Transactional Analysis, Reality Therapy, Adlerian, and Person-Centered Groups ch. 15

Transactional Analysis (TA)

the emphasis is on understanding intra-personal and interpersonal dynamics. Individuals must work on past experiences in a present setting

Control theroy

1980, a complete system for explaining how the brain works

Adlerian theory

always had a group focus. It concentrates on the inherent social interest of persons and emphasizes social development, cooperation, and education.

legal object

an objective

therapeutic contracts

contracts are specific, measurable, concrete statements of what participants intent to accomplish during the group 1. mutual assent 2. competency 3. legal objection 4. consideration

third degree games

deadly and often played for keeps (if ed is caught stealing from elderly and tries to fight his way free from police)

adlerian parent education groups

developmental and preventive aspects of parenting are explained. democratic. logical consequences

classical contracts

emphasis on one or more of the following a. structural analysis b. transactional analysis c. game analysis d. life script analysis All must be accomplished

how reality therapy leaders apply it

help clients take responsibility for their actions, find better ways to meet their needs, and change inappropriate or destructive ways of behaving

re-decision theory

helps clients make re-decisions while they are in their Child ego state (have individuals re-experience a past event as if it were present)

total quality movement (TOM)

in which an emphasis is placed on working cooperatively and productively in small groups. Effective in multiple cultures.

game analysis

includes an examination of destructive and repetitive behavioral patterns and an analysis of the ego states and types of transactions involved

Basic-encounter group

individuals come into much closer and direct contact with one another than is customary in ordinary life. Rogers

individual goals in adlerian theory group

involve developing insight into the creation of a mistaken lifestyle and taking corrective measures

setting up the environment

involves establishing an atmosphere in which work within the group can take place "Always, be courteous and determined as well as enthusiastic" "don't argue belittle, criticize, demean or get lost in excuses"

insight phase of adlerian group

involves helping individuals understand why they made the choices they did in the past

TA leader protection role

involves keeping members safe from psychological or physical harm

life script analysis

people's basic plans involving transactions and games

strokes

physical or psychological recognition 1. withdrawal 2. ritual 3. pastimes 4. work 5. games 6. intimacy

TA group leadres

primarily listeners, observers, diagnosticians and analysts, and secondarily, process facilitators.

drama triangle

the victim: who appears to be innocent the persecutor: who appears to cause problems the rescuer: who appears to solve the problem for the victim

crossed transactions

those in which a response is returned from an unexpected or inappropriate ego state. person initiating often feels hurt. person 1: what time is it person 2: you are always in a hurry

interpretation of a person's early history in Adlerian theory group

to promote change, recognize and understand how a person created their own lifestyles

Four theoretical models for conducting group work

transactional analysis (TA) reality therapy Adlerian Person-Centered

TA potency role

use of appropriate counseling techniques in certain situations. for ex. making a contract for change and active listening are two appropriate and potent counseling techniques

self-report research format

where participants write our or check off how they are different as a result of the group, has been found to be inadequate

Classical transactional analysis

which emphasizes present interactions

cathexis transactional analysis

which emphasizes reparenting

Choice theory

• Replaced Control Theory as the base of reality therapy in 1990s

desired outcomes of person-centered groups

-self actualization -openness to experience, especially as it related to intimacy and meaningfulness with others -becoming less alienated from oneself and others

person centered group leaders carry out five distinct functions

1. conveying warmth and empathy 2. attending to others 3. understanding meaning and content 4. conveying acceptance 5. linking

limitations of reality therapy

1. emphasis of communication, either verbal or written 2. simplicity 3. extreme position on some issues 4. lack of proven effectiveness 5. emphasis on conformity and utility

reality therapy strengths

1. emphasizes accountability 2. emphasis on action and thinking 3. viability with people in society on whom others have given up (prisoners) 4. emphasis on definable procedures for working with individuals in groups 5. treatment continues only until participants are able to resolve difficulties

Adlerian group leader tactics

1. encouragement (leader imply faith in the child by stating their behavior change is possible) 2. natural consequences (living with the results of a particular behavior such as getting lost because one did not follow direction 3. acting "as if" (children act as if they were the ideal person to be) 4. task setting (members set short-range, attainable goals and eventually work up to long-term realistic objectives 5. push button (members are helped to realize they have choice in their lives about which stimuli they pay attention to and remember

strengths of person centered groups

1. enhance the development of the total individual 2. emphasis on the group leader 3. improving personal communication skills 4. research technology 5. influence on educational models 6. made group work acceptable for "normals"

strengths of TA theory of group work

1. helps members understand how they function intra and interpersonally and how they came to make the decisions in life they did 2. simplicity 3. move faster toward getting well 4. can be used in task/work, psych-educational, counseling, and psychotherapy settings

limitations of adlerian group

1. leader's style 2. narrowness of scope 3. lack of uniformity 4. relatively weak

steps in reality therapy

1. make friends/ establish a meaningful relationship 2. emphasize present behaviors/ask "what are you doing now" 3. stress whether client's actions are getting them what they need 4. make a positive plan to do better 5. get a commitment to follow the positive plan 6. no exscuses 7. no punishment 8. never give up

limitations of person centered groups

1. may be dangerous to participants who need therapy or structure and who try to use these groups as they would more organized psychotherapy groups 2. the way in which members and leaders are chosen 3. may not lead anywhere 4. history (skepticism) 5. research methods used to evaluate them

Rogerian-oriented encounter group 15 stage process

1. milling around 2. resistance 3. revealing past feelings 4. expression of negative feelings 5. expression of personally meaningful material 6. communication of immediate interpersonal feelings 7. development of healing capacity in the group 8. self-acceptance and the beginning of change 9. cracking of facades 10. feedback 11. confrontation 12. helping relationship outside the group 13. the basic encounter 14. expression of closeness 15. behavior changes

strengths associated with adlerian groups

1. nonthreatening 2. methods are logical and "common sense" 3. holistics 4. eclectic flexibility

major concerns of adlerian theory

1. purposefulness of all behaviors 2. subjective nature of perception 3. holistic nature of people 4. importance of developing a healthy style of life 5. self-determinism of the individual to chart a future based on expected consequences of behavior

techniques of reality therapy

1. questioning "clearance, what do you hope to get out of coming to this group? 2. self-help procedures focus on positive 3. humor 4. paradox (stresses that with some group members change is best brought about indirectly rather than directly) -ask members opposite of what they want to do

four criteria for effective reality therapy leaders

1. responsible person who are able to fulfill their own needs 2. mentally strong and able to resist group members' pleas for sympathy and excuses for nonproductive behavior 3. acceptance of group members for who they are 4. emotionally involved of group members

limitations of TA group work

1. restrictive interpretation of the complexities of human nature by categorizing them into a limited number of games, ego states, and scripts 2. strong emphasis on understanding 3. neglect of emphasizing group process 4. lack of empirical evidence to support its effectiveness

transactional analysis group process

1. trust in the other 2. trust in self 3. moving into group 4. work 5. redecision 6. integration 7. termination

games

Berne defined as an ongoing series of complementary ulterior transactions progressing to a well-defined, predictable outcome

Eric Berne

Founder of transactional analysis believed that groups are more efficient than individual counseling in helping individuals understand their personal life scripts.

Community for learning

Large-group phenomena in 1970s in which about 100 people lived and worked

(S.T.E.P)

Systematic training for effective parenting

consideration

a fee or price for services

Ego state

a system of feelings accompanied by a related set of behavior patterns. Three basic states: Parent, Adult, and child

redecision contracts

accountability is stressed

qualities of adlerian group leader

adaptability, courage, humor, sincerity, acceptance of others, an openess that promotes honest interchange with group members Spot faulty logical (irrational ideas) of group members

child ego state

adapted child conforms to the rules and wishes of parent ego states within the self and others. Compliant. The free child (natural child) reacts more spontaneously; is has fun and is more curious and playful. (represent past)

competency

agreeing on what can realistically be expected

structural analysis

all group members become aware of their ego states and how they function "decontaminate" any ego state working improperly

second degree games

are more serious and usually result in some physical confrontation (being called names)

TA injunciton role

are parent commands recorded by the child that call for the child to adopt certain roles such as "do as you are told"

egogram

bar graph showing percentage of strokes

self-actualization

becoming all that one can be (by Carl Rogers)

four ways to identify which ego state individuals are in at a particular moment

behavioral, social, historical, and phenomenological

reality therapy's four human psychological needs

belonging power freedom fun

parent ego state

both nurturing and critical (or controlling (represent the past)

Nurturing parent

care for to nurture

primary source for finding out more about person-centered

center for studies of the person web site: centerfortheperson.org

adlerian group process goals

center on promoting and experiencing a cooperative climate in the group

TA leader permission role

centers on giving group members directives to behave against the injunctions of their parents

complementary transactions

clear transactions with no hidden agenda Person 1: "what time is it" person 2: 3:00

mutual assent

clearly defining a goal from an adult perspective and joining with the therapist's adult as an ally

C group

collaboration, consultation, clarification, confrontations, concern, confidentiality and commitment now called STEP

interpersonal goals in adlerian theory group

entail becoming more socially oriented and involved with others

group leaders are also known as

facilitators

reality therapy

founded by William Glasser in 1950s and 1960s and has since evolved. cognitive and behavioral in nature. " all behavior is generated within ourselves for the purpose of satisfying one or more basic needs"

ulterior

from a disguised ego states such as the child speaking as if it were an adult

complementary

from appropriate and expected ego states

crossed

from inappropriate an unexpected ego states

adult ego state

functions like a computer in that it receives and processes information from the parent and child and the environment. It then makes the best decision possible (present state)

reorientation phases of Adlerian group

group members are encouraged to act differently and take control of their lives

TA is preferably used in...

groups that serve as a setting in which people can become more aware of themselves, the structure of their individual personality, the transactions they have with others, the games they play, and the scripts they act out.

desired outcome of adlerian groups

growth and actions of the individual within the group rather than the group itself. with families and adults focus is on social adjustment

scripts

habitual patters of behavior that influence how they spend their time (losers, non-winners, or winners) "I'm not ok-you're ok" - powerless "i'm ok, you're ok" -openness and trust "I'm ok, you're not ok" - projection of blame onto others)

First degree games

least harmful and ay even be considered socially acceptable. "you look great, but your hair"

Person-centered groups

less structured 1. trust in inner resources of persons 2. trust in the group to helm members develop their potential without being directed by a leader 3. certain conditions must be created within the group for group members to maximize their full potentials 4. group members must engage in active listening 4. group members must confront 5. qualified person with special train and experience will facilities them

person centered group work

linked to the theory and personal influence of carl rogers. In the 1960s, Rogers expanded his focus to the small group as well as to the individual.

International Transactional Analysis Association (ITAA)

many practitioners belong. journal

social interest

not only an interest in others but an interest in the interests of others

ulterior transations

occur when a message appears to be sent out on one level but is actually transmitted on another level person 1: want some coffee at my place? person 2: I'd really like that

plan of reality therapy leaders SAMIC

simple, attainable, measurable, immediate and controlled by the planner.SAMIC

transactions

social action between two or more people social (overt) psychological (covert)

operations TA role

specific techniques employed by TA group leaders that include interrogation, specification, confrontation, explanation, illustration, confirmation, interpretation, and crystallization. (ex. confront member about their speech)

Critical parent

store and dispense the rules and protection for living

Redecision school of TA

the emphasis is on intra-psychic processes, groups are the main choice of treatment. Groups provide a living experience in which members are able to examine themselves and their histories, which allow individuals to change their life scripts.