U3 Art History Test

The term _________ means adding the perception of depth to a piece by incorporating lines that lead to a vanishing point.

perspective

The Renaissance emphasized that life should be lived for the _________, and it should be lived ________

present; fully

the 1400s; Italians separate this century from all the others to reflect its greatness and preserve its unique place in history

quattrocento

The crisp lines and details of many Renaissance paintings add to the __________ of the piece.

realism

Brought back by Donatello, what is the contrapposto pose?

relaxed, upright body with weight resting on one leg

What are three main art themes that Titian painted?

religious scenes; atmospheric backgrounds; mythological paintings

What new medium did the Northern Renaissance artists perfect?

use of turpentine to thin paints creating a transparent effect

In order for perspective to be accurate, what are the two qualities it requires?

vanishing point somewhere on the horizon; fixed viewpoint in the foreground of the piece

Renaissance authors started to use the _____________ language, the local common language of an area.

vernacular

Renaissance authors wrote using the local ___________ so as to be more accessible to readers.

vernacular

What kind of graphic works assured Durer his reputation as one of the all-time greats?

woodcuts, engravings

Describe the "Danse Macabre" artistic style that came from the plague era.

"death" or skeletons that summoned people from all walks of life to the grave

Before the check ________ century, an check _________ was commissioned to create a work by a ____________

19th; artist; patron

The _______ of the 1340s ravaged Italy and most of

Black Death; Europe

Michelangelo's ___________ captures the essence of humanism, ideal beauty, religious emotion, and classical style.

David

Known for his portrait paintings, Holbein the Younger became the country of ____________'s court painter.

England

The city of _________ was the epicenter of the Renaissance movement.

Florence

How did the Hundred Years' War of the 1340s affect the art world?

Focus was on survival rather than education.

Two of the accomplished writers of the Renaissance were _________ (Canterbury Tales) and ____________ (The Divine Comedy).

Geoffrey Chaucer; Dante Alighieri

What set Titian apart from other Renaissance artists?

He accented his paintings with strong, unnatural colors which oddly made sense in the pictures.

Why was Masaccio nicknamed "Clumsy Tom"?

He neglected his own hygiene when immersed in his work.

The celebration of genius as great individuals bask in success and also the potential for man to achieve more is often called ____________.

Humanism

If you see check ____________, like a cross, your eyes will drift to the point where the lines ________

Intersecting lines; Meet

Five distinctive features of the Renaissance.

It is marked by great achievements in art, literature, and science; It emphasized reasoning, questioning, and experimentation; It glorified the individual and approved of worldly pleasures; It was a rediscovery of Greek and Roman culture; It focused on secular matters, not just religion.

What is significant about the University of Bologna, founded in 1088 AD?

It provided early direction for study in the humanities.

What is so significant about Durer's Self Portrait?

It was painted to resemble Jesus.

How was the Northern Renaissance different from the Italian Renaissance?

Italians drew their inspiration from classical antiquity, northern Europeans drew their inspiration from nature, northern Europeans were very detailed with their art

What are two reasons Leonardo's painting of The Last Supper is in a state of perpetual restoration?

Leonardo used a new paint technique that did not adhere as well as other techniques and there have been attacks on the building during war time.

How does Leonardo use the artistic device of foreshortening?

Mary's outstretched left hand in Virgin of the Rocks seems to come out of the picture toward the viewer.

Who were Boticelli's principal patrons from Florence?

Medici family

The ____________ by _____________ is probably the most famous painting in the world.

Mona Lisa; Leonardo da Vinci

How did the fact that Italy was an outlet for trade routes impact the Renaissance?

More trade meant more wealth for families to spend on art and nicer things.

Select three famous patrons.

Pope Julius II; Isabella d'Este; Medici family

Who were two of Raphael's famous patrons? a. ____________ b. ____________

Pope Leo X; Pope Julius II

What are 3 facts about the Lady with an Ermine?

Portrait shows the Renaissance technique of shading; Light source in portrait is consistent with reality; Figure in the portrait is facing the light source.

What are 3 facts about the Portrait of Balthazar?

Portrait shows what a typical Renaissance man would have looked like; Crisp lines in the eyes and individual hairs add to the realism of the piece; Color changes are subtle which helps the portrait look realistic and full of life.

The __________ flourished in Italy since the government was loosely run by families of check __________ (like the Medici family of Florence).

Renaissance; entrepreneurs

What were the main subjects for most of Botticelli's masterpieces?

Roman mythology and light-hearted literary references

What is the term that describes how depth in the Middle Ages art was created?

Stacking

Bosch's ____ is full of symbolism.

The Garden of Earthly Delights

What was Michelangelo's first major sculpted work?

The Pieta

What are three facts about The Last Supper? (Jacopo)

The apostles' heads are lit up not only due to the light source, but because they were sainted by the Catholic Church, Light source is not hidden in this painting, Shadows do not emanate from the focal point in this painting.

What are 3 facts about The Marriage of the Virgin?

The piece is all about the artist's mastery of linear perspective; Artwork shows the technique of negative space; Objects in the back are blurrier than those in the front.

How did the Catholic Church's domination in the political, social, and economical realms affect art?

They demanded extra money to go toward the church in the form of tithes, taxes, and indulgences.

What are 3 facts about Tribute Money?

This piece is a great example of early perspective, Figures depicted are proportional to the building, Artwork is actually three pieces that all have the same focal point.

What are three facts about the Miniature from the Travels of Marco Polo?

This piece shows lack of perspective, Heights and distances are not easily calculated in this painting, miniature from the Middle Ages

Charles V asked _________ to paint portraits that celebrated his most important victories.

Titian

The focal point for shapes with odd-numbered sides is the ____________.

Upper third

What are three facts about The Last Supper? (Da Vinci)

Vanishing point in this portrait is right behind the focal point, Intersecting lines give the focal point the appearance of powerful rays, The rays radiating from the focal point seem to push the other figures back.

What are 3 facts about the Garden of Earthly Delights?

Vibrant colors help create the exotic nature of Eden; Colors in this picture were not seen in art before the Renaissance; Rich colors with smooth gradations of tone permitted painters to create textures and simulate three-dimensional forms.

Because of its quality, familiarity, and prolific artists, Renaissance art engages what three aspects for humans?

attention; intelligence; imagination

What are some possible challenges that may arise between an artist and a patron?

bruised egos, frustration, and arguments

There are 340 human figures depicted on the Sistine Chapel's _______.

ceiling

The focal point for circles and shapes with even-numbered sides is the ________.

center

Many of Botticelli's works depict ________________, divinely inspired beauty while he often used nudes as his subject matter.

feminine

Describe Peter Breughel the Elder's style.

energetic, satiric edge, amusing

What major contributions did Masaccio make to the art world?

focused on the creation of three-dimensional human bodies and rejected the elegant Gothic style, pioneered the craft of perspective in painting and focused on the creation of three-dimensional human bodies

Donatello carved his bronze sculptures so realistically that he said he could _____________.

hear them speaking to him

What is the benefit of oil paint on canvas?

holds color better

The celebration of genius as great individuals bask in success and also the potential man has to achieve more is called:

humanism

How did Leonardo build the illusion of three-dimension in the Mona Lisa?

layers of almost-transparent glaze

Some historians view the Renaissance as a bridge that connects the Middle Ages with modern Europe because it lays the foundation for today's realm of:

literature; art; science; economics

When you have any number of objects of a similar size, but one is different, your eye will be drawn to the oddball, even if it is not in the __________.

middle

Whenever an odd number of relatively equal-sized objects are placed together, your eye naturally settles on the _________ one.

middle

Raphael's skill was working out poses that expressed intention and _________ that also harmonized with the emotions shown on the figure's face.

movement

Your eye frames the space in between parallel lines, allowing you to focus on the __________ space between them.

negative

A _________ is a person, family, or organization who supports an artist financially.

patron

Masaccio and Raphael pioneered new styles in dimension and added a new depth to painting.

perspective

What areas fascinated Leonardo to the point where he made notebooks full of sketches?

science, human anatomy, diagrams of machines, natural phenomena

The word _______ literally means "worldly."

secular

Leonardo's _____________ or "smoky" technique can be seen in several of his paintings.

sfumato

With the creation of oil paint on canvas, the hues to use were only limited by the imagination and ___________ of the artist.

skill

Renaissance

the rebirth of art, literature, and science in Europe, c. 1400-1600 AD; began in northern Italy in the 14th century then eventually spread northward into the rest of the continent

What is so significant about the words above the mirror in van Eyck's The Arnolfini Portrait?

they are the artist's signature

How does Raphael's fresco The School of Athens embody all the characteristics of Renaissance art?

three-dimensional perspective, bright colors, and a tribute to the Greco-Roman heritage