Transcription, Translation, and Protein Synthesis

Substitution

A mutation in which a nucleotide or a codon in DNA is replaced with a different nucleotide.

Insertion

A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.

Gene

(genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain.

Initiation

1st step of transcription. The initiation of transcription requires that RNA polymerase recognize and bind tightly to a promoter sequence on DNA.

Purines

2 nitrogen rings, Adenine and Guanine.

Elongation

2nd step of translation; elongation of the polypeptide.

Nucleotide

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

Pyrimidines

A class of nucleotides that includes cytosine, thymine, and uracil, single-ring structures.

Amino Acid

Compounds with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end.

Their are 64 different ways 4 nucleotides can be arranged into codons.

How many different ways can 4 nucleotides be arranged into codons?

Invertion

A piece of chromosome come off, flips around , and regions the same chromosome.

Polypeptide

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Messenger Ribonucleic Acid

A transcription of a gene that combines with ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA).

After protein synthesis is complete a polypeptide molecule is formed.

After protein synthesis is complete what molecule is formed?

Transcription and Translation

After what two processes have occurred that a functional protein is made?

Protein

An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells.

Mutation

Any event that changes genetic structure.

Hydrogen Bond

Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.

Deletion

Change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is removed.

DNA is made up of a series of monomers called nucleotides.

DNA is a polymer, which means it is made up of many monomers. What are the monomers of DNA called?

Translation is the process of converting the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA into a language that is understood by protein-making machinery and it occurs in the ribosomes of a cell.

Describe the process of translation and identify where it occurs in the cell?

The ribosomes role in protein synthesis is to translate the mRNA code from the DNA template into an amino acid sequence that makes up the proteins.

Describe the role of the ribosomes in protein synthesis?

RNA

During Transcription, one side of DNA is used as a template resulting in the production of what specific molecule?

The process of protein synthesis takes place until the ribosome reaches the stop codon.

How long does the process of protein synthesis take place?

There are 20 different amino acids that comprise different proteins.

How many amino acids are there that comprise different proteins?

Two strands

How many strands of molecules do DNA have?

One strand

How many strands of molecules do RNA have?

There are three types of RNA

How many types of RNA are there?

DNA is longer and RNA is shorter

In terms of length which one is longer, DNA or RNA?

Frameshift

Mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide.

Frameshift Mutation

Mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide.

Transfer Ribonucleic Acid

RNA that translates mRNA to amino acids.

Double Helix

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.

Protein Synthesis

The formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA.

Anticodons are a sequence of three nucleotides in transfer RNA's.

What are anticodons?

The anticodons are attracted to the codons in the mRNA.

What are the base sequences on the anticodons attracted to?

Amino Acids are the building blocks of proteins.

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine.

What are the four bases in DNA?

It's an enzyme who's function is too copy DNA in transcription.

What are the functions of DNA polymerase?

It's function is to catalyze the formation of a polymer or DNA strand, from many monomers.

What are the functions of DNA polymerase?

Adenine and Guanine

What are the purine bases of RNA?

Cytosine and Uracil

What are the pyrimidine bases of RNA?

Deoxyribose, The phosphate group, and the nitrogenous base.

What are the three basic components of the monomers of both DNA and RNA?

Transcription, Translation, and Protein Synthesis

What are the three steps involved in one gene one protein model?

A peptide bond will form between the amino acids that are brought to the ribosome.

What bond will form between the amino acids that are brought to the ribosome?

Hydrogen Bonds

What bonds hold the complimentary base pairs together?

The order determines each different type of protein

What determines each different type of protein?

Each codon codes for a specific amino acid in the synthesis of a protein molecule.

What does each codon code for?

mRNA has the code for making proteins.

What does mRNA have the code for making?

Messenger Ribonucleic Acid

What does mRNA stand for?

rRNA forms ribosomes which are the site of protein synthesis

What does rRNA form?

Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid

What does rRNA stand for?

tRNA carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes.

What does tRNA carry from the Cytoplasm to the Ribosomes?

Transfer Ribonucleic Acid

What does tRNA stand for?

Adenine bonds with Uracil and Guanine bonds with Cytosine

What happens in complimentary base-pairing in RNA?

The mRNA molecule breaks away from the template DNA and returns to its natural double helix formation in the cytoplasm of the cell.

What happens to the mRNA molecule that was made in the Nucleus of a cell?

In Chargaff's base-pairing rule, Cytosine pairs with Guanine and Adenine pairs with Thymine.

What is Chargaff's base-pairing rule towards DNA?

In chargaff's base-pairing rule, Cytosine bonds with guanine and Adenine bonds with Uracil.

What is Chargaff's base-pairing rule towards RNA?

RNA polymerase reads the DNA strand and takes individual nucleotides and strings them together into a strand of mRNA.

What is RNA Polymerase's function in Transcription?

A codon is three nucleotides in the mRNA chain.

What is a codon?

Transfer RNA transfers a specific amino acid to a polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation.

What is tRNA's role in translation?

The difference between a codon and an anticodon is that codons are in mRNA and anticodons are in tRNA.

What is the difference between a codon and an anticodon?

DNA has a double helix and hydrogen bonds while RNA is a single helix and has no hydrogen bonds.

What is the difference between the structures of DNA and RNA?

Deoxyribose

What is the five carbon sugar in DNA?

Ribose

What is the five carbon sugar in RNA?

The main function of DNA is to contain the genetic information that controls the production of proteins.

What is the main function of DNA?

A double helix is the name of the shape that describes the structure of DNA.

What is the name of the shape that describes the structure of DNA?

Transcription is the process of copying the DNA sequence of a gene and then transporting it to the cytoplasm of the cell and it occurs in the nucleus of the cell.

What is the role of Transcription and where in the cell does it occur?

RNA is a single stranded polymer

What kind of a polymer is RNA?

The amino acids are brought to the ribosome one by one, as the mRNA codon sequence is translated.

What molecules are brought to the ribosome, one by one as the mRNA codon sequence is translated?

Transfer RNA's are responsible for carrying amino acids to the ribosomes.

What molecules are responsible for carrying amino acids to the ribosomes?

The sugar phosphate molecules make up the sides or handrails of the DNA molecule.

What molecules make up the sides or handrails of the DNA molecule?

DNA accepts thymine while RNA does not accept thymine.

What nucleotide difference is there between DNA and RNA?

Complimentary base pairs make up the steps or rungs of the DNA molecule.

What parts make up the steps or rungs of the DNA molecule?

Ribose

What sugar is in a nucleotide of RNA?

Adenine and Guanine

What two bases of DNA are purines?

Thymine and Cytosine

What two bases of DNA are pyrimidines?

Protein Synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Where does protein synthesis occur?

mRNA is produced in the Eukaryotic cells.

Where is mRNA produced?

rRNA is produced in the Nucleus of the cell.

Where is rRNA produced?

In the Nucleus of the cell.

Where is the location of DNA in the cell?

RNA is found in the Ribosomes of the cell.

Where is the location of RNA in the cell?

In the Ribosomes

Where is the site of protein synthesis?

James Watson and Francis Crick

Who were the two scientists credited with discovering the structure of DNA?

Triplet

one of three nucleotides.

Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid

rRNA, helps form the ribosomes, where proteins are built.

Disassembly

taking apart of a product in order to gain information.