet

The type of glacier that dominates Greenland and Antarctica is an

The upper portion of a glacier flows ________ the lower portion of the glacier. A) faster B) slower C) at the same speed.

ablation

The various processes that result in the loss of a glacier's mass are known collectively as

Which of the following choice is not correct with regard to occurrences reacted to the longshore (literal) current?

The waves always travel perpendicular to the coast and are never refracted

active layer

The zone of seasonally frozen ground that exists between the subsurface permafrost layer and the ground surface is called the

equilibrium line

The zone where accumulation balances ablation is known as the

Which of the following is incorrect regarding floodplains?

They are characterized by rapids and low waterfalls.

Which of the following is true regarding floodplains?

They are formed by recurrent flooding in the area adjacent to the stream. Natural levees on either side of a stream are formed during times when the stream is at flood stage and overflows the bank. They are generally low-lying areas.

Which of the following is correct of floodplains?

They often evolve after a stream has ceased downcutting at a significant rate.

List two forms of landslides

Translational, rotational

Which of the following best describes the relationship of deforestation to sediment load?

Trees roots help "anchor" soil; as the trees are removed, the soil more readily erodes into the river channels.

Which drainage pattern is controlled by rock structures of variable resistance and folded strata?

Trellis.

A slope is stable if its strength exceeds the weathering and erosion process

True

A watershed is the area of land that is drained by a water system.

True

Almost all of the Earth's water is ocean.

True

Approximately two thirds (66 percent) of the world's population lives in or near a coastal region

True

If the toxicity of sludge can be reduced to safe levels, it can be used as a fertilizer.

True

More than 1 billion people lack access to a clean, reliable source of fresh water

True

Most of the water that is used in industry is used to cool power plants

True

Non-point source pollution is pollution that comes from many sources rather than from a single specific site.

True

Salt water, the water in oceans, contains a higher concentration of dissolved salts than fresh water.

True

Surface water is all the bodies of fresh water, salt water, ice, and snow, that are found above the ground.

True

T/F the crust is thickest under mountains and thinnest under the oceans

True

T/F the principle of isostasy refers to the vertical movement of earth's crust in response to loading and unloading of weight, such as ice or sediment

True

T/F the upper mantle is rigid, whereas the aesthenosphere is plastic-like

True

T/F A significant seismic sea wave occurs an average of every 3.5 years in the Pacific Basin

True

T/F An earthquake with a high rating on the moment magnitude scale can receive a low rating on the Mercalli scale.

True

T/F Barrier islands can migrate

True

T/F Compressional forces associated with converging plates produce blocks that move upward relative to the footwall block; this is called a thrust or reverse fault.

True

T/F Felsic magma produces more violent eruptions that mafic magma.

True

T/F The Hawaiian Islands are near one end of a hot-spot track that stretches to Alaska.

True

T/F The coastal environment is also known as the littoral zone

True

T/F The composition of the ocean in terms of the ratio of individual mineral salts is remarkably homogenous

True

The Pressure release jointing is a physical weathering processes that does not involve water

True

The Salt Crystal growth is primarily found in arid environments

True

The angle of repose depends on the size and texture of the grains

True

The moon's gravitational pull on the Earth is greater than that of the Sun's

True

The two underlying causes of water pollution are industrialization and rapid human population growth.

True

The water table has peaks and valleys that match the shape of the land above.

True

Water can be considered a "universal" solvent

True

Water is a renewable resource because it is circulated in the water cycle.

True

An earthquake, submarine landslide, or eruption of undersea volcano is capable of producing a

Tsunami

Which soil order would tend to occur in the southeastern United States. , with its high temperatures and humid environment?

Ultisols

talik

Unfrozen ground in a region of discontinuous permafrost is known as

Unlike a stream-cut valley that assumes a characteristic ______-shape, a glacially-carved valley evidences a characteristic ___________-shape.

V; U

ice cap

Vatnajökull is the largest and most voluminous Icelandic glacier. It is roughly circular in shape, overlays several volcanoes, and covers an area of approximately 8,100 km2 (3,100 mi2) with an average thickness of 400 m (1,300 ft). This is an example of a(n)

Vertical and horizontal movement caused by the expansion of freezing water are called A) frost thrusting and frost heaving, respectively. B) frost heaving and frost thrusting, respectively. C) frost heaving. D) frost thrusting.

Which of the following affects earth's climate on short timescales because of increased atmospheric reflectivity?

Volcanic eruptions

Which of the following landforms is correctly matched with a drainage pattern?

Volcano-- radial. Folded mountain belt-- trellis. Eroded dome-- annular.

Which of the following is not an example of a depositional coastal land-form?

Wave cut platform

What causes a tsunami's wave length height to increase near the coast?

Wavelength shortness in the shallow water near a coast and the wavelength slows down

The disintegration and dissolving of surface and subsurface rock is called

Weathering

Which of the following lists of processes are in the correct sequence as to their occurrence in nature?

Weathering, erosion, transport, deposition.

horn

When several cirque glaciers gauge an individual mountain summit from all sides, a pyramidal peak known as a ________ results.

Which of the following is correct regarding loess deposits? A) They are principally composed of sands and gravels. B) They are found only in the United States. C) They are formed of fine-grained clays and silts. D) They form only following glacial activity.

Which of the following is correct regarding permafrost? A) It tends to occur at lower elevations in the midlatitudes than in the high latitudes. B) It primarily occurs in areas covered with glaciers. C) The surface layer of permafrost never thaws, even in the warm season. D) It develops where soil or rock temperatures are below freezing for at least two years.

Which of the following is correct regarding the snowline? A) It increases in elevation with increasing latitude. B) It decreases in elevation with increasing latitude. C) It occurs at approximately the same elevation at all latitudes because the environmental lapse rate is approximately the same at all latitudes.

Which of the following is correct regarding valley glaciers? A) The snowfield sources for these glaciers are usually found right at the snowline. B) They may range in length from 100 m (325 ft.) to 100 km (62 mi.). C) They remain stationary and do not move. D) They occur in an unconfined environment—like an open plain.

Which of the following is incorrect about glacial movement? A) Glaciers move under the pressure of their own weight and the pull of gravity. B) Glaciers move in streamlike patterns, merging as tributaries into large rivers of ice. C) Glaciers are mostly stationary, only moving several centimeters over tens of years. D) Glacial movement produces distinct landforms.

Which of the following is not a general shape upon which scientists classify dunes? A) cresentic B) star C) rectilinear D) linear

Which of the following is not an adaptation to living in periglacial regions? A) enclosed water and sewage lines B) raised oil pipelines above the frozen ground C) careful maintenance of rail tracks and roadbeds in the summer D) buildings placed directly on frozen, hard surfaces

Which of the following is not an erosional feature formed by an alpine glacier? A) cirque B) horn C) drumlin D) col

Which of the following is not correct regarding loess? A) It consists of fine-grained clays and silts and can form vertical cliffs. B) It has low binding strength. C) It serves as good agricultural land. D) It is derived from glacial outwash plains or deserts.

Which of the following is not generally correct regarding the basal layer of a glacier? A) It can extend tens of meters above the ground surface. B) It contains more debris than other parts of the glacier. C) Crevasses form in this region of the glacier. D) It tends to flow more slowly than the overlying parts of the glacier.

Which of the following is not true? A) Decreases in snow cover may create a positive feedback loop as decreased albedo can lead to more warming. B) Seasonal snowpacks increases the Earth's albedo. C) The cryosphere compromises only a small, but very important component of Earth's freshwater resources. D) Many western states heavily rely on snowmelt for municipal water supplies.

Which of the following statements is incorrect? A) Permafrost develops in areas where soil, sediment, or rock temperatures remain below 0°C (32°F) for at least two years. B) There are no permafrosts regions in Alaska due to its maritime subarctic climate. C) Periglacial environments occur at high latitudes and high elevations. D) Periglacial regions occupy about 30% of the Earth's land surface.

Which of the following terms is not a correct reference to a desert pavement? A) lag gravels B) sand seas C) gibber plain D) reg desert

Which side of a dune typically has a slope angle equal to that of the angle of repose for sand? A) windward B) stoss C) top D) leeward

Why is glacial ice analogous to a metamorphic rock? A) It is solid. B) It has a definite chemical composition. C) It has a crystalline structure. D) It forms as a result of recrystallization caused by pressure.

As the discharge of a stream increases, which of the following also happens?

Width, depth, and velocity all increase.

Relative to glacial mass balance, which of the following in incorrect?

Worldwide, most glaciers are showing marked net increase in mass at present.

If you live in an area that was flooded by the 100 year flood last year, you can conclude that

You could be flooded by the 100 year flood again this year.

Arêtes

________ are sharp ridges that form when glaciers erode parallel valleys.

Limestone

_________ formation must contain 80% or more calcium carbonate for dissolution processes to proceed effectively; needed for karst topography

Aerated zone

_____________ (containing air) must exist between the ground surface and the water table; needed for karst topography

Vegetation cover

______________ required to supply varying amounts of organic acids that enhance the dissolution process; needed for karst topography

The dynamic equilibrium model refers to

a balancing act between tectonic uplift and rates of denudation a by weathering and erosion in a given landscape.

tarn lake

a body of water in a cirque, evacuated by a glacier.

Aquifer

a body or rock or sediment that stores groundwater

a soil

a characteristic soil profile in the landscape

In respect to mass the earth is considered to be ... 1. none of the above 2. a closed system 3. an open system 4. an isolated system

a closed system...

soil

a complex mixture of weathered mineral materials from rocks, partially decomposed organic molecules, and a host of living organisms

longshore current

a current that parallels the shore n the overall direction of breaking waves

When a river reaches a base level, its forward velocity rapidly decelerates as it enters a larger body of standing water and ________ is formed.

a delta

When a river reaches a base level, its forward velocity rapidly decelerates as it enters a larger body of standing water and ___________ is formed.

a delta

River System

a flowing network of rivers and streams draining a river basin.

medial moraine

a glacial sediment that forms that is between two glaciers. (2 laterals join)

positive net balance

a glacier gets bigger in cold weather and precipitation

A pyramidal peak formed in glaciated mountains is

a horn

Which of the following may act as a local base level?

a lake that a river flows into

A landslide differs from a debris avalanche in that

a landslide moves more slowly than a debris avalanche

Landslide

a large amount of material failing simultaneously

When continental crust collides with continental crust

a large mountain range often forms

a system

a leaf, river basin, human body

John Wesley Powell put forward the idea of base level, which refers to

a level below which a stream cannot erode its valley

John Wesley Powell put forward the idea of base level, which refers to

a level below which a stream cannot erode its valley.

When a dam and reservoir are constructed, the natural response of the river and its channel gradient come under the control of

a local, or temporary, base level.

When a dam and reservoir are constructed, the natural response of the river and its channel gradient come under the control of

a local, or temporary, base level...

biome

a major biotic community characterized by the dominant forms of plant life and the prevailing climate. (10 global biomes and are functions of altitude and latitude)

Marco Island, Florida, is used in the text as an example of

a mangrove ecosystem completely urbanized

Drainage density refers to

a measure determined by dividing the length of all the the channels by the area of its drainage basin.

Horns and cirques are typical features in

a mountain range that was sculpted by alpine glaciers

A yazoo tributary stream cannot join with main river in an area because

a natural levee on the main river prevents joining

A yazoo tributary stream cannot join with the main river in an area because

a natural levee on the main river prevents joining.

a line connecting all points along the same latitude is

a parallel

Soil creep

a persistent, mass movement of surface soil; individual soil particles are lifted and disturbed by the expansion of soil moisture as it freezes, by cycles of moistness and dryness, by diurnal temperature variations, or by grazing livestock or digging animals

karst

a pitted and bumpy surface normally formed in a landform containing limestone

Drainage divide

a ridge of land that separates adjacent river systems

valley glacier

a river of ice confined within a valley (in alaska). as the glacier flows downhill it will alter the land (a valley of ice)

Watershed

a river system where all water converges toward one river or lake at the lowest point

geographical information system

a set of computer tools used to capture, store, analyze, transform and display geographic data

Tributary

a smaller river or stream that feeds into a larger river

virga

a streak of precipitation that falls from a cloud but evaporates before reaching the ground

ecosystem

a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment

Which of the following would act to keep a system in a state of equilibrium? 1. a positive feedback 2. a threshold 3. an equilibruim trigger 4. a negative feedback

a threshold...

artiesian well

a well dug into a confined aquifer

Which of the following is not true regarding Earth's oceans? a. Development on Marco Island was prevented due to sensitive mangrove habitat. b. 50% of Earth's population lives in coastal areas. c. 50% of the oceans' coastlines are at risk of loss or disruption. d. Coral bleaching is affecting reefs worldwide.

a. Development on Marco Island was prevented due to sensitive mangrove habitat.

Which of the following is not true of tides? a. They are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the Sun. b. They are complex daily oscillations in sea level. c. They are influenced by the size, depth, and topography of ocean basins. d. They are influenced by shoreline configuration and latitude.

a. They are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the Sun.

Permeability

ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through it open spaces or pores.

The opposite of the accumulation zone in a glacier is the

ablation zone

Glacial polish results from

abrasion

the sandblasting action of wind-blown particles is called

abrasion

Roches moutons formed as a result of

abrasion on the stoas side and ice plucking on the lee side of a rocky outcrop

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

abrasion — a hydraulic squeeze-and-release action

Which of the following is incorrectly matched? 1. abrasion- a hydraulic squeeze-and-release action 2. competence- a streams ability to move particles of a specific size 3. capacity- the total possible load that a stream can transport 4- suspended load- fine particles physically held aloft in a stream 5- particles rolled and bounced along a stream bed

abrasion- a hydraulic squeeze and release action

After a threshold is crossed , the landscape

adjust to a new equilibrium condition

After a threshold is crossed, the landscape

adjusts to a new equilibrium

Excess surface water percolates through the zone of _____________ to reach the zone of ________________ and the water table.

aeration; saturation...

If the load exceeds a stream's capacity, sediment accumulates in the bed in a process called

aggradation.

The construction of a dam across a river is likely to cause ________ upstream and ________ downstream.

aggradation; erosion

soil moisture

air and water make up the pore space

soil porosity`

air, water and soil particles

The average pH of seawater is slightly_______, conditions that are favorable for organisms whose shells are composed of calcium carbonate.

alkaline

Stream drainage patterns are determined by which of the following? 1. slope 2. differing rock resistance 3. climatic and hydrologic variability 4. all of these

all of these...

Which of the following is a potential consequence of ground water mining? 1. land subsidence and cracked building foundations 2. compression of the aquifer, resulting in a permanent loss of water storage capacity 3. salt water intrusion 4. all of these 5. land subsidence and cracked building foundations and compression of the aquifer, resulting in a permanent loss of water storage capacity only

all of these...

the hydrologic cycle includes water 1. at the surface of earth and in the oceans 2. in the atmosphere 3. at a depth of up to several kilometers below the surface. 4. all of these 5. at the surface of earth and in the oceans and in the atmosphere only

all of these...

Surface water

all the bodies of fresh water, salt water, ice, and snow, that are found above the ground.

A characteristic cone-shaped depositional feature in the desert that usually forms at the mouth of a canyon is known as a

alluvial fan

This landform results from when water exists a constricted channel and loses velocity.

alluvial fan

Cone-shaped deposits of sediment often found at mouth of canyons in arid and semiarid climates are called

alluvial fans.

The entrenchment of a river into its own floodplain produces

alluvial terraces

The entrenchment of a river into its own floodplain produces

alluvial terraces.

Recharge zone

an area in which water travels downward to become part of an aquifer.

zero tillage

an effective mitigation technique against soil erosion by both wind and water

terraced farming

an effective mitigation technique against soil erosion by water

shelterbelt construction

an effective mitigation technique against soil erosion by wind

Earth's shape is describe as 1. a true sphere 2. an oblate ellipsoid 3. a disk 4. an ellipse

an ellipse...

The zone where positive gains end and losses begin int he glacial mass balance is called

an equilibrium line

A change in a system property that encourages further system change is called

an equilibrium trigger

The primary cause of terrace formation is

an increase in a river's velocity.

The high ground that separates one valley from another and directs sheetflow is known as

an interfluve.

The high ground that separates one valley from another is known as ___________, and it directs surface water runoff known as _________ toward a stream.

an interfluve; sheet flow...

Which of the following is an example of a first order of relief

an ocean basin

A cutoff on a meandering stream results in the formation of

an oxbow lake

A cutoff on a meandering stream results in the formation of

an oxbow lake.

A terrace is

an uplift wave-cut platform

A terrace is

an uplifted wave-cut platform

Large river systems that have multiple large channels across a vast floodplain are termed

anabranching rivers.

The maximum angle at which soil, sediment, and rock will remain without moving downslope

angle of repose

The steepness of a slope made of loose material is called the

angle of repose

If you have ever played on a beach and made a sand castle, you used wet sand rather than dry sand. You did this because the ________ of wet sand is greater than that of dry sand.

angle of repose and cohesiveness only

mercators projection

angle preserving

Structural domes with concentric patterns of rock strata guide stream courses to form this drainage pattern.

annular

A stream that downcuts at the same rate as tectonic uplift, thereby maintaining its course is called a(n)

antecedent stream.

denudation

any process that wears away or rearranges landforms. weathering, erosion, transport, deposition

Denudation

any process that wears away or rearranges landforms; weathering, mass movement, erosion, transportation, and deposition; agents are water, air, waves, and ice

Mass movement

any unit movement of a body of material, propelled and controlled by gravity; fall, slide, flow, creep

A water bearing rock stratum is called a(n)

aquifer...

Divisions among topographic regions are based on

arbitrary criteria regarding height or other descriptive criteria that are in common use.

smallest ocean in the world in terms of area is

arctic

Volcanoes formed from silica-rich magma

are highly explosive and dangerous.

Explosive volcanic eruptions

are most often associated with composite volcanoes

peters projection

area preserving

Salt crystal growth (salt weathering) is prevalent in which climate type?

arid

Which of the following is not necessary for well-developed karst to develop? 1. high proportion of calcium carbonate in the rock 2. joints in rock of low permeability 3. vegetation 4. arid conditions

arid conditions...

Stefan-Boltzmann Law

as the temperature of an object increases, more radiation is emitted each second

Crystallization

as water evaporates, dissolved minerals in the water grow crystals; as they grow and enlarge, they exert a force great enough to spread apart individual mineral grains and begin breaking up the rock

Small areas of high strain along a fault are termed

asperities

Small surface irregularities along a fault plane that prevent movement and are generally areas of high strain are termed

asperities

Sand on a beach moves in a zigzag pattern when waves strike the beach __________, and this movement of material is known as __________.

at an angle; beach drift

Sand on a beach moves in a zigzag pattern when waves strike the beach ___________, and this movement of material is known as ____________.

at an angle; beach drift

Maximum velocity in a stream is found

at the center and near the surface, corresponding with the deepest parts of the stream

Maximum velocity in a straight channel is found

at the center and near the surface, corresponding with the deepest parts of the stream channel.

Maximum velocity in a meandering stream is

at the outer portion of the meander curve.

gravitational water

available flowing water

capillary water

available water stored

what empirical data did vladimir koppen base his climate classification on?

average monthly temperature, average monthly precipitation and total annual precipitation

Which of the following is not related to coral rock formations? a. atolls b. bay barriers and barrier spits c. reefs d. barrier reefs

b. bay barriers and barrier spits

As regards wetlands, which of the following is correctly matched? a. salt marsh - between the equator and the 30th parallel in both hemispheres b. salt marsh - poleward of the 30th parallel in either hemisphere c. mangrove swamps - poleward of the 30th parallel in either hemisphere d. salt marshes - low productivity due to the salinity

b. salt marsh - poleward of the 30th parallel in either hemisphere

Which of the following is not an example of an erosional coastal landform? a. sea arch b. tombolo c. wave-cut platform d. notched cliff

b. tombolo

A common crescent-shaped dune with horns pointed downwind is called a

barchan dune

Which of the following would not be found along a tectonically active shoreline? 1. sea stacks 2. terraces 3. barrier islands 4. cliffs

barrier islands

A landform that takes the shape of a long ridge extending out from a coast is

barrier spit

sand that extends from a coast into open water is called a

barrier split

Which of the following is considered to be a possible mechanism for glacier surges?

basal slip and slight floating of the glacier only

The degradation of a landscape by weathering, erosion, and transportation will ultimately reduce the landscape down to

base level.

If earth did NOT experience endogenic processes, the landscape would

be of very low relief as a result of weathering and erosion in the absence of uplift.

famine

because of the lack of access or money health issues, mass migration

The largest material that can be carried by a stream is carried as

bed load

The largest material that can be carried by a stream is carried as 1. bed load 2. suspended load 3. dissolved load 4. truck load

bed load

The sediment load consisting of coarse material too large to remain in suspension, moving along the channel bottom via traction and saltation is the

bed load

The sediment load consisting of course material to large to remain in suspension, moving along the channel bottom via traction and saltation is the

bed load

Braided streams are not found in

bedrock-controlled channels.

glacial movement

behaves in a plastic manner, distorting and flowing in response to weight and pressure from above and the degree of slope below. (slow!!) a valley glacier will move internally. at the same time the base creeps and slides along

population boom

between 1800 and 2011. 1 billion people to 7 billion people

Which of the following processes is NOT part of the watercycle?

biomagnification

John Wesley Powell put forward the idea of base level, which refers to

both an imagined surface that extends inland from sea level, and is inclined gently upward and a level below which a stream cannot erode its valley are correct...

Which of the following channel characteristics adjusts in response to changes in energy of flow and sediment load in the channel? 1. channel slope 2. channel width and depth 3. both channel slope and channel width and depth 4. none of these-river channel form is controlled exclusively by the type of rock or sediment through which the river flows

both channel slope and channel width and depth...

In order for an atoll to form, what had to happen

both erosion and submergence

As regards the sides of a dune, which of the following is correctly matched?

both leeward- avalanche slope and leeward-angle of response

The transformation of snow into glacial ice in Antartica takes _________ than in midlatitude alpine glaciers because___________.

both longer;less snow falls per year in polar regions and longer; less melting and refreezing occurs in Antartica

Barrier islands make ____________ sites for real estate because _____________.

both poor; they are unstable and often mobile and poor; they can be overrun by storm surges

Bed load is moved by

both saltation and traction, but not suspension.

In order to preserve their beaches, cities located along a coast will often build groins that protrude into the sea What is the result of this practice?

both sediment is deposited on the side of the groin facing into the current, and this results in deposition in the desired location and less sediment is available to areas down shore, so their beaches begin to erode.

Which of the following tends to occur when an area experiences tectonic uplift in its headwater region?

both. The amount of turbulence will increase and the channel will begin to erode downward at a faster rate

areas of the ocean that have less that 35% salinity due to freshwater input are known as

brackish

Excess sediment may result in which of the following channel patterns?

braided stream

A structure that can be used to create a zone of still water near a coastline

breakwater

Water management projects can have various goals, such as

bringing in water to make a dry area habitable creating a reservoir for drinking water generating electric power, which then allows people to live and grow crops in desert areas

Pediment

broad, gently sloping erosional surface

Regolith

broken up rock in the surface of bedrock

Which of the following is not true of tides? a. The Moon's gravitational pull on Earth is greater than that of the Sun's. b. Inertia produces a bulge on the side of Earth opposite that of the Moon. c. Tidal bulges rotate with Earth; i.e., they move with the landmasses as Earth rotates. d. The tidal bulge located on the side of Earth opposite that of the Moon results from the fact that it is "left in position" while the water on the side facing the Moon is drawn toward the Moon. e. Most places on Earth experience two high tides and two low tides each day.

c. Tidal bulges rotate with Earth; i.e., they move with the landmasses as Earth rotates.

From inland to the ocean, which sequence of zones is correct? a. nearshore, backshore, coast b. beach, surf zone, coast c. coast, backshore, foreshore, nearshore d. ocean, beach, cliffs

c. coast, backshore, foreshore, nearshore

The material from which stalactites and other cave formations develop is derived from

calcite that was dissolved from overlying rock as groundwater flowed through it and then precipitated when the water evaporated...

A Basin formed in a volcano flowing an eruption is a

caldera

A tsunami

can be caused by an earthquake

Vegetation

can protect rock by shielding it from raindrop impact and providing roots to stabilize soil; produces organic acids that contribute to chemical weathering

munsell colour chart

can understand organic content, moisture level, oxidation, and chemical presence

permeability

capacity of a porous material to transmit fluids

The total possible load a stream can transport is its _______, whereas a stream's ability to move particles of specific size is its _____________.

capacity; competence

The total possible load a stream can transport is its ________, whereas a stream's ability to move particles of specific size is its ________.

capacity; competence

Carbonation

carbon combines with minerals, dissolving them

For the ocean as a whole, the most abundant gas dissolved in seawater is

carbon dioxide

Karst topography is formed primarily by 1. carbonation and solution 2. mass wasting processes 3. oxidation and hydrolysis 4. exfoliation and hydration

carbonation and solution...

Concrete that is buried below the ground will usually weather faster than that above the ground this is because

carbonic acid solution attacks the concrete and water is more abundant in the soil are true...

oxidation

causes cars to rust

diagenesis of sedimentary rocks consists of

cementation, compaction and hardening

If you followed a river from its headwaters to the ocean, you would observe the clarity decrease because of

changes in the amount of suspended load and an increase in amount of clay due to weathering of the load and influx of sediment into the river only

The process whereby streams deepen their channel is known as

channel incision.

Which of the following is not factored when considering discharge?

channel length

soil texture

characterizes the particles size distribution

Chemical weathering

chemical breakdown of the constituent minerals in rock, always in the presence of water

The main process contributing material in solution in sediment load is

chemical weathering

Which type of volcano and/or associated volcanic feature tends to be the most explosive and has the steepest slope?

cinder cone

An atoll is approximately ____________ in shape because it forms ___________.

circular; around submerged volcanic islands

A tarn is a lake in a

cirque

A glacier that is confined in a bowl-shaped recess is called a

cirque glacier

Which of the following are erosional landforms created by alpine glaciation?

cirques

Sedimentary rock formed from dissolved minerals that precipitate out of water solution and build up to form rock are

clastic

As a stream's velocity decreases, which of the following sizes of sediments will be deposited last?

clay

As a stream's velocity decreases, which of the following sizes of sediments will be deposited last? 1. gravel 2. sand 3. silt 4. clay

clay

Which of the following statements is true regarding the erosion and transport of clay?

clay is difficult to lift from a surface but is easy to keep suspended in the air.

Free face

cliff or drop-off; downslope from the waxing slope

Stream drainage patterns are determined by which of the following?

climate, regional steepness and relief, and variations in rock resistance

Karst valley

coalescence of sinkholes; an elongated depression up to several kilometers long

Hydration

combination with water; involves little chemical change

saturation

completely mixed with water (gravitational)

Joint patterns

complex _____________ in the otherwise impermeable limestone are needed for water to form routes to subsurface drainage channels; needed for karst topography

Cockpit karst

complex landscape in which sinkholes intersect

So-called "sleeper waves" result from

constructive, in-phase interference .

So-called "sleeper waves" result from

constructive, in-phase interference.

Salt water

contains a higher concentration of dissoved salts

A drainage divide that separates drainage basins that empty into different bodies of water surrounding a continent are know as

continental divides.

A continuos mass of ice covering a large landmass is known as a

continental glacier

The Great Lakes of North America were created by

continental glaciers that carved deep into pre-existing river valleys, creating troughs, which filled with water.

Minnesota is described as "the land of ten thousand lakes". These lakes were created by

continental glaciers that deposited ice in till plains.

The Himalayas

continental plate collides with continental plate

The nucleus of old crystalline rock in each of the principal continental masses is called a

continental shield, or craton.

biological activity

contributes to the organic constitution of the soil

A possible mechanism responsible for the movement of plates within tectonic theory

convection

A plate boundary in which plates re moving toward one another

convergent plate boundary

describes the cooling mechanism that normally leads to cloud formation

cooling by lifting and air expansion

Which of the following shows the order in which you will encounter the layers of the earth, starting from the center of the earth and working your way to the surface?

core, mantle, crust

when looking down on the earth from the north pole it rotates

counterclockwise

hanging valley

curved by tributary glaciers are left stranded high above the valley floor, because the primary glacier eroded the valley so deeply. they have waterfalls.

The portion of each meandering curve subject to the fastest water velocity undergoes the greatest erosive action. This action forms a steep

cutback.

As they migrate, meandering streams erode their out outside banks, often forming a narrow neck of land that eventually erodes through and forms a ________ and the stream becomes ________.

cutoff; straighter

Which of the following is true of worldwide sea level? a. Over the long term, levels have been very constant. b. Changes in sea level are usually unrelated to tectonic processes. c. Changes seem to occur without any relation to global average temperatures. d. It was about 130 m (430 ft.) lower 18,000 B.P., and about 10 cm lower 100 years or so ago.

d. It was about 130 m (430 ft.) lower 18,000 B.P., and about 10 cm lower 100 years or so ago.

The effect of urbanization on a typical stream hydrograph is to

decrease lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge.

As base level is approached by a stream, the ability of a stream to erode its bed 1. increases 2. decreases 3. remains constant

decreases

The removal and lifting of individual loose particles by the wind is termed

deflation

A meandering stream is one that is

delicately balanced between equilibrium and chaos.

This tree-like drainage pattern efficiently moves water and sediment through its system due to minimization of the total length of each branch.

dendritic

Which of the following stream channel types is likely to develop on gently sloping surfaces composed of rocks or sediments with approximately the same resistance to erosion? 1. radial 2. annular 3. deranged 4. dendritic

dendritic...

Which of the following is incorrectly matched? Question options: 1) volcanic eruptions - endogenic 2) tectonic uplift - endogenic 3) heavy rainfall - exogenic 4) weathering and erosion - exogenic 5) denudation - endogenic

denudation-endogenic

With no clear geometry and no true stream valley, this drainage pattern occurs in areas such as glaciated shield regions.

deranged

Dendritic drainage

develops along the surface of homogeneous horizontal bedrock (rock made of similar resistance). Tributaries do not follow a specific direction. Looks like tree branches or nerve dendrites.

Radial drainage

develops around a central elevated point such as a mountain or volcano peak, and runs down all sides uniformly. Looks like bicycle spokes.

Annular drainage

develops around a central uplifted point that is surrounded by rock of varying resistance. As the water travels down the sides, it may encounter more resistant rock and must travel along the harder rock, until it finds a break to continue flowing downhill.

Trellis drainage

develops in areas of folded topography. The water will mainly flow along the centers of folds, but may escape at weak points between folds.

Rectangular drainage

develops in regions where there is faulting. The water takes the path of least resistance and will follow along the breaks in bedrock. Water turns at sharp angles as it follows faults.

tidal range

difference between consecutive high and low tides

mesozoic era

dinosaurs

A stream's volume of flow per unit of time is its

discharge.

Terranes refer to

displaced and migrating pieces of Earth's crust

The sediment load that travels in solution is

dissolved load.

Karst topography

distinctive topography formed in a region of chemically weathered limestone with poorly developed surface drainage and solution features that appear pitted and bumpy

Based on tectonic theory the youngest seafloor should (and is) located near which type of tectonic boundary

divergent

A plate boundary in which plates are moving apart

divergent plate boundary

Universal Transverse mercator

divides the world into 6'longitude wide and 8' latitude high zones, from 80'S and 84' N and uses eastings and northings to identify position on earth surface.

Drainage density is determined by

dividing the total length of all stream channels in the basin by the area of the basin.

Drainage density is determined by

diving the total length of all stream channels in the basin by the area of the basin.

Exfoliation dome

dome-shaped feature of weathering, produced by the response of granite to the overburden removal processes, which relieves pressure from the rock; layers of rock slough off in slabs or shells in a sheeting process

Waning slope

downslope from the debris slope; concave; forms a pediment

Debris slope

downslope from the free face; condition reflects local climate

In most river basins in humid regions, discharge is highest

downstream.

Watersheds are defined by

drainage divides.

Watersheds are defined by

drainage divides...

Gravity

driving force in mass movement

High mountains consisting of tightly folded and overthrust sedimentary rock layers, as well as metamorphic rocks, are formed

during plate collisions

geoid means

earth-shaped

A sudden release of energy along a fault is a

earthquake

which of the following is created by endogenic forces? 1. tornadoes 2. flooding from a thunderstorm 3. earthquakes 4. glaciers

earthquakes...

UTM coordinate system

easting and northing

The E horizon is dominated by __________, whereas the B horizon is dominated by __________.

eluviation; illuviation

The movement of material out of a layer is called ______, whereas the deposition of material in a layer is called _________.

eluviation; illuviation

registered data layers

ensuring the map layers line up

Which is typical of a rejuvenated system?

entrenched meanders, increased downcutting and terraces

The area at the surface directly above the subsurface location where seismic waves are initiated is termed the

epicenter

An orogeny is an

episode of mountain building

terminal moraine

eroded debris that is dropped at the glaciers farthest extent.

Which of the following landforms is incorrectly matched with a drainage pattern? 1. volcano-radial 2. folded mountain belt- trellis 3.eroded dome- annular 4. topographically disrupted areas- parallel

eroded dome- annular...

A stream becomes graded when

erosion and deposition are in equilibrium.

The term eolian refers to

erosion, transportation, and deposition by the wind.

Buttes, mesas, and inselbergs represent

erosional remnants of a once extensive and continuous rock layer.

A winding hill of sorted sand and gravel deposits is known as a(n) _________ and is deposited by a(n) __________ glacier.

esker; continental

Water ________ from the earth's surface to the air.

evaporates

food scarcity

exists when all people at all times have physical and economic access

Because rivers constitute such a small percentage of Earth's total water supply, they play a small role in landform change. True or false

false

T/F a mineral can be either organic or inorganic

false

T/F convergent plate boundaries occur in areas of seafloor spreading

false

T/F the arrangement of continents is permanent with only minor changes wrought by crustal movement (e.g. earthquakes)

false

The suspended load of a stream is the coarser materials that are dragged along the stream bed. True or False

false

earthquakes are only found along plate boundaries

false

Earthquakes are only found along plate boundaries

fasle

All other factors being equal, landscapes of great relief experience

faster rates of landform change than those of low relief

Because the upper regions of a glacier flow ______________ than the base of the glacier, the upper part of the glacier tends to be ____________.

faster; stretched

A fracture in a rock along which movement can occur is a

fault

population change occurring because

fertility, mortality and net migration

Snow that has a compact, granular structure is known as

firn

Drowned glacial valleys are known as

fjords

Natural levees are created during

floods

Natural levees are created during

floods.

Rectangular drainage patterns form primarily as a result of

flow through a faulted landscape.

Rectangular drainage patterns form primarily as a result of _____________.

flow through a faulted landscape...

Mudflow

fluid downslope flows of material containing more water than earthflows

Processes that are related expressly to streams and rivers are termed

fluvial.

Stream related processes are termed

fluvial...

The form that a landscape exhibits results from a balance between

forces acting on the landscape, endogenic and exogenic processes, input and output of matter and energy, ALL OF THE ABOVE

Dripstones

form as water containing dissolved minerals slowly drips from cave ceiling

Talus slope

formed by angular rock fragments that cascade down a slope along the base of a mountain; poorly sorted, cone-shaped deposits

Glacial ice is

formed from continual accumulation of snow that recrystallizes under its own weight into an ice mass over a period of many years.

cirque glacier

forms in cirques which are scooped out erosional landform, near mountains bowl shaped. (bowls in mountains)

Cave

forms in limestone because it is so easily dissolved by carbonation; generally form just beneath the water table

lateral moraine

forms on each side of a glacier. it is a glacial sediment

kettle lake

forms when isolated blocks of ice perists in a ground moraine, an outwash plain, or valley floor after a glacier retreats, as the block finally melts, it leaves behind a steep-sided hole the frequently fills water

fjord

forms where a glacial depression intersects the ocean. continues to erode the landscape.

Joints

fractures or separations in rock that occur without displacement of the sides

Sheeting

fracturing or fragmentation of rock by pressure release; often related to exfoliation processes

Terranes refer to

fragmented crustal material from one plate and accreted to another plate.

Generally speaking, "beaches" span the zone

from several feet above high tide to several feet below low tide.

The fact that water expands as much as 9 percent of its volume as it freezes is the basis of

frost wedging

Most freshwater on earth is

frozen in polar icecaps

niche

full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions

Mass wasting

general process involved in mass movements and erosion of the landscape

The downstream portion of a river

generally is of higher velocity, although it is masked by reduced turbulence

The downstream portion of a river

generally is of higher velocity, although it is masked by reduced turbulence.

Slope orientation

geographic orientation of a slope; whether it faces north, south, east, or west; controls slope's exposure to sun, wind, and precipitation

The science that specifically studies the origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution of land forms is

geomorphology

list glaciers types from small to large

glacieret, cirque glacier, valley glacier, ice sheet

piedmont glacier

glaciers that pour out of their confining valleys where they spread in the fan or bulb shapes (Malaspina in Alaska). they spread freely over lowlands

Which pedogenic regime occurs in cool, wet climates in areas of poor drainage, and results in the accumulation of humus-as well as a water saturated layer of gray clay?

gleization

A(n) ________ is a stream maintain an equilibrium between the processes of erosion and deposition and, therefore degradation and aggradation.

graded stream

The drop in stream elevation per unit distance is known as

gradient.

Continental Crust crust is basically _____ whereas oceanic crust is basically ______.

granite, basalt.

the continental crust is mainly _________while the oceanic crust is mainly ____

granite; basalt

spring tide

greatest tidal range between high and low tides monthly

gravitational water

ground water

The largest practical potential source of fresh water in North America is

groundwater...

species

group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

Stalactites

grow from ceiling

Stalagmites

grow from ground

active remote sensing systems

has its own power source

clay

has the best and largest saturation and field capacity

The process whereby streams lengthen their channels upstream is called

headwater erosion.

The suspended load of a stream consists of particles that are

held aloft in the stream flow

The suspended load of a stream consists of particles that are

held aloft in the stream flow.

Brine water results from

high evaporation rates

Brine water results from

high evapotranspiration rates

Earthflow

high in water content; caused by sandstone formations resting on weak shale and siltstone, which become moistened and soft, offering little resistance to the overlying strata

chemical weathering is greatest when:

high mean annual rainfall and high temperature

In regions where precipitation is low and evaporation rates are high, the salinity of surface ocean waters is_______than the ocean's global average salinity.

higher

Chemical weather is greatest under conditions of

higher mean annual rainfall and temperatures

You would expect only slight physical and chemical weathering under conditions of

higher temperature and lower precipitation

Oxisols are __________ and __________.

highly leached; nutrient-poor

Slopes

hill-slopes; curved, inclined surfaces that form the boundaries of landforms

physical geographers work on topic such as:

hillslope erosion, environmental change or ground water pollution

The statistical rating of flood discharge is based on

historical records of discharge during precipitation events.

In which climates would rock be weathered to the greatest depth

hot and wet

In which climates would rock be weathered to the greatest depth?

hot and wet

Lahar

hot mudflow

Scarification

human-induced mass movements

A mixture of decomposed organic matter in soil that is usually dark in color is called

humus

A squeeze-and-release action works to loosen and lift rocks in a stream channel. This is an example of

hydraulic action.

soil ph

hydrogen levels (the more, the more acidic)

This graph, showing the effects of urbanization on streamflow over time, is an example of a

hydrograph.

The science of water and its global circulation, distribution, and properties is known as

hydrology.

Which of the following is not a type of physical weathering process 1) pressure-release jointing 2) hydrolysis 3) salt crystal growth 4) frost wedging

hydrolysis

piezometric surface

hypothetical surface water in a confined aquifer rises

The type of glacier that dominated Greenland and Antartica is

ice sheet

Kettle holes are formed by

ice that melts after having been burred by glacial sediments.

granite

igneous rocks

aquiclude

impermeable layer which prevents ground water flow

Salinization is likely to occur

in areas of high potential evapotranspiration and low actual evapotranspiration

Consider the equation Q=wdv. According to the equation, if Q (discharge) remains constant, but w and d decrease (as when a channel becomes more narrow and shallow), the velocity will

increase

At constant temperature, the density of seawater_______ with increasing salinity.

increases

The density of seawater of average salinity always_______with falling temperature.

increases

An increase in turbulence

increases the rivers erosive power

Waxing slope

increasing slope near the top; convex

Water enters the soil in a process called ______________, and then moves downward through the soil in a process called ________.

infiltration; percolation...

seismograph

instrument used to record vibrations in the crust

3 components of glacier movement

internal deformation, basal sliding, soft bed deformation

A basin in which water leaves via evapotranspiration or subsurface gravitational flow instead of reaching the ocean is said to have

internal drainage.

Translational slides

involve movement along planar (flat) surface roughly parallel to the angle of the slope with no rotation

Which of the following was pulled inward to create the earth's core during the later accretion phase? 1. magnesium 2. silica 3. iron 4. aluminum

iron...

the most abundant element within the earths crust is

iron...

Because the climate of a region slowly changes and tectonic adjustments slowly occur, the landscape

is continuously adjusting to new conditions that develop and is usually in a state of dynamic equilibrium only

drumlin

is deposited till that has been streamlined in the direction of continental ice movement, blunt end upstream and tapered end downstream. (ny in wisconsin). sometimes it looks like a bowl that is face-down

weather

is the short-term condition of the atmosphere

Which of the following is not true of ground water found between the surface and a depth of 4 km? 1. it is the largest potential freshwater source in the hydrologic cycle. 2. it contains 70 times as much water as all the fresh water lakes in the world 3. it contains water equal to that found in the atmosphere and rivers 4. 75% of the u.s. population derives a portion of its fresh water from this ground water.

it contains water equal to that found in the atmosphere and rivers

In order to protect the City of Galveston, Texas (located on a barrier island) from storm surges, a sea wall was built along the coast of the island. As a result, wave energy that used to dissipate by running up the sandy beach, now runs into a concrete wall and reflects back onto the small beach in front of the sea wall. What do you suppose this process has done to the beach in front of the wall?

it has eroded most of the beach because the wave energy is now directed toward the sea

Which of the following is true of the longitudinal profile of most rivers

it is concave in shape

Which of the following is true regarding an unconfined aquifer? 1. it consists of a permeable sediment layer surrounded by impermeable layers above and below it 2. It is recharged by the downward flow of water under the influence of gravity 3. water cannot migrate into the aquifer through pore spaces directly above it. 4. all of these are true 5. none of these are true.

it is recharged by the downward flow of water under the influence of gravity...

firn line

it is visible on the surface of a glacier, where the winter snow and ice accumulation survived the summer melting season. separates the accumulation zone from the ablation zone.

The presence of stratified, or sorted, glacial sediment indicates that

it was deposited by glacial meltwater

The height of a tsunami grows as it approaches a coastline primarily because

its wavelength shortens

when is the earth closest to the sun?

january

day length is shortest in the middle latitudes of the southern hemisphere on

june 21

An example of chemical weathering is

karst topography

Chemical weathering processes are particularly effective on limestone landscapes, forming

karst topography...

Which of the following might be expected to occur in either an ash-covered, mountainous, volcanic region following a heavy rain or snow covered,

lahar

Initial landscapes

landscapes built by endogenic processes

Sequential landscapes

landscapes built by exogenic processes

continental glacier

larger scale, a continuous mass of ice. it is an ice sheet (green land, antartica)

The average size of sediment in a natural levee is ________ that found in the surrounding floodplain.

larger than

Bingham Canyon Cooper Mine

largest human-made excavation on Earth

Mammoth Cave

largest limestone cavern/cave

At a strike-slip fault,

lateral shearing occurs

Which pedogenic regime is associated with tropical soils?

laterization

geographic coordinating system

latitude and longitude

in 14000 BP 2 ice sheet covered north america. where were they and what were they called?

laurentide, hudson bay area cordilleran, rocky mountains

Pressure-release jointing

layer after layer of rock peels off in curved slabs or plates, thinner at the top of the rock structure and thicker at the sides

neap tide

least difference between high and low water monthly

All other factors being equal, we would expect to find_______dissolved oxygen in turbulent water than in calm water.

less

Wind is _____________ effective at eroding and transporting materials than other geomorphic agents because its density is _____________ that of other geomorphic agents.

less; less

The A horizon is usually __________ underlying layers because ___________.

lighter than, it contains little humus, but a consideral amount of mineral particles

All hydrogen bonds are broken during the phase change of water from

liquid to vapor

A general term for the coastal environment is

littoral zone

A roughly equal measure of sand, silt, and clay is called

loam

When people go swimming along a coast, they often find themselves, after a while, down the coast from where they first entered the water. They moved down shore because

longshore currents

Alluvial fans are formed as flowing water ________ as it leaves a constricted channel.

loses velocity

24. A cinder cone is formed from relatively __________ viscosity magma with a __________ gas content.

low; high

Which of the following can lead to hill slope failure?

making a road cut in the side of a hill, increasing the slope angle, excessively watering a slope, ALL OF THE ABOVE

mangrove swamps are limited to tropical and subtropical latitudes because

mangrove seedlings do no survey temperature below freezing

The climate of San Diego on the Southern California coast is more _______than the climate of inland Kansas City, MO.

maritime

Debris avalanche

mass of falling and tumbling rocks, debris and soil

Unstable

materials of slope are weaker than denudation processes

Channels with gradual slopes often develop a sinuous form called a ________ pattern.

meandering stream

Which of the following types of moraines is not oriented perpendicular to the direction of ice flow?

medial

When two valley glaciers join together, they form a __________ at the point at which they merge.

medial moraine.

ablation zone

melting on the surface,ice removal by deflation (wind), the calving of ice, and sublimation. losses of ice

marble

metamorphic rock; oldest rocks on earth, denser and less porous than their parent forms, form after pre-existing rock is partly melted and recrystallized under great pressure

on the koppen climate classification "D' denote____ climates, which are characterised by temperatures__________ and _______

microthermal; above 10'C in summer and below 0'C in winter

Along _____ new ocean floor is formed by upwelling flows of magma, where as along ______ old oceanic crust is destroyed.

mid oceanic ridges, subduction zones

The speed of sound propagation in the ocean is_______in the SOFAR channel.

minimum

frank slide happened because of:

mining, chemical weathering, and freeze thaw action

field capacity

mix of water and air (capillary)

The upper layer of the ocean that is heated by the sun and mixed by the wind is the

mixing layer

About 2% of the oceanic mass comprise the

mixing zone of blended solutes and temperatures

About 2 percent of the oceanic mass comprises the

mixing zone of blended solutes and temperatures.

Near the shore, waves of transition begin to "feel bottom" and, as a result, the orbits of the water molecules in the wave become

more elliptical and the process eventually cause breakers to form.

When the same quantity of heat is added per unit mass, a substance with a low specific heat warms_______a substance with a high specific heat.

more than

The west coasts of north and south america are dominated by

mountain ranges

himalayan mountains

mountains resulting from orogenisis due to the collision of continental plates

Sinkhole

nearly circular depression created by the weathering of karst landscapes with subterranean drainage; also known as a doling in traditional studies; may collapse through the roof of an underground space

An interruption in a streams graded profile of equilibrium is called a

nickpoint

An interruption in a stream's graded profile of equilibrium is called a

nickpoint.

orientation of projection plane

normal polar and transversal

People often say that California is going to "fall into the ocean,". This idea is totally wrong because the San Andreas fault would have to be a __________ fault associated with __________ forces for this to happen.

normal; tension

Rotational slides

occur when surface material moves along concave surface

Granular disintegration

occurs when weaker minerals in rock are changed by hydrolysis and the interlocking crystal network breaks down, so the rock fails; may make the rock appear etched, corroded, and softened, even crumbly

Which material or layer should be least dense? 1. continental crust 2. the inner core 3. oceanic crust 4. the asthenosphere

oceanic crust...

The Andes Mountains

oceanic plate collides with continental plate

pacific islands

oceanic plate collides with oceanic plate

hydrologic cycle

only a limited amount of water available on earth

suspension

only the finest sand particles travel in the air

Drainage basins are ________ systems.

open

Exfoliation occurs because

overlying rock is removed, thereby allowing the underlying rock mass to expand and fracture

A(n) ________ is a meander that becomes isolated from the rest of the river.

owbow lake

The largest ocean in the world in terms of are is

pacific

A crescent shaped dune with anchoring vegetation is called a

parabolic dune

Steep slopes and some relief generally produce which drainage pattern?

parallel

This drainage pattern is associated with steep slopes.

parallel

Steep slopes and some relief generally produce which drainage pattern?

parallel...

Porosity

percentage of the total volume of a rock or sediment that consists of open spaces.

permafrost

permanent frost.

When rock is broken and disintegrated without dissolving, the process in operation is

physical weathering

Beaches are

places along the coast where sediment is in motion

In order to reestablish eroding beaches, some municipalities deposit sand on the beach using trucks. In the process, known as beach nourishment, the beach front may be steepened relative to its original slope. Based on the relationship between beach slope and wave type, you know that this restoration process will result in the generation of __________.

plunging breakers that will erode the newly deposited sand

Which pedogenic regime tends to occur in cool, coniferous forests, and results in acidification of the soil?

podzolation

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

point bar — area of substantial erosion

The portion of each meandering curve subject to the slowest water velocity undergoes aggradation. This results in a(n)

point bar.

Based on the discussion in the text, you can conclude that a wadi would make a ___________ campsite because ____________.

poor; flash floods can occur without warning.

what are the main tasks of remote sensing, imaging science, surveying and spatial modelling

positioning, routing, directing

In hydrogen bonding, the _______charged hydrogen pole of a water molecule attracts the oppositely charged oxygen pole of another water molecule.

positively

A desert is an area in which

potential evapotranspiration rates exceed actual evapotranspiration rates.

A mass of water above base level in a stream has ________ energy; as it flows downstream, this energy becomes ________ energy.

potential; kinetic

Climate

precipitation, temperature, and freeze-thaw cycles; most important factors affecting weathering

the 3 main driving forces for wind are:

pressure gradient, coriolis force, friction force

Weathering

processes that break down rock at Earth's surface and to some depth below the surface, either disintegrating rock into mineral particles or dissolving it in water; physical (mechanical) and chemical

A central peak,such as a volcanic mountain, generally produces a ________ drainage pattern.

radial

This drainage pattern results when streams flow off a central peak or dome.

radial

A central peak, such as a volcanic mountain, generally produces a ________ drainage pattern.

radial...

Faulted and jointed landscapes directs streams courses in patterns of right-angle turns forming this drainage pattern.

rectangular

Horizons are often _________ in color because of ____________.

reddish or yellowish; the minerals they contain are often chemically oxidized.

climate

reflects long-term atmospheric conditions

In most areas, the upper surface of bedrock is partially weathered to broken-up rock called

regolith

Entrenchment of a channel occurs because

rejuvenation occurs due to uplift.

When water vapor condenses, latent heat of vaporization is_______the environment.

released to

Vertical elevation differences in a local landscape are referred to as

relief

gully erosion

removal of layers of soil, creating channels or ravines too large to be removed by normal tillage operations

Mountaintop removal

removing ridges and summits and dumping the debris into stream valleys, thereby exposing the coal seams for mining and burying the stream channels

raster data

represented by an array of grid cells. They are in rows and columns, providing "wall-to-wall" coverage of an area.

outer liquid iron core

responsible for 90% of earths magnetic field

till plain

retreat of a continental glacier : forms behind an end moraine, it features unstratified coarse till, has low and rolling relief, and has a deranged drainage pattern

outwash plain

retreat of a continental glacier form :stream channels that are melt-water fed, braided,and overloaded with sorted and deposited materials.

The presence of grabens and horsts indicates the occurrence of

rift activity

Overland flow can concentrate in small grooves called ________, which can enlarge to form ________.

rills; gullies

When overland flow becomes concentrated on an interfluve, it creates small grooves called ___________, which can enlarge to form ___________ if erosion of the slope is not controlled.

rills; gullies...

The presence of talus slopes indicates that _________ occur and that the area near them is _________ for real estate development.

rock falls, unsafe

aquifer

rock or sediment layer with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit groundwater

a rouche moutonnee is made from________, while a drumlin is mostly made from________

rock; sediment

Erratics are

rocks that are not native to an area.

A sea stack (i.e., an isolated pillar of rock located offshore) is the erosional remnant of a

rocky headland.

Desert landscapes tend to be _________ in appearance because of the __________.

rugged and hard-edged; lack of chemical weathering

Oxidation

rusting; metallic elements combine with oxygen to form oxides

The concentration of dissolved solids in the seawater is called

salinity

Bed load is moved by

saltation and traction only

Sediment

sandy, unconsolidated fragmental material

geographical navigation satellite system

satellite navigation

Human induced mass movements produce a category of processes known as

scarification

geodesy

science concerned with measuring of the earth

Geomorphology

science of landforms

ecology

scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

The ultimate base level is

sea level.

The ultimate base level is

sea level...

Parent material

sediment combined with weathered rock

Braided streams are characterized by

sediment deposition in the channel resulting in the formation of sand and gravel bars and numerous small "channels". and a heavy load in relation to its discharge only.

sandstone

sedimentary rock

In response to the occurrence of a local base level, 1. a stream continues to operate to reduce its landscape to sea level-the ultimate base level 2. sediments accumulate in response to the loss of flow velocity 3. sea level changes 4. this situation never occurs in nature

sediments accumulate in response to the loss of flow velocity...

soil structure

shape and size of soil aggregates

Spheroidal weathering

sharp edges and corners of rocks are rounded as the alteration of minerals progresses through the rock; resembles exfoliation, but does not result in pressure-release jointing

Stream transport involves all of the following except 1. saltation 2. bed load 3. traction 4. sheet flow

sheet flow

Stream transport involves all of the following except

sheet flow.

What size material comprises the dust in a dust storm that extends thousands of feet above the ground?

silts and clays

glacial ice

similar to the metamorphic proces: snow and firn are pressured and recrystallized into a dense metamorphic rock. takes a long time to make.

glacier

similar to the metamorphic proces: snow and firn are pressured and recrystallized into a dense metamorphic rock. takes a long time to make.

The weathering of limestone can create circular depressions known as

sinkholes

The weathering of limestone can create circular depressions known as

sinkholes...

alpine glacier

smaller scale, a glacier in a mountain range. has subtypes:valley-glacier. they originate in a mountain of snowfield that is confined in a bowl-shaped recess. (flows down mountain ranges)

firn

snow of a granular texture that is transitional in the slow transformation from snow to glacier ice, snow that has persisted through the summer in the zone of accumulation.

pingo

soil covered ice that develops heaved-up,circular, ice cored mound. it rises when freezing water expands.

A slow persistent mass movement of surface soil is called

soil creep

Texture refers to _____________, whereas structure refers to _____________.

soil particle size; the aggregation of soil particles into "dirt clods"

earths inner core consists of

solid iron

the inter-tropical convergence zone migrates toward the ____during the southern hemisphere summer and toward the______ during the southern hemisphere winter

south; north

which of the following is incorrectly matched?

spring tides-high tides only

A dune that is the mountainous giant of at the sandy deserts is called a

star dune

The leading geological principle that states that "the same physical processes active in the environment today have been operating throughout geologic time" is called....

steady-state equilibrium...

construction of map plane

stereographic, geonomic and orthographic

Which of the following is used to measure streamflow?

stilling well and staff gauge

Which of the following is a depositional landform created by glaciation?

stratified drift

The general term for channelized water flow, regardless of size, is

stream.

Stable

strength of slope exceeds denudation processes

the San andreas is what kind of fault

strike- slip fault

Which of the following does not favor delta formation?

strong ocean currents

in which climate do you find the largest temperature range?

subarctic winter-dry climate

A process where two plates converge and force the deser plate to be pushed under the plate of lower density

subduction

__________zones occur when 2 plates are converging, while _____ centers occur where 2 plates are diverging

subduction; spreading

A drainage system that maintains its original course and pattern as it erodes into underlying horizontal beds of different structure than that in which the system evolved is called a

superposed stream.

overland flows

surface water

Desert pavement refers to

surfaces of concentrated pebbles and gravels.

The sediment load consisting of fine-grained clastic particles held aloft in the stream is the

suspended load.

wind transports material through which processes?

suspension, saltation and surface creep

Which of the following represents a surface feature whose relief is opposite that expected based on the fold pattern in the rocks of which it is composed?

synclinal ridge

Roc layers slope downward toward the axis of a fold in a

syncline

Waves in shallow water that "feel bottom" are

taller and more closely spaced

Which of the following will favor stream terrace formation?

tectonic uplift of the headwaters

The Pacific Rim can be characterized as

tectonically active and emerging

Crevasses usually form as a result of

tensional forces

soil degradation

the 2nd most devastating process through which soil and land are lost world wide

when is the warmest part of a summer day in the Northern hemisphere?

the afternoon

Which of the following is not true of tides?

the are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the sun.

Dynamic equilibrium model

the balancing aft between tectonic uplift and reduction by weathering and erosion, between the resistance of rocks and the ceaseless attack of weathering and erosion

loam

the best for growing. equal mix of clay, silt and sand

The concept of "orders of relief" refers to

the classification of landscapes based on scale

The rate at which rocks weathering depends on

the climate of an area, type of rock, the amount of vegetation in the area, ALL OF THE ABOVE

What feature continues inland from high tide to the first major landform?

the coast

which of the following layers should have the highest concentration of silica? 1. the asthenosphere 2. the lithosphere 3. the crust 4. the core

the crust...

soil consistence

the degree and kind of cohesion and adhesion between soil particles

Differential weathering

the effector different resistances in rock, coupled with variations in the intensity of physical and chemical weathering

desertification

the foremost devastating process through which soil and land are lost world wide

negative net balance

the glacier gets smaller due to warm weather, looks like it migrates up

Tides are produced by

the gravitational pull of the moon and sun

abrasion

the grinding of rock surfaces by "sandblasting" actions of particles captured in the air

The littoral zone extends inland to

the highest water line that occurs during a storm

snowline

the lowest elevation where snow can survive (all year round)

A snowline refers to

the lowest line (latitude or elevation) where winter snow accumulation persists throughout the summer.

Many of the islands of Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Borneo), which are located adjacent to a subduction zone next to the edge of the continental shelf of SE Asia, consist of felsic lava. This means that the lava which produces these islands is derived from

the melting of continental shelf material along with ocean floor material.

the greatest velocity of a meandering stream occurs at:

the outer side of the meandering curve

Bedrock

the parent rock from which weathered regolith and soils develop

habitat

the physical and biotic conditions of the places where individuals live

accumulation zone

the place in which there is an excess amount of snow. in relation to an avalanche this is the starting zone.

Geomorphic threshold

the point at which energy overcomes resistance against movement; system breaks through to a new set of equilibrium relationships as the landform and its slopes enter a period of adjustment and realignment 1) equilibrium stability 2) destabilizing event 3) period of adjustment 4) development of a new and different condition of equilibrium stability

focus

the point inside the earth where an earthquake begins

Which of the following is not true of artesian wells? 1. they occur in confined aquifers 2. the water in the associated aquifer is under pressure 3. the groundwater will rise above the level of the water table if a well is drilled into the aquifer 4. the potentiometric surface is below the water table

the potentiometric surface is below the water table...

Stream piracy refers to

the process by which one channel erodes through a drainage divide and captures the headwater regions of another stream.

albedo

the rate of reflection

Dry Adiabatic lapse rate

the rate of which dry air cools down by expansion, if ascending, or heats up by compression, if descending

Fault types are defined by

the relative motion of the hanging wall and footwall

deflation

the removal and lifting of individual loose particles

The term "ground water mining" refers to

the removal of ground water at a rate faster than that at which it can be replaced...

rill erosion

the removing of thin layers of soil as little rivulets of running water gather and cut small channels in the soil

Sometimes a river will flow through a structural and topographic high, such as a dome. In order for this to occur, what had to happen?

the river was flowing through the area prior to uplift and the river was able to erode down through the feature as uplift occured...

uniformitarianism

the same physical processes active in the environment today have been operating throughout geological time

The concept of "orders of relief" refers to

the scale of features

biography

the science that attempts to understand and to document spatial and temporal patterns of biodiversity

geology

the science that deals with the dynamics and physical history of the earth

Resisting force

the shearing strength of the slope material; its cohesiveness and internal friction which work against gravity and mass wasting

the pedon

the smallest identifiable unit of soil

Soil consistency refers to

the soils resistance to breaking and manipulation under different moisture conditions

Angle of repose

the steepness of the resulting slope depends on the size and texture of the grains; represents a balance of the driving force (gravity)

equilibrium line

the zone where accumulation gain balances ablation loss. coincides with the firn line.

If you live in an area that was flooded by the 100-year flood last year, you can conclude that

there is a 1% chance you could be flooded by the 100-year flood again this year.

Approx. 50% of current sea level rise is due to

thermal expansion of ocean water

Which of the following is not true of tides 1. they are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the moon 2. they are complex daily oscillations in sea level 3. they are influenced by the size, depth, and topography of ocean basins 4. they are influenced by shoreline configuration

they are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the Moon.

flood frequency and earthquake frequency graphs have what in common?

they both display the recurrance interval (in yeas) of events of a specific magnitude

tidal glacier

they end in the a body of water. they break of and to form floating ice called icebergs

Plants are important to the development of karst primarily because

they produce acids...

The material deposited behind a terminal moraine (i.e., the side on which the ice was located) forms a(n) ________, whereas that deposited in front of the terminal moraine forms a(n)__________.

till plain outwash plain

Drumlins are formed in _____________, and their tapered ends point _____________.

till plains; downstream.

cenzoic era

today

Which of the following is not an example of an erosional coastline land-form?

tombolo

Which of the following landforms is incorrectly matched with a drainage pattern?

topographically disrupted areas — parallel

The undulating form that gives Earth's surface its character and general configuration is called

topography

Which types of boundaries will a volcano most likely not form?

transform boundaries

A plate boundary in which plates are sliding laterally past one another

transform plate boundary

The engineers who built the Vaiont Reservoir in Italy should have anticipated the possibility of a __________ because the valley in which the dam was located had hillsides made of sedimentary rock that tilted downslope toward the reservoir.

transitional slide

This drainage pattern is characteristic of dipping or folded topography.

trellis

The valley and ridge province is characterized by which drainage pattern?

trellis...

Which drainage pattern is produced by folded topography?

trellis...

Soil creep is a natural process sometimes related to a freeze-thaw cycle of soil moisture.

true

Stream width, depth, and velocity can all change in response to changes in discharge rates. True or False

true

T/F earthquakes and volcanic occurrences do not correlate well with crustal plate boundaries

true

T/F new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges

true

T/F the continents of the words were once connected, forming a supercontinent called pangea

true

T/F the earth's interior composition has been inferred by the use of seismic waves

true

T/F the rock cycle is fueled both by the hydrologic cycle and the tectonic cycle

true

T/F the three types of rocks are igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary

true

The meaning of the terms "river" and "stream" sometimes overlap although, in general, the term "river" is reserved for channels of water larger than a stream. true or false

true

The valley and ridge province in the eastern US is an example of a trellis drainage. True or False

true

the deepest places in the ocean are those in which rifting occurs

true

An earthquake, submarine landslide, or eruption of an undersea volcano is capable of producing a

tsunami.

Which of the following would make the best aquifer? 1. uncemented, loosely compacted clay 2. cemented sand that was highly compacted 3. uncemented sand that is loosely compacted 4. cemented gravel that was loosely compacted at the time of cementation

uncemented sand that is loosely compacted...

the soil

unconsolidated material at the earth surface

soil creep mass movement

under drier conditions and slow downslope movement

Water

universal solvent

The material in a glacial moraine is

unsorted

Till plains refer to

unsorted coarse deposits characterized by low, rolling relief.

Domes can be formed by

up warping associated with magma movement

Endogenic forces are responsible for ________ and result from ________.

uplift; heat generated within earths interior

If a stream originates in a humid region, but subsequently flows through an arid region, discharge is likely highest

upstream.

passive remote sensing systems

use existing electromagnetic energy

The coastal environment is considered to extend seaward

usually to the depths of 60m (200 ft), where storm waves can no longer move sediments

What happens to the flow velocity and erosive power of a stream during a high discharge event if levees have been created to confine flow to the channel?

velocity increases because the width does not increase, and the erosive power increases

Rocks that appear pitted and grooved, and sometimes polished smooth by eolian processes, are termed

ventifacts

isostacy

vertical movement of the crust related to buoyancy and balance

wilting point

very little water (hydroscopic)

What is a pathogen?

virus, microorganism, or other substance that causes disease.

horizons

visible soil layers. labeled A, B, C. C the oldest-parent layer

A sea stack (i.e., an isolated pillar of rock located offshore) is the erosional remnant of a

volcanic neck

Rockfall

volume of rock that falls through the air and hits a surface

The concave lower portion of a typical slope is called a

waning slope

global climate change will result in

warming of most areas on the planet and cooling of a few regions, with the most warming in the high latitudes (northern Canada)

Other than the rock itself, the most important chemical substance needed for the majority of the weathering processes is

water

Other than the rock itself, the most important chemical substance needed for the majority of weather processes is

water

The major erosional force in the desert is

water and fluvial processes

Subsurface water

water below the surface; influences in weathering processes include both the position of the water table and water movement within soil and rock structures

which of the following is true of the ocean deep zone?

water does not freeze because of the intense pressure, and because of its salinity. A&B

Thermal polution has a harmful effect on aquatic environments because

water has been circulated around power generators

The line of contact between the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation is known as the

water table...

Groundwater

water that is beneath the Earth's surface.

brine

water that is over salinity 35%

brackish

water thats less than salinity 35%

hydroscopic water

water unavailable to me

Which of the following are principal active agents involved in chemical weathering?

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide

The area of land from which all water in it drains into the same place is known as a(n)

watershed.

Which of the following is not an example of a depositional coastal landform? 1. wave-built terrace 2. barrier split 3. bay barrier 4. wave cut platform

wave-cut platform

Which of the following is not true of waves of transition? 1. their wavelength increases as they move out of their generating region 2. the orbits of the individual water particles decrease as depth increases 3. waves of transition travel forward and are responsible for breakers 4. waves of transition are responsible for swells 5. the energy in waves of transition propagates through the water.

waves of transition travel forward and are responsible for breakers

As a wave approaches the shoreline and enters shallower water, energy and water move forward causing the water to rise and cascade down from the wave crest as a breaker. These waves are called

waves of translation

The disintegration and dissolving of surface and subsurface rock is called

weathering

Which of the following lists of processes are in the correct sequence as to their occurrence in nature? 1. deposition, erosion, transport, weathering 2. weathering, erosion, deposition, transport 3. weathering, deposition, erosion, transport 4. weathering, erosion, transport, deposition

weathering erosion transport deposition

Which of the following lists of processes are in the correct sequence as to their occurrence in nature?

weathering, erosion, transport, deposition

arete

when cirques erode, sharp edges form, divides cirques. (sawtooth)

Hydrolysis

when minerals chemically react with water; decomposition process that breaks down silicate minerals in rocks

Physical weathering

when rock is disintegrated without any chemical alteration; produces more surface area; also known as mechanical weathering

Column

when stalactites and stalagmites meet

Frost action

when water freezes, its volume expands as much as 9%; also known as freeze-thaw action; repeated expansion causes rocks to crack; joint-block separation and frost wedging

bioturbation

when worms or ants work the soil

As the discharge of a stream increases, which of the following also happens? 1. stream channels narrow, become shallower, and lose velocity. 2. the rate of flow decreases 3. channel width increases but channel depth decreases 4. width depth and velocity all increase

width, depth, and velocity all increase...

A tributary that is physically unable to join the main channel on a floodplain due to natural levees is called a

yazoo tributary.

If you live in an area that was flooded by the 100-year flood last year, you can conclude that

to pass geo 200, ctrl+f

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