UCB Ling 5 MT 1 - K Johnson

Which of the following options is NOT a reason why English has so many discrepancies between the sounds of a word and its spelling? - A given word may be pronounced differently depending on its adjacent sounds and stress patterns. - The spelling system is being used to represent a spoken language that has changed and continues to change. - English has been influenced by the spelling conventions of several different languages such as Norman French and Dutch. - People who speak different dialects of English each use a different spelling system to represent their dialect.

- People who speak different dialects of English each use a different spelling system to represent their dialect.

Which of the following is a bound morpheme? for car -ment house

-ment

Which of these options is an example of a natural class of voiced fricatives in English? /b, d, g/ /v, z, ð, ʒ/ /b, v, d, n, z, g/ /f, v, s, z/

/v, z, ð, ʒ/

Which meaning(s)—linguistic, social, or affective—differentiate(s) these sentences? If the driver doesn't slow down, we're going to have an accident. / If that lunatic doesn't take his foot off the gas, we're all going to be killed.

Affective

What is the semantic role of the underlined segment? My mother baked me a cake. (My mother)

Agent

In languages such as Turkish, affixes can be easily separated from the stems. Each affix is characteristically distinct and can be attached to other stems. Which type of morphological system is this?

Agglutinating

Which option is a conventionalized metaphor for English? - Ideas are objects that can be sensed. - The heart is where emotions are experienced. - We physically move through time in the direction of the future.

All of them

What are allomorphs?

Alternate pronunciations of a morpheme

________ focuses on the human vocal apparatus and describes sounds in terms of their articulation in the vocal tract.

Articulatory phonics

Sally says to her professor: "Hey, buddy, change my grade, will you?" This expression violates:

Communicative competence

When two sounds can never occur in the same environment, those two sounds are in:

Complementary distribution

Groups of words that function as a structural unit are known as:

Constituents

The most notable aspects of human communication that appear to be lacking when chimps use human language are:

Displacement and productivity.

Most linguists believe that impurities such as borrowed words and double negatives are corrupting languages around the world. True or false?

False

Phonological rules can always be applied to an underlying form in any order. True or false?

False

Reduplication is the process of shortening an existing word to make a new word. True or false?

False

Standard varieties are the most logical and grammatical form of a language. True or false?

False

When we pronounce words, we pronounce each sound individually and no sound in a word influences the way the sounds around it are pronounced. True or false?

False

While everyone speaks at least one language, only certain social and regional groups speak a dialect. True or false?

False

Linguists have traditionally focused on ________.

Grammar

Which of the following is not a hallmark of human language? Arbitrariness Productivity Discreteness Iconicity

Iconicity

In languages such as Chinese, each word tends to be a single isolated morpheme. Which type of morphological system is this?

Isolating

Why is it difficult to determine how many languages there are in the world?

Languages die. New languages are born or "discovered". The difference between "language" and "dialect" is complicated.

One advantage of speaking over writing and signing is that speaking:

Leaves the hands and eyes free to do other things.

Which meaning(s)—linguistic, social, or affective—differentiate(s) these sentences? She bought a book. / She bought a magazine.

Linguistic

________ is a category through which speakers convey their attitude towards the truth of an assertion, or express obligation, permission, or suggestion.

Modality

Which option below is an example of an initialism? NASA NBA NATO UNESCO

NBA

________ consonants are produced by lowering the velum, thus allowing the stream of air to pass through the nasal cavity.

Nasal

The head of a noun phrase is a:

Noun

Which of the following lexical categories is an example of an open class of words? Pronouns Prepositions Determiners Nouns

Nouns

What is the semantic role of the underlined segment? The chef cut the steak with a knife. (the steak)

Patient

What does it mean for human languages to have productivity?

People can generate and understand an infinite number of sentences by combining and recombining the same few elements and structures.

Have you studied your tree diagrams?

Please do.

If we think of grammar as a description of how language is organized and behaves, which of the following sentences would be considered ungrammatical? Where are you at? Our mission is to peacefully resolve conflicts. Roasted she vegetables likes. I don't want no chicken for dinner tonight.

Roasted she vegetables likes.

________ is the branch of linguistics that studies the systematic ways in which languages structure meaning, especially in words and sentences.

Semantics

What are pictograms?

Signs that people can understand regardless of what languages they speak.

Which of the following options is an example of a nonarbitrary sign? The word "coffee" The ASL sign for "beautiful" Smoke Traffic lights

Smoke

Which meaning(s)—linguistic, social, or affective—differentiate(s) these sentences? Alice don't live here no more. / Alice doesn't live here anymore.

Social

The study of sentence structure is called:

Syntax

What is the semantic role of the underlined segment? The professor handed out the exam at the beginning of class. (the beginning of class)

Temporal

In a syllable, the rhyme consists of:

The nucleus and the coda of the syllable.

What is linguistics?

The study of language structure and use.

How many different pronunciations does the English plural suffix have?

Three (busIS) (chairZ) (sockSSSS)

A fixed spelling system means that people who speak mutually unintelligible languages or very different dialects can still communicate well in writing. True or false?

True

A verb that can occur with a direct object is called a transitive verb. True or false?

True

Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. True or false?

True

Allophones of a phoneme are the different realizations, or pronunciations, of a phoneme. True or false?

True

People choose between active and passive constructions in part to keep the focus of the sentence on a particular NP. True or false?

True

Sign languages use systems of grammatical rules to create an infinite number of sentences.

True

The surface form of a word is the pronunciation of a word as a result of the application of phonological rules to the underlying form. True or false?

True

There are very few true synonyms because even when terms have the same linguistic meaning, they often have different social and affective meanings. True or false?

True

Which of the following questions is an information question? Did your roommate cook dinner last night? Have you seen Miriam lately? What classes are you taking this semester? Was Monday your first day at your new job?

What classes are you taking this semester?

Which of the following sounds is a stop? [v] [z] [l] [b]

[b]

Which of the following sounds is a fricative? [m] [p] [f] [b]

[f]

Which of the following sounds is voiceless? [m] [g] [h] [d]

[h]

Which of the following sounds is velar? [k] [p] [t] [s]

[k]

Which of the following vowels is a rounded vowel? [a] [i] [e] [o]

[o]

Which of the following sounds is bilabial? [h] [k] [t] [p]

[p]

Paying special attention to the way aspiration is applied to voiceless stops in English, which option below is the best transcription for the word spit? [spɪtʰ] [spʰɪt] [spɪt] [spʰɪtʰ]

[spɪt]

Paying special attention to the way aspiration is applied to voiceless stops in English, which option below is the best transcription for the word tack? [tæk] [tækʰ] [tʰæk] [tʰækʰ]

[tʰæk]

Which of the following vowels is a low vowel? [i] [æ] [ɛ] [o]

[æ]

Which of the following vowels is a lax vowel? [i] [æ] [ɪ] [e]

[ɪ]

An infix is:

a morpheme that attaches only inside another morpheme.

Which word below is a transitive verb? laugh sleep shower catch

catch

Which word below would take the plural allomorph [z]? chair hat plate house

chair

Which word has a meronymic relationship to the word "hand"? face foot toe finger

finger

The opening between the vocal cords is the ________, which is located in the voice box, or ________.

glottis, larynx

The pair of adjectives tall and short provide an example of: nongradable antonyms. gradable antonyms. true synonyms. polysemous terms.

gradable antonyms

Examine the following sentence: My cousin claimed he saw a shark just off the coast. What is the embedded clause in this sentence?

he saw a shark just off the coast

Identify a constituent from the sentence "The dog swam in the lake".

in the lake.

Which of the following options is not a test for constituency? coordination substitution movement intonation

intonation

A ______ is the smallest unit of language that has a meaning or a grammatical function associated with it.

morpheme

Conversion or functional shift is the process of:

moving a word from one lexical category to another without changing the form of the word.

As a result of the English allophonic rule that puts aspiration on voiceless stops in certain contexts, which of the following words is pronounced with an aspirated /p/? sprint pale spoil map

pale

A set of ________ in a language is the set of distinctive, or contrastive, sounds in that language.

phonemes

The syntactic rules that generate underlying constituent structures are:

phrase-structure rules.

Alveolar, bilabial, and velar are terms used to classify sounds according to their:

place of articulation

Which of the following groups of words is the best example of a semantic field? dream, stream, seam, beam bear, bare, boar, bore pug, poodle, mastiff, collie house, mountain, hand, cloud

pug, poodle, mastiff, collie

Which word below contains a derivational morpheme? quietly walked houses louder

quietly

Embedding a clause into an NP of another clause results in a ________.

relative clause

Which two words offer the best example of homonyms? fight and sight see and sea dove and dive sing and sang

see and sea

Which of the following pairs of words is an example of a minimal pair? cough and laugh rain and strained spin and sun sleep and sleet

sleep and sleet

Examine the following sentence: The man said that the museum is closed today. What is the complementizer in this sentence?

that

How is the word "untouchable" divided into morphemes?

un-touch-able

There is a phonological pattern in English where vowels become nasalized when they precede nasal consonants. Which rule below best expresses this idea? nasal --> vowel / ________ nasal vowel --> nasal / nasal ________ vowel --> nasal / ________ nasal nasal --> vowel / nasal ________

vowel --> nasal / ________ nasal

Which word below would take the past tense allomorph [t]? walk wave wade want

walk

Which word is a hyponym of mammal? reptile amphibian snake whale

whale

Which word is transcribed as [jæm]? yam gym yearn jam

yam