topic test review

Describe two ways that stress can be positive.

Research indicates that stress can promote self-growth and improvement when an individual recognizes the benefits of adversity. Individuals can also learn new strengths and insights or learn from mistakes when encountering situations that involve stress.

If an organism remains too long in the stage of exhaustion of the stress response, the organism may collapse from exhaustion.

t

Life changes that are welcome or inviting may also create unmanageable stress.

t

Research indicates that burnout in the workplace is positively associated with absenteeism.

t

Explain how stress can contribute to headaches, heart disease, and cancer.

Health psychologists recognize the link between stress and health problems. Stress also contributes to muscle-tension and migraine headaches. Muscle-tension headaches occur when a person under stress tightens neck, shoulder, forehead, and scalp muscles. The constant stress experienced by Type A personalities contributes to migraine headaches. Some of the stress-related risk factors associated with heart disease include high blood pressure, Type A behavior, constant feelings of anger and hostility, and job strain. Stress is also a risk factor associated with cancer. Studies have shown that mice exposed to stressful conditions develop cancer more readily because their weakened immune systems were less able to kill tumor cells. Stress also makes cancer spread more quickly.

Describe two ways that positive emotions are connected to stress.

Positive emotions can occur as a result of stress just as much as negative emotions. For example, after a tragedy or during a difficult time, individuals may experience a sense of gratitude that the situation was not worse or feel an increase of appreciation for people close to them in their life. Positive emotions appear to help individuals overcome difficulties created by stress as well.

Which of the following is an example of a chronic stressor? A. being harassed by a colleague at work B. getting a sprained ankle C. meeting a deadline D. getting a flat tire

a

Conflict in which each of two choices is positive and within reach

approach-approach conflict

The least stressful type of conflict is the a. avoidance-avoidance conflict. b. approach-approach conflict. c. approach-avoidance conflict. d. multiple approach-avoidance conflic

b

All of the following influences the occurrence of burnout in the workplace except ___________. A. interpersonal conflicts B. lack of control over work responsibilities C. adequate recognition for accomplishments D. lack of control over work outcomes

c

Of the following statements concerning the connection between stress and task performance, which is not correct? A. Stress can interfere with task performance by increasing individual tendencies to jump to conclusions. B. Research indicates that stress interferes with effective task performance. C. Research indicates that stress can improve certain memory functions. D. Stress appears to make it more difficult to suppress competing thoughts.

c

Type A personalities could be described as which of the following? A. agreeable B. relaxed C. patient D. ambitious

d

Which of the following concerning defensive coping is not correct? A. Research indicates that depressed individuals often have more realistic self-concepts than others. B. Defensive coping often involves distorting reality in order to minimize unpleasant emotions. C. Research indicates that defensive coping more often has negative effects than positive effects. D. Research indicates that individuals are mostly aware of their defensive coping tendencies.

d

Research indicates that pessimists cope with stress more effectively than optimists.

f

Attending college can be a new and positive ____________________ that nevertheless causes stress.

life change