Tokugawa Period Japan

Rangaku

"Dutch learning"- western learning, enlightenment, a movement to learn Dutch language and science, dictionaries, books, medical books brought to Japan

sakoku

"closed country", a foreign policy of Japan that no foreigner could enter Japan (to keep west out)- 1635- Iemitsu

Odo Nobunaga

(1568-1582), ruthless, marched on Kyoto, conquered 1/3 of Japan and reduced Buddhist power and surveyed land for agriculture and tax. Death by Seppuku. Ruled during Ashikaga Period

Toyotomo Hideyoshi

(ruled 1582-1598), began to solidify class system, thorough land surverys, changed tax assessment from coins to rice, disarmed the populace, anti-christian, sword hunt (only Samurai's could carry swords) = power move

Tokugawa Ieyasu

(ruled 1600-1616), founder and first shogun of Tokugawa shogunate, collected all guns and moved capital to Edo, virtually ruled Japan from Battle of Sekigahara

Tokugawa Iemitsu

(ruled 1623-1651), grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu, consolidation of political power -internal and external power, expelled christians, enforced Japanese to register at Buddhist temples, closed Japan (except to Korea)

Daimyō (3 kinds)

1. Shinpan (23 families - relatives of Iemitsu) 2. Fudai (150 families most loyal) 3. tozama (1004 families - uber enemies of shogun- furthest reaches of island) Daimyo are domain lords, or feudal or regional lord

Era of Warring States

1467-1568, Sengoku period, Japan was fractured into 100s of little states, each had a head Daimyo, constant warfare,

Christian Century

1549-1639, 1580s-1630s were an era of Christian persecution, Portuguese Jesuits were first to arrive, then next came the Dutch missionaries

Battle of Sekigahara

1600, east vs west- fight for who would rule, Tokugawa (east) had rifles and better technology,

Tokugawa Period

1603-1867, final period of traditional Japan, internal peace and political stability under shogunate (military dictatorship)

Kaibara Ekken

1630-1714, neo-confucian philosopher, he applied confucian ethics to women and children and lower classes- greater learning for women

Dejima

1634, A small manmade island off coast of Nagasaki where western traders could live. they could not touch Japanese soil. First built for Portuguese traders and remained an isolated trading post until 1853

Sankin kōtai

1635- (system of alternate attendance) in Japan by the Tokugawa shogun (hereditary military dictator) Iemitsu by which the great feudal lords (daimyo) had to reside several months each year in the Tokugawa capital at Edo (modern Tokyo). When lords returned to their fiefs, they were required to leave their families in Edo, created lots of major roads (connected like never before),

Shimabara Rebellion

1638, 37,000 peasants (mostly christian with Portuguese support) was a christian uprising (bc of heavy taxes in Shimabara Peninsula), which brought the end to the christian movement. Japanese Gov had to get help from Dutch gunboat to blast the rebels.

Tenmei Famine

1782-1787 - worst famine during Edo period, killed one million people, people resulted to canibalism, infanticide,

Aizawa Seishisai

1782-1863, Japanese nationalist thinker whose writings provoked the overthrow of tokugawa shogunate- "the barbarians"

Townsend Harris

1804-1878, US politician, diplomat, first wester consul to reside in Japan, shaped Japanese/ western relations

Tempō crises

1830-1844; horrible weather problems all over Japan; people starved, economic inflation, civil disorder, rural uprisings

Sakamoto Ryoma

1836-1867, imperial loyalist and assisated in the Satsuma-Choshu alliance (he was murdered on the eve of the restoration)

Tokugawa Yoshinobu

1837-1913, helped overthrow shogunate and create the Meiji Restoration (1868), restoration of power of emperor,

Opium War

1839- China vs. Britain, took over China (Japanese were threatened by West) the treaty was very similar to the 1858 unequal treaty that Japan would make with the US

Emperor Meiji

1852-1912, his reign dramatically changed Japan from feudal to modern world, emperor during Meiji restoration,

Commodore Mathew Perry

1853- Perry arrives with 4 ships and wants a treaty to open up ports in Japan; 1854- Perry returns with 9 ships and demands a treaty

Bakumatsu

1853-1867, final years of Edo period, sakoku ended and the feudal Tokugawa period changed into the Meiji government

Treaty of Kanagawa

1854- first treaty of Japan and Western Nation (USA), signed from peer pressure of Mathew Perry (he had warships), agreed to open ports for US ships

Satchō Alliance

1866, Alliance between Satsuma and Chōshū to restore imperial rule to overthrow Tokugawa shugunate of Japan, they marched on Kyoto- Bakufu falls, restoring Emperor Meiji to power

Satsuma rebellion

1877, a revolt of unhappy former samurai against Meiji, rebellion was crushed, leader committed seppuku,

social class system

6% samurai 85% peasants/ farmers 4.5% artisans 4.5 % merchants <1% outcasts (burakumin)

3 great metropolises

Edo (capital), Kyoto, Osaka,

Boshin war

Fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and those seeking to return political power to the imperial court. Fall of Samurai.

extraterritoriality

Townsend Harris (NY business man) and merchant created a treaty in 1858 that extended Perry's privileges, it opened Japan to grant Americans jurisdiction in both civil and criminal matters, began unequal treaties, Japan became legally subordinate to foreign governments politically and economically,

Sumptuary laws

a law designed to restrict excessive personal expenditures such as food, drink, and clothing, - restricting on religious or moral grounds, main part: staying in your social class through apparel and hair styles

Bakufu (shogunate)

refers to shogun during Tokugawa period, highest rank of military officers

shishi

samurai "loyalists" (foreigners) "men of high purpose", angry young men from middle to low ranks of samurai class, they supported violent action, they loved the emperor and hated foreigners, turning point around mid-19th century when they realized the need to learn from the west (technology),

Meiji Restoration

the political revolution that brought about the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate and returned control of the country to direct imperial rule under the emperor Meiji, beginning an era of major political, economic, and social change known as the Meiji period (1868-1912). This revolution brought about the modernization and Westernization of Japan.

kabuki

traditional Japanese drama with signing and dancing, miming, huge in Japanese culture, fluid gender, live action porno on stage, male and female characters dress up in the opposite sex's clothing, the idea that gender identity is not fixed on a person's physical body, but is changeable as a result of performance

bunraku

traditional Japanese puppet theater with dolls 2/3 size of normal people, 3 puppet masters per doll, dramatic narratives through singing and music, narratives about society in Tokugawa period, love, honor, duty,