TX History 2301 Unit IV Vocab

Andrew "Rube" Foster

1. "father of Negro baseball." founder of the Negro baseball leagues and member of the Baseball Hall of Fame 2. began a barnstorming career at age seventeen pitching with the traveling Waco Yellow Jackets 3. he won the nickname Rube for defeating white Hall of Fame pitcher Rube Wadell in an exhibition game 3. In 1903 he won four games of the first of what was called the Colored World Series. 4. became a baseball manager and businessman. He helped form the Chicago American Giants in 1911 and in February 1920 organized the Negro League 5. He and his team held celebrity status in black America and were followed avidly through nationally circulated black newspapers. 6. He left baseball due to mental illness in 1926 and died in an Illinois asylum on December 9, 1930

John Nance Garner

1. 32nd vice president of the U.S, democrat 2. was elected in 1898 to the state legislature, where he served until 1902. 3. While in the legislature he had the opportunity to establish a new Fifteenth Congressional District and at thirty-four was elected its representative 3. He entered the Fifty-eighth Congress as a Democrat on November 9, 1903, and served continuously for fifteen terms, until March 4, 1933. 4. During World War I he was recognized as a leader and became the liaison between President Woodrow Wilson and the House of Representatives. 5. had tremendous influence with the Texas congressional delegation and especially with Samuel T. (Sam) Rayburn. 6. was extremely effective in helping to push through the legislation that characterized this phase of the Roosevelt Hundred days program 7. The event, however, that sealed the split between him and the president was the Court-Packing Plan of 1937, whereby the president was to receive unprecedented powers in the appointment of Supreme Court justices. 8. whiskey drinker, poker player expert

George Pierce Garrison

1. He contributed significantly to intellectual life at the University of Texas. 2. He began offering graduate work in history in 1897 and was one of the first Texas writers to publish in major journals. 3. He encouraged women to enter the history profession and to pursue graduate work in history, even before a doctorate for women at the University of Texas was a possibility 4. He was one of the founders of the Texas State Historical Association and was editor of its Quarterly from its beginning in 1897 until his death. 5. labored unobtrusively but persistently to secure the passage of a law to place the Texas State Library under efficient control and make it more useful. 6. He allied himself with the Texas State Teachers Association, the Texas Federation of Women's Clubs, and the Texas Library Association to accomplish this goal. 7.wrote a number of books and articles, including The Civil Government of Texas (1898), The History of Federal Control of Congressional Elections (1900), Texas: A Contest of Civilizations (1903), and Westward Extension, volume seventeen of The American Nation(1906). He also edited Diplomatic Correspondence of the Republic of Texas(three volumes, 1907, 1908, 1911

Ross Sterling

1. In 1903 he became an oil operator and in 1910 bought two wells, which developed into the Humble Oil and Refining Company (exxon) in 1911 the company was officially organized & he was president 2. In 1918 he also was president and owner of the Dayton-Goose Creek Railway Company. 3. He bought the Houston Dispatch and the Houston Post in 1925 and 1926 and subsequently combined them as the Houston Post-Dispatch, which later became the Houston Post 4. was chairman of the Texas Highway Commission in 1930 and was instrumental in highway development in Texas, including the implementation of the 100-foot right-of-way for highways. 5. On January 20, 1931, he was inaugurated governor of Texas. 6. Ran for a second term but was defeated by Miriam A. Ferguson 7. Returned to Houston where he was president of the Sterling Oil & Refining Company from 1933-1946

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

1. Jesse H. Jones headed this agency 2. agency Roosevelt inherited from the Hoover administration and made into the primary investor in the American economy 3. made loans to the states on the purpose for relief for the unemployed but the problem required much larger programs

Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART)

1. John Bailey Jackson, Jr founded this in 1983 to replace a municipal bus system and funded expansion of the region's transit network through a sales tax levied in member cities 2. a transit agency serving the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplexof Texas 3. It operates buses, light rail, commuter rail, and high-occupancy vehicle lanes in Dallasand twelve of its suburbs 4. operates the Trinity Railway Express between Dallas and Fort Worth, through an interlocal agreement with Trinity Metro.

Emma Tenyuca

1. Mexican American labor organizer, civil rights activist, and educator 2. was a central figure in the radical labor movement in Texas during the 1930s and a leading member of the Workers Alliance of America and Communist Party of Texas 3. perhaps best remembered for her role in organizing the largest strike in San Antonio history, the Pecan-Shellers' Strike of 1938. 4. Her efforts on behalf of the working poor of San Antonio later earned her the nickname "La Pasionaria" ("The Passionate One"). 5. protested a number of issues including WPA, the discriminatory removal of Mexican American families & abuse of ethnic Mexican workers by local law enforcement officials as well as called for new minimum wage guidelines and petitioned WPA officials in Washington, D.C., to investigate the discriminatory practices of the Texas Relief Commission and other local agency

George I. Sanchez

1. Mexican-American leader and professor 2. During the thirties he had fought a heroic battle for equalization of school funding and had won major battles in this area. 3. However, opposing forces used their influence to withhold a promised tenured position at the University of New Mexico, which was reduced to a nontenured research associateship at the same time that he received an invitation from the University of Texas to be a professor of Latin American studies 4. In Texas he continued his fight for equal educational opportunities for Mexican-American children through organizations and the courts. 5. fought against standardized tests, segregation based on nonproficiency in English, and other discrimination against Hispanic school children

Bracero Program

1. On August 4, 1942, the United States government signed the Mexican Farm Labor Program Agreement with Mexico, the first among several agreements aimed at legalizing and controlling Mexican migrant farmworkers along the southern border of the United States. 2. Managed by several government agencies, including the Department of Agriculture, as a temporary, war-related measure to supply much-needed workers during the early years of World War II 3. The agreement guaranteed a minimum wage of thirty cents an hour and humane treatment (in the form of adequate shelter, food, sanitation, etc.) of Mexican farmworkers in the United States. 4. During the first five years of the program, Texas farmers chose not to participate in the restrictive accord, they hired farmworkers directly from Mexico. These unauthorized workers, often referred to pejoratively as "wetbacks," entered the United States illegally. 5. It has been estimated that in the 1950s the United States imported as many as 300,000 Mexican workers annually. This abundant supply of labor finally enticed Texans to participate fully in the program. 6. Mexican agricultural workers, considered an unlimited supply of cheap labor, have been pawns to a host of economic, political, social, and humanitarian interests. Poor wages, lack of educational opportunities for the children, malnutrition, poor sanitation, and discrimination have contributed to continued sources of friction between Texas growers and migrant laborers and the federal government. Migrant workers have nonetheless continued to walk to the United States, legally or illegally 7. Between 1942 - 1964 more than 6.5 million entered the U.S

Pecan Sheller's Strike

1. On January 31, 1938, nearly 12,000 San Antonio pecan shellers, mostly Hispanic women, walked off their jobs. 2. A three-month strike followed, in which the pecan shellers confronted both management and San Antonio politics. 3. industry was one of the lowest-paid industries in the United States, with a typical wage ranging between two and three dollars a week. 4. Working conditions were abysmal—illumination was poor, inside toilets and washbowls were nonexistent, and ventilation was inadequate. 5. Fine brown dust from the pecans permeated the air, and the high tuberculosis rate of San Antonio—148 deaths for each 100,000 persons, compared to the national average of fifty-four—was blamed at least partially on the dust. 6. The original strike leader was Emma Tenayuca, a well-known figure in San Antonio politics and the dominant force in the Worker's Alliance, a national organization formed by the Communist party during the Great Depression. 7. began because of a pay cut. The wages of shellers who had earned six or seven cents a pound (six cents for pieces, seven cents for halves) were reduced to five and six cents a pound. Wages for crackers were cut from fifty cents to forty cents for each 100 pounds. 8. An initial settlement of seven and eight cents was increased when Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which established a minimum wage of twenty-five cents an hour. 9. The Department of Labor, however, denied the exemption, and over the next three years cracking machines replaced more than 10,000 shellers in San Antonio shops

Henry A. McArdie

1. Painter 2. when he lived in Texas shows his name as Harry—the name he preferred in his later years 3. During the Civil Warhe was a draftsman for the Confederate Navy, and later made topographical maps for Gen. Robert E. Lee. 4. worked with men of Hood's Texas Brigade on the historical canvas Lee at the Wilderness (1869-70) and became interested in Texas history. 5. artist subsequently won a commission to paint a full-length portrait of Jefferson Davis (1890) for the Capitol. 6. Among the most renowned of his historical canvases are the twin pieces Dawn at the Alamo (1876-1905) and The Battle of San Jacinto (completed 1898), which hang in the Senate Chamber in the Texas Capitol. 7. a large portrait of Sam Houston (1902) on display in DeGolyer Library at Southern Methodist University and The Settlement of Austin's Colony (1875), which hangs in the hall of the House of Representatives in the Texas Capitol.

Hot Oil

1. Production of petroleum in violation of state or federal regulations or in excess of quotas became a serious problem, particularly in Texas, as soon as attempts were made to stem the overproduction and consequent price decline that followed the development of the vast East Texas oilfield, discovered in October 1930 2. To evade the state proration laws and the federal regulation of interstate oil transportation imposed under the National Recovery Act, many independent producers resorted to trickery to increase their output. 3. Their methods included tapping underground pipes or reservoirs, loading trucks by moonlight, disguising oil trucks as moving vans, piping oil to moonshine refineries, and using dummy refineries that shipped oil labeled as gasoline 4. reached its peak in late 1934 and early 1935. In this period illegal production from the East Texas field alone was estimated at 55,000 barrels a day by the Railroad Commission of Texas, at 90,000 to 150,000 barrels by some oilmen and federal officials

Jose Cisneros

1. Tejano book illustrator, artist, and historian in El Paso 2. Showed talent at a very young age 3. was color blind 4. Drawings were mostly black & white 5. illustrated bookplates, certificates, Christmas cards, calendars, programs, newspapers, and other items

Sam Rayburn

1. Texas legislator, congressman, and longtime speaker of the United States House of Representatives 2. won a seat in the Texas House of Representatives in 1906; he attended the University of Texas law school between legislative sessions and was admitted to the State Bar of Texas in 1908 3. n 1912 he was elected to the United States Congress as a Democrat from the Fourth Texas District 4. in 1940 was elected speaker of the House to fill the unexpired term of Speaker William B 5. was a major figure in the negotiations that led to the Roosevelt-Garner ticket in 1932 6. became a leading supporter of the New Deal. As chairman of the Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee (1931-37), he was instrumental in the passage of the Truth in Securities Act, the bills that established the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Federal Communications Commission, the Public Utilities Holding Company Act, the Emergency Railroad Transportation Act, and, with Senator George W. Norris, the Rural Electrification Act. 7. was responsible for guiding the remaining portions of the basic New Deal program through that chamber. During World War II he helped ensure the legislative base and financial support for the war effort, and in the postwar years he opposed what he regarded as reactionary or inflationary legislative proposals, while supporting President Truman's foreign-assistance programs and his basic domestic measures 8. was close to vice president Lyndon B. Johnson

Rural Electrification Administration (REA)

1. The Emergency Relief Act of 1935 gave President Franklin Delano Roosevelt the authority he needed to create this 2. was a depression relief agency similar to the Work Projects Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps 3. at first seemed to offer the large-scale project that was needed, since only 10 percent of the nation's farms then had central-station electricity. 4. offered long-term, low interest loans 2% to cooperatives organized by rural residents for the purpose of building systems to distribute electrical power 5. Especially important to Texas because in 1935 only 2.3 % of the state's farms had central-station electricity. 6. Farmers & rancher took advantage of this and by 1965 only 2% of the state's farms did not have electricity

Freedom to Farm Act

1. The Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 2. revises and simplifies direct payment programs for crops and eliminates milk price supports through direct government purchases. 3. removed the link between income support payments and farm prices 4. It authorized 7-year production flexibility contract payments that provided participating producers with fixed government payments independent of current farm prices and production. 5. The law specified the total amount of money to be made available through contract payments under production flexibility contracts for each fiscal year from 1996 through 2002. 6. The 1996 Act also reauthorized the Food Stamp Program for 2 years and commodity donation programs for 7 years, and established a Fund for Rural America to augment existing resources for agricultural research and rural development. 7. The Act also contained numerous provisions in the areas of farm credit, rural development, and generic commodity promotion through check-off programs, among others.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

1. The International Oil Workers Union, which has at some periods had a significant membership in the state, was one of the original groups that formed this 2. communist-infiltrated labor union 3. merged with the American Federation of Labor 4. the national labor relations act encouraged to unionize workers in oil and sugar refining and the steel, telephone, and shipping industries

Hernández v. the State of Texas

1. The first and only Mexican-American civil-rights case heard and decided by the United States Supreme Court during the post-World War II period 2. In 1950 Pete Hernández, a migrant cotton picker, was accused of murdering Joe Espinosa in Edna, Texas, a small town in Jackson County, where no person of Mexican origin had served on a jury for at least twenty-five years. 3. Gustavo (Gus) García, an experienced Mexican-American civil-rights lawyer, agreed to represent the accused without fee. García envisioned the Hernández case as a challenge to the systematic exclusion of persons of Mexican origin from all types of jury duty in at least seventy counties in Texas. 4. It was not surprising to him when Hernández was found guilty and the decision was upheld by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. 5. García argued that the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed protection not only on the basis of race, Caucasian and Negro, but also class. Those who administered the process of jury selection introduced discrimination because of exclusion based on class. The state of Texas contended that the Fourteenth Amendment covered only whites and blacks, and that Mexican Americans are white. 6. García and his associates presented comprehensive evidence that in Jackson County discrimination and segregation were common practice, and Mexican Americans were treated as a class apart. 7. The Supreme Court accepted the concept of distinction by class, that is, between "white" and Hispanic, and found that when laws produce unreasonable and different treatment on such a basis, the constitutional guarantee of equal protection is violated. 8. The court held that Hernández had "the right to be indicted and tried by juries from which all members of his class are not systematically excluded." 9. This decision was a major triumph for the "other white" concept, the legal strategy of Mexican-American civil-rights activists from 1930 to 1970. Faced with the separate but equal doctrine they argued that segregation of Mexican-origin persons was illegal in the absence of state law

Del Rio Independent School District v. Salvatierra

1. The first case in which Texas courts reviewed the actions of local school districts regarding the education of children of Mexican descent was tried in this 2. From 1902 to 1940, especially after 1920, Texas school districts opened segregated schools for Hispanic children. 3. On January 7, 1930, the School Board ordered an election to be held on February 1 to vote on a proposed expansion of school facilities, including elementary schools, one of which, a brick and tile building of two rooms, was already designated the "Mexican" or "West End" school 4. Jesús Salvatierra and several other parents hired lawyer John L. Dodson on March 21 to file a suit charging that students of Mexican descent were being deprived of the benefits afforded "other white races" in the previous year. 5. In 1948 in Delgadov. Bastrop Independent School District, the United States District Court, Western District of Texas, ruled that maintaining separate schools for Mexican descent children violated the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution 6. Nevertheless, failure to enforce this ruling resulted in continued legal challenges through the 1950s and 1960s 7.arguments first presented in the Salvatierra case were heard as late as 1971 in Cisneros v.Corpus Christi ISD

Delgado v. Bastrop Independent School District (1948)

1. Until the late 1940s the public education system in Texas for Mexican Americans offered segregated campuses with often minimal facilities and a curriculum frequently limited to vocational training. 2. The 1950 United States census showed that the median educational attainment for persons over twenty-five was 3.5 years for those with Spanish surnames and, by comparison, 10.3 years for other white Americans; about 27 percent of persons over twenty-five with Spanish surnames had received no schooling at all. 3. In 1948 the League of United Latin American Citizens, joined by the American G.I. Forum of Texas, successfully challenged these inequities of the Texas public school system in this 4. In 1947 the Ninth Circuit Court in California found that separation "within one of the great races" without a specific state law requiring the separation was not permitted; therefore, segregation of Mexican-American children, who were considered Caucasian, was illegal. 5. n Texas, following this ruling, the attorney general, in response to an inquiry by Gustavo C. (Gus) Garcia, a Mexican-American attorney, agreed that segregation of Mexican-American children in the public school system by national origin was unlawful and pedagogically justified only by scientific language tests applied to all students. 6. Representing Minerva Delgado and twenty other Mexican-American parents, the suit charged segregation of Mexican children from other white races without specific state law and in violation of the attorney general's opinion. In addition the suit accused these districts of depriving such children of equal facilities, services, and education instruction. 7. decision undermined the rigid segregation of Mexican Americans and began a ten-year struggle led by the American G.I. Forum and LULAC, which culminated in 1957 with the decision in Herminca Hernandez et al. v. Driscoll Consolidated ISD, which ended pedagogical and de jure segregation in the Texas public school system.

Maquliadora

1. an industrial plant that assembles imported components into products for export & may be owned by foreign or domestic entities 2. to process [flour, grain, oil, etc.] in exchange for a portion of the product. 3. The Mexican government coined the term in the mid-1960s as part of its Border Industrialization Program, an effort to attract foreign investment and jobs to the northern border region 4. United States firms-particularly in electronics, textiles, footwear, and toys, and later in auto parts-responded enthusiastically to the lure of cheap labor 5. became a major stimulus to growth in Texas border cities such as El Paso, Eagle Pass, Laredo, McAllen, and Brownsville, in terms of both retail trade and jobs from warehousing and distribution 6.by 1990 the plants were assembling "everything from computer disks to cassette tapes to automobile windshield wiper blades," in the words of the regional general secretary of the Confederations of Mexican Workers

American G.I Forum

1. a civil-rights organization devoted to securing equal rights for Hispanic Americans. 2. Led by Dr. Hector P Garcia 3. The first issue the forum dealt with was the failure of the Veterans Administration to deliver earned benefits through the G.I. Bill of Rights of 1944. 4. addressed other veterans' concerns, such as hospital care and Mexican-American representation on draft boards 5. The incident in Three Rivers established the forum as an effective civil-rights advocate for Hispanics and expanded the scope and nature of its activities. 6. The local chapter was the basic unit; the membership of each local chapter had to be 75 percent veterans. Beyond the local chapter were the district, state, and (after 1958) national governing bodies. In some areas, auxiliary (female) and junior G.I. forums developed. The charter of each unit emphasized loyalty and patriotism. The forum also prohibited official endorsement of a political party or candidate. This sanction blunted possible charges of bloc voting. Skills and experience developed in the forum were, however, applied by members in political campaigns. 7. played a significant role in the application of Great Society programs in the barrios, and for the first time Latin Americans were appointed to influential positions and agencies. 8. ontinued its work through the 1970s with such efforts as the first application of the due-process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to de facto Mexican-American school segregation in Corpus Christi

Conjunto

1. a genre of música norteña, has evolved since the turn of the century as an important musical form developed by Texas-Mexican working-class musicians, who adopted the accordion—the main instrument in conjunto music—and the polka from nineteenth-century German settlers in northern Mexico. 2. grew out of the cultural links between Texas and northern Mexico at the end of the nineteenth century, when inexpensive one-row accordions became readily available 3. Tejano musicians took up the accordion as a solo instrument and used it at rural social events such as the fandango, a combination of dancing, eating, gambling, and other merriment, which remained a part of Tejano working-class life to the end of the nineteenth century. 4. Narciso Martínez has been called the "father" of this for promoting the accordion and the bajo sexto and for his unparalleled creativity as an accordionist. 5. has grown in prominence among Hispanics throughout the state, particularly in San Antonio, Austin, Alice, and Corpus Christi. 6. musicians have worked alongside their audience as fieldworkers or common laborers, composing and playing music in their free time, often for meager compensation 7. phenomenon emerged from a "collective folk" tradition to which many individuals contributed. 8. By the end of the twentieth century the Texas-Mexican music had emerged as a distinct musical form that, like the corrido and orquesta, was the product of a few acclaimed and countless uncelebrated border musicians

Barnett Shale

1. a geological formation located in the Bend Arch-Fort Worth Basin 2. It consists of sedimentary rocks dating from the Mississippian period in Texas. 3. The formation underlies the city of Fort Worth and underlies 5,000 mi² and at least 17 counties

The "Great Recession"

1. a global economic downturn that devastated world financial markets as well as the banking and real estate industries 2. led to increases in home mortgage foreclosures worldwide and caused millions of people to lose their life savings, their jobs and their homes 3. It's generally considered to be the longest period of economic decline since the Great Depression of the 1930s 4. From December 2007 - June 2009

Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)

1. a nonprofit organization with offices on the University of Texas at Austin campus, developed from an interest in the history of the state shared by ten individuals who met at the University of Texas at Austin on February 13, 1897. 2. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss the founding of an organization to promote the discovery, collection, preservation, and publication of historical material pertaining to Texas. 3. The assemblage included academic and nonacademic historians, a blend of membership that has been preserved until the present. George P. Garrison, Eugene Digges, and Charles Corner drafted a constitution for the organization and invited 250 persons to attend a general organizational meeting held in Austin on March 2, 1897. 4. The officers met at the University of Texas on May 23, 1897, to plan the first official annual meeting, which was held in Austin on June 17, 1897. 5. early issues contained numerous letters, diaries, journals, and memoirs 6. In 1939 the association began the Junior Historians of Texas program to encourage an interest in the history of Texas among students in secondary schools 7. The most significant publication of the association has been The Handbook of Texas, edited by Walter P. Webb and H. Bailey Carroll and published in two volumes in 1952; a supplementary volume edited by Eldon S. Branda appeared in 1976. The original volumes were the first encyclopedia of a single state to appear and contained over 16,500 articles on persons, places, and events of importance in many aspects of Texas history and life. 8. The association was quartered initially in the Department of History at the University of Texas at Austin. It moved in 1950 to the Barker Texas History Center and in 1971 to Sid Richardson Hall. 9. In November 2007, after 110 years of affiliation with the University of Texas, the association moved to private offices in northwest Austin while several universities discussed the possibility of hosting the association on their campuses

Snowbirds

1. a person who migrates from the colder northern parts of North America to warmer southern locales, typically during the winte 2. The southern locales include the Sun Belt of the United States, as well as Mexico and the Caribbean. 3. used to primarily be retired or older, but are increasingly of all ages. 4. is made up of recreational vehicle users (RVers). Many own a motorhome for the sole purpose of traveling south in the winter. Often they go to the same location every year

Dr. Hector P. Garcia

1. a physician, surgeon, civil rights advocate, community leader, political activist, and founder of the American G.I. Forum 2. received an award for distinguished accomplishment from President Ronald Reagan. 3. 700 Mexican-American veterans, led by this person met in Corpus Christi and organized the American G.I. Forum 4. a big part in the Felix Z. Longoria burial 5. called a meeting of the Corpus Christi Forum, which he had organized as the first G. I. Forum chapter in March 1948; he also sent many telegrams and letters to Texas congressmen.

Larry McMurtry

1. an American novelist, essayist, bookseller, and screenwriter whose work is predominantly set in either the Old West or in contemporary Texas 2. His novels include Horseman, Pass By(1962), The Last Picture Show (1966), and Terms of Endearment(1975), which were adapted into films earning 26 Oscar nominations (10 wins). 3. he and cowriter Diana Ossana adapted the screenplay for Brokeback Mountain (2005), which earned eight Academy Award nominations with three wins

Richard "Kinky" Friedman

1. an American singer, songwriter, novelist, humorist, politician, defender of stray animals, and former columnist for Texas Monthly who styles himself in the mold of popular American satirists Will Rogers and Mark Twain. 2. was one of two independent candidates in the 2006 election for the office of Governor of Texas. 3. served two years in the United States Peace Corps, teaching in Borneo, Indonesia 4. He was a full-blooded Jew 5. His band included the Texas Jew Boys

E.M "Buck" Schiwetz

1. artist 2. his mother was also an artist & provided the earliest models for him 3. continued to sketch and paint on his own, finding inspiration in the Texas coast 4. During the 1930s he loosened up his linear style by experimenting in pure watercolors such as Summer Pastime (1931). The effect of this fluid medium on his style can be seen in such works as Souvenir of Galveston (1931), in which the artist used rapid scribbled lines to suggest forms 5. varied his method and media but was generally consistent in choosing picturesque buildings, oilfields, and natural areas in Texas as his subject matter 6. advertising work for oil and chemical companies also helped to establish his reputation as a recorder of the Texas scene. 7. Humble Oil and Refining Company (EXXON) featured some of his sketches 8. Examples of his work can be found in the Dallas Museum of Art, the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Centerin Austin, and the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.

Wright Patman

1. began his political career in the late teens, as assistant county attorney for Cass County, and in 1920 he was elected to the Texas House of Representatives 2. After two terms in the legislature he was elected district attorney of the Fifth Judicial District and occupied the office for four years. 3. In 1928 he won election as a Democrat to the United States House, representing the First Texas Congressional District, which included Marshall, Paris, and Texarkana. 4. His most noteworthy legislative initiative during the Hoover administration was the Veteran's Bonus (Patman) Bill, which mandated the immediate cash payment of the endowment promised to servicemen of World War I. 5. He was also instrumental in the passage of the Federal Credit Union Act of 1934, the Full Employment Act of 1946, the British Loan Act of 1946, the Defense Production Act of 1950, and the Housing Acts of 1946, 1949, 1961, and 1965. 6. He was the first to call for the investigation of Penn Central (1970) and Watergate (1972) 7. was elected by his constituents to twenty-four terms in Congress. During his final two terms in the House, he had the distinction of being the senior member of Congress.

Jesse Jones

1. businessman and New Deal official, 2. Established the South Texas Lumber Company 3. In a few years he was the largest developer in the area and was responsible for most of Houston's major prewar construction 4. In 1908 he bought part of the Houston Chronicle 5. Between 1908 and 1918 he organized and became chairman of the Texas Trust Company and was active in most of the banking and real estate activities of the city. 6. he made one of his few ventures into oil as an original stockholder in Humble Oil and Refining Company (now Exxon Company, U.S.A.). 7. As chairman of the Houston harbor board he raised money for the Houston Ship Channel. 8. chairman of the RFC, a position he held from 1933 until 1939 & became one of the most powerful men in America 9. Was offered the post of secretary of commerce 10. Soon his relationships with the president and some members of the cabinet deteriorated

Conally Act

1. came about as a result of the federal government's attempts to deal with the problem of hot oil-petroleum produced in violation of state and federal quotas and regulations 2. In the early 1930s the overproduction of oil, largely a result of the East Texas oil boom, was adversely affecting the oil market. 3. attempted to stop hot oil production, It became law on February 22, 1935 4. he law was intended to protect foreign and interstate commerce against "contraband oil" and encourage the conservation of United States crude-oil deposits 5. It prohibited the shipment of hot oil 6.Under the law the president had the power to prescribe regulations and require certificates of clearance for petroleum and petroleum products to be moved interstate

Alonso S. Perales

1. civil-rights lawyer and diplomat 2. He also served under the Dwight D. Eisenhoweradministration. 3. was major political leader from the 1920s until his death and was one of the most influential Mexican Americans of his time. 4. a defender of la raza, especially battling charges that Mexicans were an inferior people and a social problem. 5. He was one of the founders of LULAC (the League of United Latin American Citizens) in 1929 and helped write the LULAC constitution, along with José Tomás Canales and Eduardo Idar. 6. testified before a United States Congressional hearing on Mexican immigration. 7. He wrote about civil rights and racial discrimination, which he argued "had the approval of a majority."

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

1. created by vice president garner and Jesse Jones 2. an instrument to secure deposits and maintain public confidence 3. national banks had to join & state bank generally responded positively in Texas

Hopwood v. State of Texas

1. declared affirmative action illegal in the admission process for institutions of higher education 2. involved four white plaintiffs rejected from The University of Texas School of Law who successfully challenged the school's admissions policy on equal protection grounds 3. the policy had included race as a factor. 4. The 1996 decision, ended all consideration of race in admissions to the Law School

"Pappy" Lee O'Daniel

1. democrat governor of Texas, United States senator, and music factor 2. served as president of the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce in 1933-1934. After being fired by Burrus Mills, Hhe organized his own flour company, Hillbilly Flour, in 1935. He also established his own band, the Hillbilly Boys. 3. filed for governor on May 1, 1938 4. During the Democratic primarycampaign in one-party Texas, he stressed the Ten Commandments, the virtues of his own Hillbilly Flour, and the need for old-age pensions, tax cuts, and industrialization. 5. He had pledged to block any sales tax, abolish capital punishment, liquidate the poll tax (which he had not paid) and raise old-age pensions; but he reneged on all these promises\ 6. He was unable to engage in normal political deal-making with legislators, vetoed bills that he probably did not understand, and was overridden in twelve out of fifty-seven vetoes—a record. But he was able largely to negate his ignorance, his isolation, and his political handicaps with masterful radio showmanship

Smith v. Allwright (1944)

1. eight justices overturned the Grovey decision 2. The majority concluded that various state laws made the Texas primary an integral part of the general electoral process. 3. Therefore, blacks could not constitutionally be prohibited from voting in the Democratic primary even by party officials. 4. decision did not end all attempts to limit black political participation but did virtually end the white primary in Texas 5. The number of African Americans registered to vote in Texas increased from 30,000 in 1940 to 100,000 in 1947 6. With the help of the NAACP, the state's relatively well-organized black population had won a significant victory

Ruiz v. Estelle

1. filed in United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas, eventually became the most far-reaching lawsuit on the conditions of prison incarceration in American history 2. It began as a civil action, a handwritten petition filed against the Texas Department of Corrections (TDC) in 1972 by inmate David Resendez Ruíz alleging that the conditions of his incarceration, such as overcrowding, lack of access to health care, and abusive security practices, were a violation of his constitutional rights 3. In 1974, the petition was joined by seven other inmates and became a class action suit 4. The trial ended in 1979 with the ruling that the conditions of imprisonment within the TDC prison system constituted cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the United States Constitution 5. The decision led to federal oversight of the system, with a prison construction boom and "sweeping reforms ... that fundamentally changed how Texas prisons operated

J. Frank Dobie

1. folklorist 2. Became secretary of the Texas Folklore Society 3. served as the society's secretary-editor for twenty-one years and built the society into a permanent professional organization 4. He began writing articles on Texas history, culture, and folklore for magazines and periodicals and soon started to work on his first book, A Vaquero of the Brush Country. Published in 1929 & established him a a spokesman of Texas & southern culture 5. purpose in life from the time of his return to the university in 1921 was to show the people of Texas and the Southwest the richness of their culture and their traditions, particularly in their legends 6. published Coronado's Children (1931), the tales of those free spirits who abandoned society in the search for gold, lost mines, and various other grails. 7. His war against bragging Texans, political, social, and religious restraints on individual liberty, and the mechanized world's erosion of the human spirit was continual.

Tom DeLay

1. former member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Texas's 22nd congressional district from 1985 until 2006. 2. He was Republican Party (GOP) House Majority Leader from 2003 to 2005. 3. was known as a staunch conservative during his years in Congress. 4. was indicted on criminal charges of conspiracy to violate election law in 2002 by a Travis County grand jury after he waived his rights under the statutes of limitations 5. he was convicted in January 2011 and sentenced to three years in prison but was free on bail while appealing his conviction. The trial court's judgment was overturned by the Texas Court of Appeals, an intermediate appellate court, on September 19, 2013, with a ruling that "the evidence in the case was 'legally insufficient to sustain DeLay's convictions'",

Mexican American Legal Defense Fund (MALDEF)

1. has represented Mexican Americans in civil-rights lawsuits since it was incorporated in Texas in 1967. 2. The pivotal moment in its founding occurred in a Jourdanton, Texas, courtroom in June 1966 3. Attorney Pete Tijerina, representing a Mexican American female client in a lawsuit against an Anglo, faced an initial jury pool with no Mexican Americans. 3. A second jury pool on August 1, 1966, yielded only two Spanish-surnamed jurors, one who was deceased and another who did not speak English. Tijerina won his case; however, he obtained only a portion of the money he believed was fair for his client, who had suffered an amputated leg in a car accident caused by the Anglo defendant 4. After this experience, he set out with fellow Mexican-American attorneys and Jack Greenberg of the Legal Defense and Educational Fund of the (NAACP) to organize a legal entity through which Mexican Americans would challenge discrimination in the courts, education, employment, and immigration. 5. areas of interest included litigation in education, employment, and police-brutality cases. The fund also conducted research and published documents on the legal rights of Mexican Americans and disseminated a newsletter 6. In its first three years, floundered in its attempts to file constitutionally significant lawsuits and was inundated with routine legal-aid cases that could be resolved outside the courts 7. In addition to its strong emphasis on educational issues and leadership development, concentrated on women's equity and voting rights. 8. turned its attention to the state's public higher-education system in LULAC et al. v. Richards et al., a 1987 class-action lawsuit that charged the state with discrimination against Mexican Americans in South Texas because of its inadequate funding of colleges in the area. 9. Throughout the 2000s, undertook new challenges regarding immigrants' rights and hate crimes in Arizona, Pennsylvania, and Texas 10. has continued to work in other areas on behalf of its constituents. It supported the Troubled Assets Relief Program to assist homeowners facing foreclosure, and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, a law that sought job training and educational opportunities

Enron Corporation

1. headquartered in Houston, operated one of the largest natural gas transmission networks in North America, totaling over 36,000 miles, in addition to being the largest marketer of natural gas and electricity in the United States. 2. managed the world's largest portfolio of natural gas risk management contracts and pioneered innovative trading products. 3. Its bankruptcy in December 2001 was the largest such filing in United States history. 4. became synonymous with corporate greed and corruption, and its demise cost investors and employees over $70 billion in lost capitalization and retirement benefits. 5. Twenty-two of tis executives and partners pleaded guilty or were convicted of criminal charges for their roles in its' collapse 6. The twenty thousand employees lost most of their savings and pension plans

Waller Prescott Webb

1. historian & author 2. interrupted his teaching career to work as a bookkeeper for Southwest Texas State Teachers College in San Marcos and to serve as an optometrist's assistant in San Antonio. 3. wrote his master's thesis on the Texas Rangers in 1920 and was encouraged to pursue the Ph.D. His year of "educational outbreeding" at the University of Chicago was unsuccessful, and he returned to Texas determined to write history as he saw it. 4. The result was the publication in 1931 of The Great Plains, acclaimed as "a new interpretation of the American West," acknowledged by the Social Science Research Council in 1939 as the outstanding contribution to American history since World War I, and winner of Columbia University's Loubat prize. 5. At the University of Texas he became famous for his books and seminars, especially those on the Great Plains and the Great Frontier, in which he developed two major historical concepts. 6. wrote or edited more than twenty books

Carols E. Custañeda

1. historian and professor, historian and professor, was born on November 11, 1896, in Ciudad Camargo, Tamaulipas, Mexico 2. he worked as a teacher of Spanish in high schools in Beaumont and San Antonio and from 1923 to 1927 as associate professor at the College of William and Mary in Virginia. 3. became librarian of the Genaro García Collection at university of Texas 4. In 1946 he became professor of Latin-American history, a position he held until his death. 5. His principal work was the seven-volume Our Catholic Heritage in Texas, 1519-1936, with Supplement that brought the story to 1950. 6. was awarded many honors, among them the presidency of the American Catholic Historical Association (1939), knighthood in the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem (1941), and Knight Commander of the Order of Isabel the Catholic from the Spanish Government (1950).

Corridos

1. in its usual form is a ballad of eight-syllable, four-line stanzas sung to a simple tune in fast waltz time, now often in polka rhythm 2. have traditionally been men's songs. 3. They have been sung at home, on horseback, in town plazas by traveling troubadours, in cantinas by blind guitarreros (guitarists), on campaigns during the Mexican Revolution (1910-30), and on migrant workers' journeys north to the fields 4. These ballads are generally in major keys and have tunes with a short—less than an octave—range. 5. seems to be a direct descendent of the romance, a Spanish ballad form that developed in the Middle Ages, became a traditional form, and was brought to the New World by Spanish conquistadors. 6. employs a four-line stanza form with an abcd rhyme pattern. 7. from a verb meaning "to run," itself became a no 8. relates a story or event of local or national interest—a hero's deeds, a bandit's exploits, a barroom shootout, or a natural disaster, for instance. It has long been observed, however, that songs with little or no narration are still called corridos if they adhere to the corrido's usual literary and musical form. 9. Six elements include (1) the initial call of the corridista, or balladeer, to the public, sometimes called the formal opening; (2) the stating of the place, time, and name of the protagonist of the ballad; (3) the arguments of the protagonist; (4) the message; (5) the farewell of the protagonist; and (6) the farewell of the corridista 10. Mexico & Rio Grande region was most prominent

Robert Jenkins Onderdonk

1. instructor of art 2. He painted still-life, landscape, and genre works with a dark but airy tonality reminiscent of his more famous fellow students. 3. His portraits varied in quality from stark photographic realism to hazy idealized images 4. He came to Texas in 1879, reportedly to paint portraits of prominent citizens so he could save enough money in a year's time to study art in Europe. 5. San Antonio citizens preferred well-known European artists, so he began teaching art classes 6. He also opened an art school at 721 Elm Street, where he taught drawing and painting from still life, casts, and live models. 7. won a premium award for an oil painting, a prize for a watercolor painting, and two gold medals from the State Fair of Texas

Rick Perry

1. is an American politician who is the 14th United States Secretary of Energy, serving in the Cabinet of Donald Trump. 2. was the 47th Governor of Texas from December 2000 to January 2015. 3. was elected Lieutenant Governor of Texas in 1998 and assumed the governorship in December 2000 when Governor George W. Bush resigned to become president. 4. is the longest-serving governor in Texas history

Hydraulic Fracturing

1. is an oil and gas well development process that typically involves injecting water, sand, and chemicals under high pressure into a bedrock formation via the well. 2. George P. Mitchell has been called the "father of fracking" because of his role in applying it in shales. 3. This process is intended to create new fractures in the rock as well as increase the size, extent, and connectivity of existing fractures 4. is a well-stimulation technique used commonly in low-permeability rocks like tight sandstone, shale, and some coal beds to increase oil and/or gas flow to a well from petroleum-bearing rock formations 5. Process began in the 1950s

Ross Perot

1. joined the United States Naval Academy and in 1953 was commissioned an ensign; he served on the aircraft carrier Leyte 2. When his tour of duty ended in 1957, he joined International Business Machines 3. Soon thereafter, the company set a maximum annual sales volume for him, which he reached by mid-January in 1962. 4. Founded Electronic Data Systems (EDA) on June 27, 1962 5. developed a management team that listened to employee suggestions and was open to new ideas

Governor Mark White

1. lawyer, businessman, and the forty-third governor of Texas 2. began his career as an attorney in private practice before becoming an assistant state attorney general and then returned to private practice in Houston. 3. in 1973 was appointed secretary of state 4. During his tenure as secretary of state, was elected president of the National Association of the Secretaries of State 5. defeated prominent political figures on his way to being elected attorney general from 1979-1983 6. championed education reforms, most notably House Bill 72, which reorganized the State Board of Education, called for teacher testing, raised teacher salaries, and incorporated the "no pass, no play" rule, which required students to have passing grades in all subjects to be eligible for extracurricular activities. 7. also worked to pass legislation for workers' compensation for farm workers, and his administration ushered in the Texas seat belt law. 8. remained active in civic and business affairs. He was on the advisory board of the Hobby Center for Public Policy at the University of Houston. He also chaired the Houston Independent School District Foundation

J.T. Canales

1. lawyer, legislator, landowner, and a founder of the League of United Latin American Citizens, 2. With the support of the Cameron County Democratic machine under the control of James B. Wells, Jr., he served from 1905 to 1910 in the Texas House of Representatives, where he represented the Ninety-fifth District 3. He worked in irrigation laws, education, and judicial and tax reform 4. embraced prohibition in 1909 and campaigned unsuccessfully as an independent candidate for county judge in 1910 5. returned to the Democratic party and from 1912 to 1914 served as county superintendent of public schools in Cameron County, where he stressed the use of the English language, United States patriotism, and rural education 6. returned to the Texas House as a representative of the Seventy-seventh District, Cameron and Willacy counties, and served from 1917 to 1920. 7. As chairman of the House Committee on Irrigation, he promoted legislation to organize public irrigation districts. In 1917, during World War I, he helped to prevent Mexican immigrant workers from fleeing to Mexico to escape the draft and the high cost of living. 8. His most dramatic maneuver came on January 31, 1918, when he filed nineteen charges against the Texas Rangers and demanded a legislative investigation and the reorganization of the force 9. played an active role in the incipient Mexican-American civil-rights movement. 10.He was also a wealthy landowner. Around 1900 his family was engaged principally in cattle raising, but by 1930 the emphasis had shifted to raising crops, especially cotton. The family owned 30,000 acres in 1930

Henry B. Gonzalez

1. longtime Democratic congressman and civil rights crusader 2. He served as a civilian cable and radio censor for military and naval intelligence during World War II. 3. became the first Mexican American elected to the San Antonio City Council and served as mayor pro-tempore for part of his first term. 4. he became known for speaking out against segregation of public facilities. 5. In 1956 he was elected to the state Senate and became the first Mexican American to serve in that body in at least 110 years, and the following year he attracted national attention when he and Sen. Abraham Kazen mounted the longest filibuster in the history of the Texas legislature (thirty-six hours). 6. During his time in Congress, he became an expert on the nation's banking system and on housing for the poor. He helped pass a number of bills during the New Frontier and Great Society in the early and mid-1960s, including the Housing Act of 1964, and supported the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He also campaigned to put an end to the bracero program, under which foreign workers harvested agricultural crops, often in deplorable conditions. 7. helped draft savings-and-loan bailout legislation and exposed the industry's excesses during the 1980s

G.I Bill of Rights

1. many Mexican Americans obtained a college education through this 2. also called Servicemen's Readjustment Act 1944, U.S. legislation passed in 1944 that provided benefits to World War II veterans. 3. provided grants for school and college tuition, low-interest mortgage and small-business loans, job training, hiring privileges, and unemployment payments. Amendments to the act provided for full disability coverage

Tea Party

1. movement is an American fiscally conservative political movement within the Republican Party 2. Members of the movement have called for lower taxes, and for a reduction of the national debt of the United States and federal budget deficit through decreased government spending. 3. The goal was to examine how government works - and how they could force changes to make officials more accountable. 4. It was a seed that quickly blossomed on the national stage with calls from grass-roots activists to cut federal spending, taxes and the size of government, and reduce the federal deficit.

Américo Paredes

1. musician, scholar, and folklorist 2. As a youngster, he wrote poetry, played guitar, and sang occasionally. 3. publish poetry in San Antonio's Spanish-language newspaper, La Prensa. 4. went to work for Pan American Airways as a civilian war worker. In 1941, however, he had enlisted in the United States Army and was sent to the Pacific Theater, where the army made use of his literary skills, assigning him to write and edit Stars and Stripes. 5. He was the first Mexican-American to receive a Ph.D. at the University of Texas 6. As a professor, he pushed for the founding of the Center for Intercultural Studies of Folklore and Ethnomusicology in 1967. 7. Music and folklore were intertwined in his career as both a scholar and teacher

Elizabet Ney

1. one of the first professional sculptors in Texas 2. developed a classical style in the German tradition, with a tendency toward realism and a faithfulness to accurate scale 3. led a peripatetic life, traveling around Europe to complete portraits of intellectual and political leaders 4. Among her best-known works from this period are portrait busts of Arthur Schopenhauer, Giuseppi Garibaldi, and Otto von Bismarck and a full-length statue of King Ludwig II of Bavaria. 5. She built a studio in the Hyde Park area of Austin in 1892 and began lobbying notable citizens and the state legislature for commissions 6. During the next fifteen years she completed a number of portrait busts as well as statues of Stephen F. Austin and Sam Houston, now in the state Capitol, and a memorial to Albert Sidney Johnston, in the State Cemetery 7. One of her few ideal pieces, a depiction of Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth, was also a major project during her Austin years; the marble is now displayed in the Smithsonian's National Museum of American Art.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

1. proposed by President Franklin Roosevelt, operated nationwide between 1933 and 1942. 2. it provided outdoor employment for 2.5 million young men working out of nearly 3,000 camps 3. The camps of 200 men each were supervised by the United States Army and the work projects by the departments of Agriculture and Interior, in cooperation with the state. At individual camps hired LEMs ("locally experienced men") to work as craftsmen and teachers, and professional architects and engineers to provide design assistance and construction supervision to enrollees 4. a young man was required to be seventeen to twenty-five years of age and from a family on relief. The pay was thirty dollars a month, of which twenty-five dollars was sent directly to the family 5. Assignment to states was random, so workers in Texas came from all over the country. Although most camps were devoted to soil-conservation and erosion-control projects, about twenty-five were responsible for the development of state parks 6. enrollee in Texas was twenty years old and served two six-month terms. 7. Participants performed heavy, semiskilled, outdoor labor; most worked on seeding, sodding, planting trees, banking slopes, or building roads and small dams. 8. forbade discrimination based on race, color, or creed. Still, the 200,000 black enrollees were often segregated, especially in the South 9. declined as the economy recovered; the advent of World War II brought prosperity and new priorities, and in the summer of 1942 the program ended.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

1. provided for the Agricultural Adjustment Administration to adjust production of dairy products, wheat, corn, cotton, hogs, and rice, was declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in January 1936 2. The 1936 Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act was supplemented & provided compensation to producers who adjust the acreage of their soil-depleting crops, parity of price adjustments to those who do not overplant, federal crop insurance, and other benefits 3. These two programs combined provided Texas farmers with $292,821,000 in direct payments. 4. Between 1936 and 1946 Texas farmers engaged in thirty types of conservation, including terracing, construction of dams, contouring, pasture sodding, and tree planting. 5. The Agriculture Stabilization and Conservation Service replaced this in 1945 when the AAA was absorbed by the Production and Marketing Administration of the United States Department of Agriculture.

Richard M. Kleberg

1. rancher and congressman 2. was active in the management of the King Ranch from 1913 to 1924 as foreman and part owner 3. He was an expert marksman and horseman, and in his early life he was a rodeo cowboy. 4. He was elected in November 1931 as a Democrat to the Seventy-second Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Republican Harry McLeary Wurzbach. 5. known as the "Cowboy Congressman." 6. He selected Lyndon B. Johnson as his first administrative assistant, thus providing Johnson with the opportunity to begin his own political career. 7. He sponsored the bill to establish the Farm Credit Administration and was also author of the duck stamp law. He sponsored the Migratory Bird Conservation Act and worked for laws to combat the pink bollworm. 8. went along with the Democratic leadership, supporting the bank moratorium and establishment of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, but he soon opposed most New Deal legislation 9. After retirement from Congress, he served as chairman of the board of the King Ranch and as a member of the Texas Game and Fish Commission (1951-55).

House Bill 72

1. reorganized the State Board of Education, called for teacher testing, raised teacher salaries, and incorporated the "no pass, no play" rule, which required students to have passing grades in all subjects to be eligible for extracurricular activities. 2. was the greatest piece of education legislation passed in many years 3. Passed into a law in 1984 by governor Mark White

Senator Ralph Yarborough

1. senator and leader of the liberal wing of the Democratic party 2. was hired as an assistant attorney general in 1931 and was given special responsibility for the interests of the Permanent School Fund. 3. Over the next four years he gained recognition by winning several cases against the Magnolia Petroleum Company and other major oil companies and successfully establishing the right of public schools and universities to oil-fund revenues. 4. The million-dollar settlement he won in the Mid-Kansas case was the second-largest in Texas history at that time, and his work ultimately secured billions of dollars for public education 5. He made his first bid for statewide elective office in 1938, when he came in third in the race for attorney general. He served in the Texas National Guard in the 1930s and joined the United States Army in World War II; he served in Europe and the Pacific in the Ninety-seventh Division and ended the war as a lieutenant colonel with a Bronze Star and a Combat Medal. After the surrender he spent eight months with the military government of occupation in Japan 6. established himself as a very different Democrat than the majority of his southern colleagues. After refusing to support a resolution opposing desegregation, he became one of only five southern senators to vote for the Civil Rights Act of 1957. 7. sponsored the Senate resolution leading to the Kennedy-Nixon television debate, a crucial event in the election and a model for subsequent presidential campaigns. 8. was present at the Kennedy assassination; many believe his feud with conservative governor John B. Connally led to his sitting in the second car in the motorcade rather than with the president

Julian Onderdonk

1. son of Robert Jenkins 2. instructor of art 3. took a salaried position organizing art exhibitions for the Dallas State Fair, a seasonal job he retained for a number of years. 4. employed his en plein air ("in the open air") philosophy, that his mentor William Merritt Chase espoused, and did his best work as an interpreter of life and scenes in his native locale. 5. About 1911 he took an interest in bluebonnets, which became his most popular and marketable landscapes. 6. His many paintings include Sunlight and Shadow (1910), Spring Morning (1911), Bluebonnet Field (1912), Blue Bonnets in Texas (1915), Road to the Hills (1918), and Bluffs on the Guadalupe River (1921). 7. became his successor in promoting art in the city, and he actively spoke at luncheons, presented awards, and participated in other civic functions. 8. In the early twenty-first century, the Texas Impressionist artist's landscapes were still in high demand among collectors and commanded up to several hundred thousand dollars.

Martin Dies

1. soon joined his father's law firm in Orange and in 1930 was elected to Congress to represent the Second Congressional District, his father's old seat; he was the youngest member of Congress 2. In his early years he supported much of the New Deal but turned against it in 1937. 3. achieved fame as the first chairman of the House Un-American Activities Committee, established in 1938 to investigate subversion 4. ran unsuccessfully for the United States Senate in 1941, finishing last in a four-way race won by Wilbert Lee (Pappy) O'Daniel. 5. continued to oppose the New Deal and the Congress of Industrial Organizations, but in 1944 retired 6. He practiced law in Lufkin between terms in Congress and after declining to run for reelection in 1958; he continued to warn that the United States was succumbing to communism

Felix Z. Longoria

1. the burial of this person provided a successful case for the American G. I. Forum, a civil rights organization for Mexican Americans, to fight racial discrimination with political pressure. 2. His remains were recovered from the Philippines, where he had been killed on a volunteer mission during the last days of World War II. 3. His body was shipped home for burial in the Three Rivers cemetery, where the "Mexican" section was separated by barbed wire. 4. The director of the funeral home would not allow the use of the chapel because of alleged disturbances at previous Mexican-American services and because "the whites would not like it." 5. provided Mexican Americans an example to unify and expand their struggle for civil rights in the coming decades.

Redistricting

1. the process of drawing electoral district boundaries in the United States 2. A congressional act passed in 1967 requires that representatives be elected from single-member districts, except when a state has a single representative, in which case one state-wide at-large election be held. 3. the process by which new congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn.

"Trans-Texas" Corridor

1. was a proposal for a transportation network in the U.S. State of Texas that was conceived to be composed of a new kind of transportation modality known as supercorridors. 2. as initially proposed in 2001 and after considerable controversy was discontinued by 2010 in the planning and early construction stages. 3. The network, as originally envisioned, would have been composed of a 4,000-mile (6,400 km) network of super corridors up to 1,200 feet (370 m) wide to carry parallel links of tollways, rails, and utility lines. 4. It was intended to route long-distance traffic around population centers, and to provide stable corridors for future infrastructure improvements-such as new power lines from wind farms in West Texas to the cities in the east-without the otherwise often lengthy administrative and legal procedures required to build on privately owned land

Works Progess Adminstration (WPA)

1. was established as a national agency on May 6, 1935, by an executive order of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. 2. Harry Hopkins was head 3. was made a part of the Federal Works Agency on July 1, 1939 4. It was established as a relief measure during the Great Depression and lasted until it was phased out in 1943, after it was rendered unnecessary by increased employment and reduced relief rolls. 5. Under this, 600,000 persons without race or gender in Texas were helped to provide subsistence for themselves and their families. 6. According to its regulations anyone employed had to be the economic head of his family and had to be certified as destitute on the rolls of the Texas Relief Commission. 7. wages in Texas ranged from forty-five to seventy-five dollars per month. 8. projects included building sidewalks, parks swimming pools, bridges, and stadiums, writing travel guides, surveying the state's historical records, painting murals in public buildings, and organizing groups of musicians and actors 9. Above all, it allowed thousands of families to subsist while keeping the work ethnic alive

National Youth Administration (NYA)

1. was established on June 26, 1935, and operated for eight years 2. was first under the general auspices of the WPA, although its administration was essentially independent. 3. was transferred to the Federal Security Agency, and in September 1942 it was placed under the direction of the War Manpower Commission 4. The administration at the state level included the director's small staff of assistants, an appointed state advisory board, and local advisory committees in the counties. 5. purpose was to provide education, jobs, recreation, and counseling for male and female youth between the ages of sixteen and twenty-five. 6. Among the most important NYA projects was the student-aid program. It provided financial assistance in the amount of six dollars a month for high school students, fifteen dollars for those in college, and an average of twenty dollars per month for graduate students. In exchange the students performed part-time jobs, usually as clerks or maintenance workers. 7. An out-of-school work program provided jobs for young people who had dropped out of school or who had graduated and were unable to find employment. Participants worked part-time for wages of ten to twenty dollars a month. For the most part, they worked on highways and roadside parks, playgrounds and schools, recreational parks, and public buildings all over Texas. 8. Other projects included agricultural training center for men in lulling, teaching programs for women at Blinn College, Junior Employment Project, Apprentice Training Program 9. In Texas, it operated a separate program for blacks, which had its own advisory committee and such projects as the domestic service training program at the Prairie View A&M resident center 10. Lyndon Baines Johnson served as the first director in Texas 11. Between 1935-1943 aided 175,000 students in completing their educations and employed another 75,000 youths in out of school programs

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

1. was expected to expand employment opportunities further in the region. 2. an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. 3. he agreement came into force on January 1, 1994, and superseded the 1988 Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement between the United States and Canada. 4. created to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between the US, Canada and Mexico.

Texas Relief Commission

1. was in operation from 1933 to 1934 2. Part of the New Deal Programs President Franklin D. Roosevelt administration created 3. Governor Miriam Amanda Ferguson issued an executive order establishing this in March 1933 4. The commission used FERA funds, enabling Texans to participate in various early New Deal programs such as construction and white-collar projects of the Civil Works Administration and the camp programs of the Civilian Conservation Corps

"Robin Hood" Law

1. was launched during the 1992-1993 biennium in the attempt to make school funding more equitable by having wealthier school districts remit property taxes to the state for redistribution to poorer school districts. 2. was a media nickname given to legislation enacted by the U.S. state of Texas in 1993 to provide court-mandated equitable school financing for all school districts in the state, in response to the Texas Supreme Court's ruling in Edgewood Independent School District v. Kirby.

Eagle Ford

1. was on the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad and Loop 12 six miles west of downtown Dallas in western Dallas County. 2. It was on the original land grants of H. Burnham and the Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway. 3. The area was first settled by the family of Enoch Horton, who moved there from Missouri in 1844 and established a home at a shallow part of the West Fork of the Trinity River, which became a fording spot for travelers 4. When Horton found an eagle's nest in the area, he named the crossing this 5. With the construction of cattle-holding facilities, the community soon became a cattle-shipping point to rival Dallas and Fort Worth as the major city of North Texas 6. population decreased to fifty in the 1890s and stayed at that level well into the 1930s. By 1941 the population had increased to 150. After World War II Eagle Ford grew rapidly, when the return of war veterans spurred housing development in the area

Katherine Anne Porter

1. writer 2. After a successful year as a journalist she went to New York and spent the 1920s, in her words, "running back and forth between Mexico City and Greenwich Village." During the 1920s she did what she called "hack work"-publicity work for a film company, journalism, and the ghostwriting of a book, My Chinese Marriage (1921, published under the initials M. T. F.) 3. She also began writing short stories and published three children's stories in a magazine, Everyland. 4. During her four visits to Mexico from 1920 to 1931 she wrote articles on political and cultural aspects of the region, and the country provided the setting for some of her later writings 5. In 1936 she returned to the United States and lived in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, New York, New Orleans, Houston, and Baton Rouge. During this period she published some of her most important short fiction, including Noon Wine, "Old Mortality," and "The Grave," all set in Central Texas. 6. Ship of Fools was finished in Boston in 1961 and triumphantly published on April 1, 1962. The book brought fame and fortune, though this time critical approval was mixed with adverse criticism