Transactional Analysis, Reality Therapy, Adlerian, and Person-Centered Groups ch. 15
Transactional Analysis (TA)
the emphasis is on understanding intra-personal and interpersonal dynamics. Individuals must work on past experiences in a present setting
Control theroy
1980, a complete system for explaining how the brain works
Adlerian theory
always had a group focus. It concentrates on the inherent social interest of persons and emphasizes social development, cooperation, and education.
legal object
an objective
therapeutic contracts
contracts are specific, measurable, concrete statements of what participants intent to accomplish during the group 1. mutual assent 2. competency 3. legal objection 4. consideration
third degree games
deadly and often played for keeps (if ed is caught stealing from elderly and tries to fight his way free from police)
adlerian parent education groups
developmental and preventive aspects of parenting are explained. democratic. logical consequences
classical contracts
emphasis on one or more of the following a. structural analysis b. transactional analysis c. game analysis d. life script analysis All must be accomplished
how reality therapy leaders apply it
help clients take responsibility for their actions, find better ways to meet their needs, and change inappropriate or destructive ways of behaving
re-decision theory
helps clients make re-decisions while they are in their Child ego state (have individuals re-experience a past event as if it were present)
total quality movement (TOM)
in which an emphasis is placed on working cooperatively and productively in small groups. Effective in multiple cultures.
game analysis
includes an examination of destructive and repetitive behavioral patterns and an analysis of the ego states and types of transactions involved
Basic-encounter group
individuals come into much closer and direct contact with one another than is customary in ordinary life. Rogers
individual goals in adlerian theory group
involve developing insight into the creation of a mistaken lifestyle and taking corrective measures
setting up the environment
involves establishing an atmosphere in which work within the group can take place "Always, be courteous and determined as well as enthusiastic" "don't argue belittle, criticize, demean or get lost in excuses"
insight phase of adlerian group
involves helping individuals understand why they made the choices they did in the past
TA leader protection role
involves keeping members safe from psychological or physical harm
life script analysis
people's basic plans involving transactions and games
strokes
physical or psychological recognition 1. withdrawal 2. ritual 3. pastimes 4. work 5. games 6. intimacy
TA group leadres
primarily listeners, observers, diagnosticians and analysts, and secondarily, process facilitators.
drama triangle
the victim: who appears to be innocent the persecutor: who appears to cause problems the rescuer: who appears to solve the problem for the victim
crossed transactions
those in which a response is returned from an unexpected or inappropriate ego state. person initiating often feels hurt. person 1: what time is it person 2: you are always in a hurry
interpretation of a person's early history in Adlerian theory group
to promote change, recognize and understand how a person created their own lifestyles
Four theoretical models for conducting group work
transactional analysis (TA) reality therapy Adlerian Person-Centered
TA potency role
use of appropriate counseling techniques in certain situations. for ex. making a contract for change and active listening are two appropriate and potent counseling techniques
self-report research format
where participants write our or check off how they are different as a result of the group, has been found to be inadequate
Classical transactional analysis
which emphasizes present interactions
cathexis transactional analysis
which emphasizes reparenting
Choice theory
• Replaced Control Theory as the base of reality therapy in 1990s
desired outcomes of person-centered groups
-self actualization -openness to experience, especially as it related to intimacy and meaningfulness with others -becoming less alienated from oneself and others
person centered group leaders carry out five distinct functions
1. conveying warmth and empathy 2. attending to others 3. understanding meaning and content 4. conveying acceptance 5. linking
limitations of reality therapy
1. emphasis of communication, either verbal or written 2. simplicity 3. extreme position on some issues 4. lack of proven effectiveness 5. emphasis on conformity and utility
reality therapy strengths
1. emphasizes accountability 2. emphasis on action and thinking 3. viability with people in society on whom others have given up (prisoners) 4. emphasis on definable procedures for working with individuals in groups 5. treatment continues only until participants are able to resolve difficulties
Adlerian group leader tactics
1. encouragement (leader imply faith in the child by stating their behavior change is possible) 2. natural consequences (living with the results of a particular behavior such as getting lost because one did not follow direction 3. acting "as if" (children act as if they were the ideal person to be) 4. task setting (members set short-range, attainable goals and eventually work up to long-term realistic objectives 5. push button (members are helped to realize they have choice in their lives about which stimuli they pay attention to and remember
strengths of person centered groups
1. enhance the development of the total individual 2. emphasis on the group leader 3. improving personal communication skills 4. research technology 5. influence on educational models 6. made group work acceptable for "normals"
strengths of TA theory of group work
1. helps members understand how they function intra and interpersonally and how they came to make the decisions in life they did 2. simplicity 3. move faster toward getting well 4. can be used in task/work, psych-educational, counseling, and psychotherapy settings
limitations of adlerian group
1. leader's style 2. narrowness of scope 3. lack of uniformity 4. relatively weak
steps in reality therapy
1. make friends/ establish a meaningful relationship 2. emphasize present behaviors/ask "what are you doing now" 3. stress whether client's actions are getting them what they need 4. make a positive plan to do better 5. get a commitment to follow the positive plan 6. no exscuses 7. no punishment 8. never give up
limitations of person centered groups
1. may be dangerous to participants who need therapy or structure and who try to use these groups as they would more organized psychotherapy groups 2. the way in which members and leaders are chosen 3. may not lead anywhere 4. history (skepticism) 5. research methods used to evaluate them
Rogerian-oriented encounter group 15 stage process
1. milling around 2. resistance 3. revealing past feelings 4. expression of negative feelings 5. expression of personally meaningful material 6. communication of immediate interpersonal feelings 7. development of healing capacity in the group 8. self-acceptance and the beginning of change 9. cracking of facades 10. feedback 11. confrontation 12. helping relationship outside the group 13. the basic encounter 14. expression of closeness 15. behavior changes
strengths associated with adlerian groups
1. nonthreatening 2. methods are logical and "common sense" 3. holistics 4. eclectic flexibility
major concerns of adlerian theory
1. purposefulness of all behaviors 2. subjective nature of perception 3. holistic nature of people 4. importance of developing a healthy style of life 5. self-determinism of the individual to chart a future based on expected consequences of behavior
techniques of reality therapy
1. questioning "clearance, what do you hope to get out of coming to this group? 2. self-help procedures focus on positive 3. humor 4. paradox (stresses that with some group members change is best brought about indirectly rather than directly) -ask members opposite of what they want to do
four criteria for effective reality therapy leaders
1. responsible person who are able to fulfill their own needs 2. mentally strong and able to resist group members' pleas for sympathy and excuses for nonproductive behavior 3. acceptance of group members for who they are 4. emotionally involved of group members
limitations of TA group work
1. restrictive interpretation of the complexities of human nature by categorizing them into a limited number of games, ego states, and scripts 2. strong emphasis on understanding 3. neglect of emphasizing group process 4. lack of empirical evidence to support its effectiveness
transactional analysis group process
1. trust in the other 2. trust in self 3. moving into group 4. work 5. redecision 6. integration 7. termination
games
Berne defined as an ongoing series of complementary ulterior transactions progressing to a well-defined, predictable outcome
Eric Berne
Founder of transactional analysis believed that groups are more efficient than individual counseling in helping individuals understand their personal life scripts.
Community for learning
Large-group phenomena in 1970s in which about 100 people lived and worked
(S.T.E.P)
Systematic training for effective parenting
consideration
a fee or price for services
Ego state
a system of feelings accompanied by a related set of behavior patterns. Three basic states: Parent, Adult, and child
redecision contracts
accountability is stressed
qualities of adlerian group leader
adaptability, courage, humor, sincerity, acceptance of others, an openess that promotes honest interchange with group members Spot faulty logical (irrational ideas) of group members
child ego state
adapted child conforms to the rules and wishes of parent ego states within the self and others. Compliant. The free child (natural child) reacts more spontaneously; is has fun and is more curious and playful. (represent past)
competency
agreeing on what can realistically be expected
structural analysis
all group members become aware of their ego states and how they function "decontaminate" any ego state working improperly
second degree games
are more serious and usually result in some physical confrontation (being called names)
TA injunciton role
are parent commands recorded by the child that call for the child to adopt certain roles such as "do as you are told"
egogram
bar graph showing percentage of strokes
self-actualization
becoming all that one can be (by Carl Rogers)
four ways to identify which ego state individuals are in at a particular moment
behavioral, social, historical, and phenomenological
reality therapy's four human psychological needs
belonging power freedom fun
parent ego state
both nurturing and critical (or controlling (represent the past)
Nurturing parent
care for to nurture
primary source for finding out more about person-centered
center for studies of the person web site: centerfortheperson.org
adlerian group process goals
center on promoting and experiencing a cooperative climate in the group
TA leader permission role
centers on giving group members directives to behave against the injunctions of their parents
complementary transactions
clear transactions with no hidden agenda Person 1: "what time is it" person 2: 3:00
mutual assent
clearly defining a goal from an adult perspective and joining with the therapist's adult as an ally
C group
collaboration, consultation, clarification, confrontations, concern, confidentiality and commitment now called STEP
interpersonal goals in adlerian theory group
entail becoming more socially oriented and involved with others
group leaders are also known as
facilitators
reality therapy
founded by William Glasser in 1950s and 1960s and has since evolved. cognitive and behavioral in nature. " all behavior is generated within ourselves for the purpose of satisfying one or more basic needs"
ulterior
from a disguised ego states such as the child speaking as if it were an adult
complementary
from appropriate and expected ego states
crossed
from inappropriate an unexpected ego states
adult ego state
functions like a computer in that it receives and processes information from the parent and child and the environment. It then makes the best decision possible (present state)
reorientation phases of Adlerian group
group members are encouraged to act differently and take control of their lives
TA is preferably used in...
groups that serve as a setting in which people can become more aware of themselves, the structure of their individual personality, the transactions they have with others, the games they play, and the scripts they act out.
desired outcome of adlerian groups
growth and actions of the individual within the group rather than the group itself. with families and adults focus is on social adjustment
scripts
habitual patters of behavior that influence how they spend their time (losers, non-winners, or winners) "I'm not ok-you're ok" - powerless "i'm ok, you're ok" -openness and trust "I'm ok, you're not ok" - projection of blame onto others)
First degree games
least harmful and ay even be considered socially acceptable. "you look great, but your hair"
Person-centered groups
less structured 1. trust in inner resources of persons 2. trust in the group to helm members develop their potential without being directed by a leader 3. certain conditions must be created within the group for group members to maximize their full potentials 4. group members must engage in active listening 4. group members must confront 5. qualified person with special train and experience will facilities them
person centered group work
linked to the theory and personal influence of carl rogers. In the 1960s, Rogers expanded his focus to the small group as well as to the individual.
International Transactional Analysis Association (ITAA)
many practitioners belong. journal
social interest
not only an interest in others but an interest in the interests of others
ulterior transations
occur when a message appears to be sent out on one level but is actually transmitted on another level person 1: want some coffee at my place? person 2: I'd really like that
plan of reality therapy leaders SAMIC
simple, attainable, measurable, immediate and controlled by the planner.SAMIC
transactions
social action between two or more people social (overt) psychological (covert)
operations TA role
specific techniques employed by TA group leaders that include interrogation, specification, confrontation, explanation, illustration, confirmation, interpretation, and crystallization. (ex. confront member about their speech)
Critical parent
store and dispense the rules and protection for living
Redecision school of TA
the emphasis is on intra-psychic processes, groups are the main choice of treatment. Groups provide a living experience in which members are able to examine themselves and their histories, which allow individuals to change their life scripts.