Ultimate (Amazing) Climatic History

Corinth

This polity founded several major colonies throughout the Mediterranean, including Actium, Epidamnos, and Corcyra (Cypselus, Periander)

Jamestown

This settlement was started by colonists carried by three ships under Christopher Newport (Bacon Rebellion)

Chief Seattle

This signer of the Port Elliott Treaty made a speech in 1854 to greet superintendent Isaac Stevens (Dr. Henry Smith)

Mecca

This site is often identified with Bakkah, which is said to be the location of the first mosque (Well of Zamzam, tawaf)

Whiskey Ring Scandal

This situation resulted in the indictments of over 200 people, and Thomas Nast commented on it with a picture of Uncle Sam looking at some wooden objects while a quotation from the man who broke it looms overhead (Orville Babcock, Benjamin Bristow)

Martin Luther King

This speaker noted in one of his speeches that "the arc of the moral universe...bends toward justice" ("the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today")

Ohio

This state saw a greater share of its residents fight for the Union in the Civil War than any other state, including Generals Sheridan, Sherman, and Grant (Toledo War)

Alaska

This state suffered the Good Friday Earthquake, and it is the only state divided into boroughs rather than counties (Kodiak)

Arkansas

This state was the site of the Brooks-Baxter War (Patrick Cleburne, Battle of Pea Ridge)

Michigan

This state's Senator Arthur Vandenberg worked with Harry Truman to create a bipartisan foreign policy following World War II (Lewis Cass, Dearborn Independent Newspaper)

Maryland

This state's Toleration Act was a precursor of the First Amendment (John Hanson, Ex Parte Merrymen)

Pennsylvania

This state's Whig and Democratic parties clashed in the "Buckshot War" (Three Mile Island, Lattimore Massacre)

Night Of The Long Knives

During this event, Edmund Heines was found in bed with an eighteen-year-old (Victor Lutze, Kurt von Schleicher)

Bacon's Rebellion

During this event, a "Declaration of the People" accused twenty-one people of having raised "great unjust taxes" and appointing "scandalous and ignorant favorites" as judges (Thomas Mathews)

Great Famine

During this event, a group led by William Smith O'Brien attempted to overthrow the government, but disbanded after a skirmish at Widow McCormack's house ("Coffin Boats", "Black '47")

Day Of The Dupes

During this event, the Duke of Epernon, one of its supporters, vainly boasted that he would push a certain individual "to the wall" (Marshal of Marillac, Luxembourg Palace)

Ulysses Simpson Grant

During this man's administration, a potential annexation of Santo Domingo failed to be ratified by the Senate, and his Secretary of State Hamilton Fish negotiated the Treaty of Washington (Morrison Waite, Edwin Stanton)

Saracen

Early use of this term was used by Europeans to describe the Fatmid Caliphate (Hagar)

Venice

France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Spain fought against this city during the War of the League of Cambrai (Enrico Dandolo)

California

Francis Drake claimed land in this present-day state for England as New Albion, though it was never colonized by the British (William Ide, Mariano Vallejo)

Election Of 1968

In this election, Dick Gregory was a write-in candidate for the Peace and Freedom Party ("Southern strategy", Eugene McCarthy)

Boudica

Tacitus described this warrior's final battle in the Midlands of England and Cassius Dio wrote that this loser to Paulinus had waist-long red hair (Prasutagus, Camulodunum)

Ghana

This country's president Hilla Limann was overthrown in a 1981 military coup by Jerry Rawling (Golden Stool)

Cote De Ivore

This country's tenuous peace was tested by the 2007 attempted airport assassination of its Prime Minister Guillaume Soro (Guy-Andre Kieffer, Operation Unicorn)

Ronald Wilson Reagan

This man launched his political career by giving the "A Time for Choosing" speech for Barry Goldwater (Strategic Defense Initiative)

Henry Clay

This man lost bids for the presidency when running with John Sergeant and Theodore Frelinghuysen (American System)

Puritanism

This religion believed that education was necessary to keep children from becoming "barbarous" (John Davenport)

Governor Of California

A snub of Hiram Johnson, the holder of this office in 1916, may have cost Charles Evans Hughes that year's election ("you won't have Nixon to kick around anymore")

Bengal

A state that was part of this historical region has been ruled by the CPI-M led Left Front for thirty years, making that party the longest-ruling democratically elected communist party anywhere ever (Tata Motors, Kingdom of Magadha)

Stephan Of Blois

His brother Henry was a Cluniac monk who ran Glastonbury abbey and controlled the affairs of the diocese of Winchester (Matilda)

Richard Milhous Nixon

In a Senate campaign, this politician labeled his opponent, Helen Douglas, the "Pink Lady" (Stennis Compromise)

Falkland Island

In a World War I battle at this location, British gunners initially missed the German ships by about a hundred meters because the Coriolis force corrections in their sights were of the opposite sign (Fenix Squadron, Operation Mikado)

John Quincy Adams

In exchange for an electoral vote from Louisiana, this man appointed James Brown as minister to France (Gag Rules)

Franklin Pierce

In his inaugural address, this man noted that "the great scheme of our constitutional liberty rests upon a proper distribution of power between the State and Federal authorities" (John Campbell)

Republican Party

In its early years, this political party was supported by the Genesee Valley Free Press, a newspaper established by Asahel N. Cole (Thomas Cardozo, "Black and Tan" Revolution)

Literacy

In medieval Europe, proving that one possessed this quality was all that was needed to escape the jurisdiction of civil courts ("Grandfather Clauses")

Malcolm X

In one address, this man compared two variants of a struggle to "field" and "house" individuals, while another declared the "sitting at a table doesn't make you a diner" (Audubon Ballroom, "Ballot or the Bullet" Speech)

Somalia

In one conflict, this nation captured the cities of Jijiga and Dire Dawa as it battled a neighboring country led by Mengistu for the Ogaden region (Dervish State, Hargeisa, Mohammed Siad Barre)

Peru

In this country, Juan Velasco led a leftist military government that broke up the hacienda system (Alan Garcia, Shining Path)

Burma

In this country, Senior General Than Shwe is orchestrating the first elections in two decades as well as completing the construction of the new capital at Naypidaw (State Peace and Development Council)

Greece

In this country, the Fourth of August Regime was led by John Metaxas (Don Pacifico Affair, Battle of Navarino)

Idaho

In this modern-day state, troops under Lieutenants W. C. Brown and Edward Farrow defeated the Turakina in the Sheepeater Indian War (Zachias Van Ornum, Bear River Massacre)

Italy

In this nation, the Red Brigades kidnapped then murdered a former Christian Democrat Prime Minister (Francesco Crispi)

Gaul

In this region, the German king Ariovistus was invited to become king of a certain group in order to make war against the Aedui (Siege of Gergovia, Battle of Alesia)

Florida

In this state, Wild Cat escaped from Fort Marion and Wiley Thompson was killed at Fort King (Seminole Indians)

South Carolina

In this state, the "Friendship Nine" initiated the "jail no bail" strategy by insisting on serving their sentences after being arrested during a sit-in (Battle Of Eutaw Springs, Denmark Vesey)

War Of 1812

In this war, a warning by Laura Secord enabled Lieutenant Fitz Gibbon to win the Battle of Beaver Dams ("Mr. Madison's War")

Banking

Liaquat Ahamed wrote a recent history about the failures of four men in this profession, Hjalmar Schacht, Emile Moreau, Montagu Norman and an American named Benjamin Strong (Mayer Amschel, Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act)

First Sino-Japanese War

Like World War I, it began with foreign intervention in a domestic dispute in a tributary state, in this case the Donghak Peasant Revolution (Treaty of Shimonoseki)

Lord Mountbatten

Like the rest of the British royal family, he dropped his German styles and titles in 1917 and his surname was Anglicized (Dieppe Raid)

New York City

Prominent political figures in the history of this polity include Charles Murphy and Jimmy Walker, and Robert Moses directed two World's Fairs and a number of public works projects in it (Howard Safir, Bernard Kerik)

Argentina

One ruler of this country had a secret police force whose name meant "The Ear of Corn," the Mazorkas (Juan Manuel De Rosas)

South Africa

One ruler of this country was assassinated by Dmitri Tsafendas, and it passed the Population Registration Act in 1950 (Torch Commando)

Fatimid Dynasty

One ruler of this dynasty sent his general Jawhar to conquer the Ikshidids (Badr al-Jamali, Katana Berbers, Ubayd Allah)

Abbasid Caliphate

One ruler of this dynasty suppressed the Barmakid family, a Persian clan which had accumulated power (Zanj Revolt)

Mughal Empire

One ruler of this empire, Furrukhsiyar, ruled with the help of the Syed Brothers until they deposed him and blinded him with needles ( Ahmad Shah Abdali)

Algeria

One ruler of this nation hit the consul Duval with a fly swatter, in an incident which France used as a pretext for war (Blum-Violette plan)

Hawaii

One ruler of this nation repudiated the Constitution of 1840 and his death brought to power a figure known as "Whiskey Bill" ("bayonet")

Portugal

One ruler of this nation was killed during an attempted invasion at the Battle Of Threcker

Harald

One ruler with this name was the son of Halfdan the Black, who pledged he would neither wash nor shave his hair until he had unified his country, which he accomplished after beating Kjotve the Rich of Agder ("scourge of Bulgaria")

Alexander

One ruler with this personal name led a country whose forces were routed at Friedland, causing him to meet in a raft on the Memel River to discuss the Treaty of Tilsit (Zemstvos)

Confederate States Of America Navy

One ship commanded by this navy was originally called the Enrica and was built secretly in Liverpool (James Waddell, Hunley)

Mau Mau Uprising

One side in this incident responded by arresting people in Operation Jock Scott and more people in Operation Anvil after Oliver Lyttleton authorized Governor Evelyn Baring to declare Emergency

Battle Of Jutland

One side planned to ensnare David Beatty's cruisers at Rosyth, and in this battle, the Grand Fleet was aligned end-to-end to maximize the power of its broadsides (Richard Scheer, Franz von Hipper)

Battle Of Plassey

One side would initially camp their men in a mango grove alongside the Hooghli River (Fulta)

Battle Of Bunker Hill

One story about this battle says that men deserted after being ordered not to hold a funeral service for the first casualty, Asa Prescott (Thomas Gage)

Genghis Khan

One story about this man says that he killed his half- brother with a bow and arrow after that man, Bekhter, stole his hunting spoils (Kara-Khitan Region)

Ahuitzotl

One story about this ruler says that he ordered a second aqueduct constructed in his capital - and when the ruler of Coyoacan refused to supply water for that project, this ruler had him killed, only to see the aqueduct fail and cause a huge flood (Templo Mayor)

United States Presidential Elections

One superstition concerning certain winners of this election is known as Tecumseh's Curse (Ralph Nader)

Battle Of Verdun

One supply line in this battle came to be known as the Sacred Way for its use in this battle (Fort Douaumont)

Spanish American War

One theater of this war was previously the site of the Virginius Affair (Henry Glass)

Pogroms

One took two months to spread across Spain in the summer of 1391, while the first occurred in France and Germany in 1096 and was part of the First Crusade ("violent outbreak")

Mejji Restoration

One war during this period included the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, after which ex-ruler Yoshinobu lost all power (Ezo Republic, Boshin War)

Charles De Gaulle

Opposition to this person's policies was organized by the Secret Army Organization (Rene Coty, Fifth Republic)

Velvet Revolution

Oxford historian Timothy Garton Ash predicted that this event would take just ten days ("Institute for Forecasting")

Hampton Roads Conference

P. Blair proposed that peace be restored by directing the attention of the Confederacy and the United States towards Emperor Maximilian in Mexico, but despite four hours of negotiation no progress was made (River Queen)

Myanmar

The Rakhine people of this modern day country were conquered by Bowdapaya of the Konbaung dynasty (Thibaw Min, Tatmadaw)

Korea

The Silla dynasty ruled in this country where Sejon the Great was an early ruler of the Choson Dynasty (Battle of Noryang)

Twenty First Amendment

The Supreme Court ruled that the Taxing and Spending Clause did not violate this amendment in South Dakota v. Dole ("the transportation or importation...of intoxicating liquors")

Vespasian

The Syrian governor Mucianus encouraged this man to claim the throne, and Antonius Primus invaded Rome in support of this man's claim to the empire (First Jewish Revolt)

Argentina

The Tacuara was a right-wing group that attacked in this country during the presidency of Arturo Frondozi (Revolucion Libertadora)

Thirty Years War

The Torstenson War was a continuation of this conflict as Sweden launched a surprise attack on Denmark-Norway, winning control of the Baltic Sea as a result (Albrecht von Wallenstein (Treaty of Munster)

Genoa

The Treaty of Ninfeo led to this city's establishment of a settlement at Pera in the Byzantine Empire (Battle of Meloria)

Pearl Harbor

The United States received exclusive rights to this embayment as part of a 1875 treaty in return for tax-free admission of sugar and rice imports to American markets (1908)

D-Day

The VENTRILOQUIST network was informed of this event when its planners broadcast two lines of Verlaine's "Autumn Song" over the radio (Operation Tonga, Operation Fortitude)

Maine

The first English colony in this modern-day state was at Popham in 1607, and the War of 1812 saw the British attempt to form New Ireland here (Alf Landon, Compromise of 1820)

Florence

This city's lower classes were known as the "popolo minuto" and led by the wool carders in the 1378 Revolt of the Ciompi (Ghibellines)

Russian Revolution Of 1905

This event was vigorously opposed by groups of nobles called the Black Hundreds (Union of Liberation)

Oliver Wendell Holmes Junior

This man claimed that one of his legal doctrines was misused in his dissent in Abrams v. United States (Buck Versus Bell)

John Adams

This man pardoned John Fries after his namesake Pennsylvania rebellion ("facts are stubborn things")

John Jay

This man was defeated by George Clinton for the position of Governor of New York (Hayburn's Case)

Dan White

This man was described as "in pretty bad condition" by Douglas Schmidt, who defended him during an event he inspired on May 21

Kublai Khan

This man was elected by a kuriltai held at Shang-Tu, and defeated his rival to the throne, Arigboge (Mongke, II Milione)

Joseph McCarthy

This man was elected to Congress with the slogan "Congress needs a tail-gunner (Wheeling)

Cicero

This man was exiled by Clodius Pulcher, prompting his defense of Titus Milo for the murder of Clodius, Pro Milonem (Catiline Conspiracy)

Peter The Great

This man's reign saw the Bulavin Rebellion and Fedor Golovin's failed Grand Embassy (Streltsy Uprising, guberniia)

Muammar Al Gadhafi

This man's son paid $2 million for Beyoncé to sing at his New Year's Eve party on St. Bart's ("Isratin")

Cherokee

Elias Boudinot edited this people's newspaper, the Phoenix (William Carroll, John F. Schermerhorn)

Lithuania

100 Nazi-sponsored activists that campaigned against this country's government were led by Ernst Neumann and Theodor von Sass (Peasant Populist Party, Chiune Suhigara)

France

A 1908 plot to poison a garrison of colonial troops from this country was unraveled when one of the conspirators went to confession (Siege of Tourane, 1954 Geneva Conference)

Nineteenth Amendment

A 24-year-old legislator named Harry Burn provided the last vote needed to make Tennessee the 36th state to ratify this amendment, giving it the three-fourths majority needed to become constitutional law (Leser Versus Garnett)

Judicial Reform Procedures Bill of 1937

A Clifford Berryman cartoon lampooning this proposal depicted two skyscrapers added to a Classical Revival building (Joseph T. Robinson, West Coast Hotel)

Nicholas Sarkozy

A July 2007 speech by this man in Senegal offended Africans by referencing "African peasants" (Human Bomb, Liliane Bettencourt)

John Winthrop

A biography of this man by Francis Bremer calls him "America's forgotten founding father" (Dorothy Talbye, Henry Vane, "Gods Promise to His Plantation")

States Rights Democratic Party

A cartoon endorsed by this political party claims "Elephants in front of them / and nothing but the people back of them (Leander Perez, Thomas Bailey)

George III

A conspiracy to assassinate this man was formed by Bannister Truelock and nearly carried out by the religious fanatic James Hadfield, who shot him at Drury Lane Theater (Marquis of Rockingham, Duke of Grafton)

Zimmerman Telegram

A crucial second copy of this document was obtained by one nation when an agent known as Mr. H bribed the head of a Western Union office to intercept it at its destination (Eastern Telegraph, Room 40)

Night Of The Broken Glass

A decree deporting Polish Jews a month prior to this event may have been indirectly responsible for its consummation (Herschel Grynazapan)

Nicoleu Cesucesca

A defector from this man's regime later published the book Red Horizon

Thebes

A general from this city named Pagondas led the victorious forces over Athens at the battle of Delium (Plataea, Sacred Band)

Minamoto Clan

A general from this clan was defeated at the Battle of Sunomatagawa (Genji, Benkei)

Tammany Hall

A group known as the Locofocos opposed this organization, whose final resurgence was put down by Herbert Lehman (Grand Sachem)

Tiberius

A history on this man was written by his brother-in-arms Velleius Paterculus, and his reign saw the growth of delation prosecutions ("I am nursing a viper in Rome's bosom")

Battle Of Austerlitz

A key strategy in this battle saw the winning side successfully attack Old Vineyards and implement the "Lion's Leap" maneuver against Pratecky Hill, while many of the losing side's casualties were incurred after fleeing troops made a poorly-chosen dash across the Satschan ponds and drowned (Pratzen Heights, Treaty of Pressburg)

Oklahoma City Bombing

A law passed after this event provided restrictions on successive habeas corpus briefs and is commonly called AEDPA (Others Unknown)

Pequot War

A major primary source of this event is the "relation" of Lion Gardiner, who fired on a group of vessels despite the presence of Abraham Swain's daughters (John Oldham, John Stone)

Jews

A massacre of this group of people occurred after the Battle of Uctes and one of the greatest theological contribution of this group was the Fons Vitale (Cortes Of Toledo)

Republican Party

A member of this party who gave the Declaration of Conscience speech against Joseph McCarthy was Maine Senator Margaret Chase Smith (Henry Cabot Lodge)

War Of The League Of Augsburg

A naval commander in this war besieged Madras, prompting a retaliatory strike against Francois Martin at Pondicherry (Truce of Ratisbon, Treaty of Ryswick, Battle of Marsagila)

Crimean War

A nominal cause of this war was one participant's claim to be the protector of all Orthodox Christians within another combatant's borders ("lady with the lamp")

Saddam Hussein

A nuclear facility constructed during the rule of this man was destroyed during Operation Opera (Tariq Aziz, Oil-For-Food)

Greece

A number of this country's military officers were jailed in a coup called the Aspida affair, part of a time of political crisis sometimes known as the "July events" (Amalia of Oldenburg, Don Pacifico Affair)

Jewish Revolts

A offset the instability caused by one of these conflicts, Parthamaspatas was briefly installed on the throne of Ctesiphon and Cyrenica had to be repopulated; that second of these was named after the general Lucius Quietus (12th Legion)

Santa Anna

A participant in the Battle of Medina alongside Augustus Magee, this man was later a signatory of the Treaty of Velasco with David Burnet (Plan of Casa Mata, "Hero of Tampico")

Santa Anna

A participant in the Battle of Medina alongside Augustus Magee, this man was later a signatory of the Treaty of Velasco with David Burnet (Valentin Gomez Farias)

East Germany

A photo of one leader of this country kissing a more prominent world leader during its anniversary celebration was turned into the iconic graffiti painting "My God, Help Me to Survive This Deadly Love" (Peter Fechter)

Zachary Taylor

A political cartoon about this man showed him on a pyramid of skulls (Battle Of Buena Vista, John Clayton)

Quasi War

A religious leader's negotiations with one side in this conflict led to the passage of the Logan Act outlawing such negotiations (Thomas Truxton, Convention of Mortefontaine)

Conquest Of Persia

A ruler attempting to perform this geostrategic action was killed at the Battle of Samarra (Battles of Qadisaya)

Cyrus

A satrap of this name fought a power struggle with Tissaphernes before dying at the Battle of Cunaxa as described in the Anabasis of Xenophon (King of Anshan)

Labor Party

A secret deal between two of its leaders was allegedly reached at the Granita restaurant in Islington in 1994 (Keir Hardie, Jim Callaghan)

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

A successful commander in the Lake Van area during World War I who enjoyed less success opposing Allenby's advance at Megiddo, he parleyed his successes at Sakarya and Dumlupinar against the Greeks to win a favorable peace in the Treaty of Lausanne (Fez, Ottoman Empire)

Yemen

A tank battle in Amran escalated a 1994 civil war in this country that ended with the defeat of the YSP (Mutawakelite Kingdom)

Anti-Rent War

According to Eric Foner, this movement was a major reason that homesteading and free labor were adopted into the political platform of the nascent Republican Party (Osman Steele, Silas Wright)

Poland

According to legend, one leader of this nation gave food to two angelic figures before defeating the Germans and founding the Piast dynasty (Battle Of Grunwald, Jagiellon Dynasty)

Kiev

According to legend, this city was founded by a brother of Schek and Khoryv who was also the sister of Lybid, and the city now bears a version of his name

Denmark

According to legend, this country's current flag was adopted after it fell from the sky during a war against Estonia (Sweyn Forkbeard)

Denmark

According to legend, this country's flag fell from heaven at the Battle of Lyndanisse, and its king Valdemar IV signed the Treaty of Stralsund (Rasmussen, Battle Of Jutland)

Domitian

According to one source, this ruler executed Sallustius Lucullus for inventing a new type of spear and then naming it after himself (Flavius Sabinus, Flavius Clemens)

Wounded Knee Massacre

According to some accounts, one incident which helped spark this event involved a deaf man who did not comprehend the orders to give up his gun (James Forsyth, Nelson Miles)

Chandragupta Maurya

According to some legends the son of a peacock tamer, this man rose to prominence by helping Alexander the Great, and though he was forced to repel an invasion by Seleucus I the two later became friends (Sandrocottus, Kautilya)

Vietnam

According to this country's mythology, its citizens are descended from a fairy

Continental System

Admiral Saumarez hoped to undermine it by issuing licenses to Norway-bound Danish ships, and its hoped-for effects were mitigated when King John VI fled to Brazil (Treaty of Tilsit)

United Fruit Company

Admiral Schley and Admiral Samson were part of this entity's group of ships known as the Great White Fleet (Henry Meiggs, John Foster Dulles)

Battle Of Okinawa

Admiral Seiichi Ito attempted to launch Ten-go sakusen during this battle, but his battleship Yamoto was sunk before it could be accomplished (Kiyan Peninsula)

Sparta

Admirers of this city are known as Laconophiles (404 BCE)

Pure Food And Drug Act Of 1906

Advocates for this law included Alice Lakey and Harvey Wiley, who was its first administrator during his tenure as head of the Department of Chemistry of the USDA ("forty barrels and twenty kegs of Coca-Cola")

Robert McNamara

After World War II, he and a group of Air Force buddies went to work for Ford Motor Company (The Essence of Security, Out of the Cold)

Joseph McCarthy

After World War II, this man fought high sugar prices, earning him the nickname the "Pepsi Cola Kid" (Robert Stevens)

Thailand

After a prominent general in this country was demoted to teaching dance aerobics in 2008, he promised to teach only the "throwing a hand grenade dance" ("Ronin Warriors")

Babur

After being defeated at Sar-e Pol, this man lost Samarkand and Fergana, and he seized Kabul in 1504 (Ram Bagh Garden)

Mary Mallon

After being found working at the Sloane Maternity Hospital under an assumed name, this person was returned to North Brother Island and remained there until her 1938 death (George Soper)

Shaka

After he received medical treatment from the Englishman H.F. Fynn, this ruler allowed Europeans to settle at Port Natal (Dingane, Nandi)

Booker Taliaferro Washington

After he was freed, this man studied at the Hampton Institute and the Wayland Seminary before ascending to his most well-known position (Atlanta Address)

Tiberius

After hearing reports of a four-member gang of Jewish thieves, this emperor expelled all Jews from Rome (Macro)

Bartolome Mitre

After leaving office, this man attempted to launch a rebellion against one of his successors, Nicolas Avellaneda (Unitarian Party, Second Battle of Cepada)

Blackbeard

After leaving the command of Benjamin Hornigold, this man took command of many of "Gentleman" Stede Bonnet's followers (Alexander Spotswood, Robert Maynard, Concorde the Royal James)

Richard Milhous Nixon

After losing to Pat Brown in the 1962 California gubernatorial election, this man vowed that "you won't have [him] to kick around anymore" (Hubert Humphrey, CREEP)

Battle Of Gaugamela

After seeing the size of the opposing force at this battle, Parmenion wanted to rest another day, and also suggested a night-time attack (Flattening Of Plain)

Gerald Rudolph Ford

After serving onboard the USS Monterey during World War Two, this man wrote a biography of Lee Harvey Oswald as a member of the Warren Commission (Squeaky Fromme, Proclamation 4311)

Martin Van Buren

After supporting William H. Crawford, this politician received Georgia's vote for Vice President and, as a governor, passed the Bank Safety Act (Extermination Order, Peggy Eaton Affair)

James Monroe

After the ambush of a trapping expedition, he sent Henry Lewenworth to suppress the Arikana tribe (Rush-Bagot Treaty, Adams Onis Treaty)

Byzantine Empire

After the fall of this empire, its successor state of Trebizond remained unconquered for another eight years (Isaurian Dynasty)

Battle Of New Orleans

After this battle ended, the losing side captured Fort Bowyer, but had to give it back two days later (Pierre Jugeant, Jean Laffite)

Third Battle Of Panipat

After this battle, the losers were sheltered at the court of Suraj Mal, causing the winning general to invade that ruler's state of Bharatpur (Ibrahim Gardi, Ahmed Shah, Sadashivrao Bhau, Jumna River)

Battle Of New Orleans

After this battle, the losing side began a siege of Fort St. Philip before ultimately withdrawing, while the victorious commander at this battle was assisted by William Carroll and John Coffee (Edward Pakenham)

Second Anglo-Boer War

After this conflict, Milner's Kindergarten oversaw redevelopment (Kruger Telegram, Fawcett Commission)

Napoleon Bonaparte

Ahmed al-Jazzar tried to defend Jaffa against this man's forces, and he tried to threaten India by taking Acre (Treaty of Pressburg, Marshal Ney)

Yugoslavia

Alexander I became this country's first king after its establishment by the Corfu Declaration (Ustasha Regime)

Adolf Hitler

Alfred Hugenberg gave significant media exposure to this leader (Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Third Reich, Gestapo)

Lusitiana

Along with Baetica, this region saw worship of the god Endoreticas

Frederick Barbarossa

Along with Lucius III, he convened the synod of Verona, which condemned Waldensianism and Albigensianism (Victor IV, Alexander III

Mormons

Along with some Paiute Indians, members of this group murdered the Fancher-Baker party in the Mountain Meadows Massacre (Deseret)

Ghana

Although self-government in this country was not recommended by the Coussey Committee, it was eventually granted thanks to Charles Arden-Clarke (Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism, Africa Must Unite)

Hyksos

Although their origin is unclear, they were probably from Palestine and Syria, and they were a Semitic people with a nomadic lifestyle (Avaris)

Humayun

Although this ruler's servant Jauhar wrote a biography of him, the most notable account of his life is provided by his sister, Gulbadan Begum (Battle of Chausa, Battle of Kannauj)

Decembrist Revolt

Among its leaders were the author of an "Ode to Minion," and the man who summarized his beliefs in "Constitution, State Precept" (Sergei Trubetskoy)

Battle Of New Orleans

Among the mistakes made by the losing side in this battle were mistaking pirates dressed in red uniforms as allies and a failure to bring ladders to the battle site

Lisa Murkowski

Among the scandals which this candidate faced was a purchase of riverfront land in Kenai from Bob Penney, a campaign contributor (Tony Knowles, Scott McAdams)

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Among this man's deeds was the nationalization of the Azhar University (Muhammad Sirri Pasha, Free Officers)

Works Progress Administration

Among this program's achievements were oral histories of slave life and the Astronomers Monument outside Griffith Observatory (Great Depression)

Khosrow I

Among this ruler's reforms was the introduction of a fixed-sum tax system probably copied from the one used by Diocletian, and this ruler was said to have originated the divan ministry system, which for most of his reign was headed by Bozorgmehr (Godenshapur)

Boer War

An 1886 gold rush may have precipitated this conflict, as large numbers of British citizens, known as Uitlanders, rushed to the area in search of fortune (Paul Kruger)

Tanzania

An absurd episode in this country's recent history saw the Civic United Front take electoral control of Lindi and Pwani provinces by pledging to protect citizens from being serially sodomized by the shapeshifting monster Popobawa, who supposedly lives on Pemba Island (Julius Nyerere)

South Sudan

An agreement in a neighboring capital established it as a single administrative region in 1972, but was broken in 1983, when Gaafar Nimeiry imposed shari'a law in it (Comprehensive Peace Agreement)

Great Leap Forward

An argument against this claimed that "putting politics in command" was not a reasonable policy, and that speaker would be replaced shortly after he gave that speech at a meeting in Lushan ("General Line Of Socialist Construction")

Sergeants' Revolt

An attempt at mediation by Undersecretary of State Sumner Welles between the government of the nation in which this event took place and opposition groups like the labor union CNOC and the radical group ABC failed to slow the unrest that led to this event (Alberto Herrera, Gerardo Machado, Fulgencio Batista)

War Of The Pacific

An attempt to end this war with a twenty million dollar indemnity failed at the Lackawanna conference (Battle of Iquique, Battle of Angamos)

War Of 1812

An early conflict in this war saw the ships President and Congress attack the Belvidera, which was able to repair safely and escape (Stephan Van Rensselaer)

Franks

An early unifier of these people, whose groups included the Ripuarians and Chatti, converted to Christianity after the Battle of Tolbiac (Dagobert I)

Sicily

An empire centered on this island was defeated during the Expedition of a Thousand (First Punic War, Vespers)

Battle Of Agincourt

An impartial white-clad knight named Montjoie served as a herald in this battle ("Let everyone of my lances kill his French prisoner")

South Africa

An individual from this country was likely responsible for the Dulcie September shooting in Paris, and collaborated with private American interests to organize Operation Babushka, formally known as the IFF, which focused heavily on discrediting dissidents in this country and was overseen by Jack Abramoff (Olaf Palme, No Middle Road)

Auschwitz

An influential article containing contemporary aerial photographs of this entity was published in 1979 by David Wyman (Rudolf Hoss, Josef Kremer)

El Salvador

An uprising in this nation was lead by Farabundio Marti and dubbed La Matanza, and was put down by Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez (El Mozote, Chapultepec Accords)

Don Pacifico Affair

Animosity surrounding this event was heightened by the previous seizure of George Finlay's garden ("Civis Romanus Sum" Speech)

Lief Ericsson

Anne Whitney designed a statue of this man that still stands in Boston ("Book of Kings", Flatey Codex)

Portugal

Antonio de Spinola's book about this country "and the Future" helped spark a coup here led by the Armed Forces Movement, which then set up the Junta of National Salvation (Oscar Carmona)

Trajan

Apollodorus of Damascus designed a new forum during this emperor's rule, and this emperor sent Pliny the Younger to Bithynia to review corruption there (Kingdom Of Nabatea)

Cambyses II

Archaeologist Gary Chafetz was arrested for smuggling an airplane into a country during his search for a relic associated with this ruler (Oracle of Amun, Magian, Psamtik III)

Bangladesh

Arthur Blood was recalled from his ambassadorship to this country after denouncing the United States' refusal to intervene here (Operation Chenghiz Khan, Sheikh Mujibir Rehman, Awami League)

Anne Of Austria

At one point, this monarch was opposed by a movement nicknamed the "cabal of the important," whose leader, the duke of Beaufort, this ruler imprisoned as a result (Val-of-Grace)

Akhenaton

Artistic depictions of this figure suggest that his obesity, ballooning skull, and other deformities might have been caused by Froehlich's syndrome (Smekhkare, Tell el Amon)

Huey Long

As Chairman of the Public Service Commission of his state, this man fought the Cumberland Telephone & Telegraph Company, and earlier, he had won fame by opposing the Standard Oil ("Kingfish")

Harry S Truman

As a Senator, this man led a World War II committee investigating wasteful defense spending (Berlin Airlift)

Nero

As a compromise, he lowered taxes from 4.5% to 2.5%, and his later reign saw revolt led by Vindex (quinquienium)

Joe Biden

As a member of the Judiciary Committee, this politician drafted the 1994 Violence Against Women Act (Neil Kinnock)

Mumbai

As a result of the American Civil War, this city at the mouth of the Ulhas River became the world's chief cotton trading market (Oberoi Trident, Leopold Café)

William Randolph Hearst

As a young man, he ran "The Monarch of the Dailies", a company inherited from his father ("Butcher Weyler")

Charles Sumner

As chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, this man clashed with Grant over a plan to annex the Dominican Republic. In that same role he argued that Great Britain should pay a massive amount to settle the Alabama Claims ("Crime Against Kansas")

John Calhoun

As majority floor leader of the House during the War of 1812, he earned the nickname "Young Hercules" (Petticoat Affair)

Munich

As of the end of 2005, this city boasted a population of 1,280,982 and was governed by mayor Christian Ude of the Social Democratic Party

Joe The Plumber

Asked about his potential influence, this man said he's "no Matt Damon" but compared himself to "Britney Spears having a headache" (Holland County, Newell Heating and Plumbing)

John D. Rockefeller

At age 19, this man started a successful business with his neighbor Maurice Clark, and, in a later business venture, bought out Clark and his brothers to expand his business (Fredrick Taylor Gates)

La Violencia

At an event known as the Bull Ring Massacre during this period, when spectators were massacred for not cheering hard enough for President Gustavo Rojas Pinilla (Declaration of Sitges, Laureano Gomez)

Army-McArthur Hearings

At one point during this event, one participant opined that "a pixie is a close relative of a fairy" (Point of Order, Fred Fisher)

Ghana Empire

At one point, this polity was occupied by the Mande-speaking Soninke, and rulers' successors were usually the son of the sister of the current ruler (Soumaoro Kante, Kaniaga Occupation)

Giuseppe Garibaldi

At the Battle of Sant'Antonio, he fought against Juan Manuel de las Rosas after having made a trek from Rio Grande do Sul Province with his wife (Battle of Janiculum Hill, Battle of Aspromonte)

Live 8

At the beginning of this event, participants were directed to simultaneously snap their fingers every three seconds, with each snap representing a child's death ("The Final Push")Li

Ambrose Burnside

At the inception of the National Rifle Association in 1871, he was chosen as its first president (Governor of Rhode Island)

Boston Massacre

At the trial for this event, Samuel Quincy and Robert Treat Paine served as the prosecution, and Josiah Quincy was on the defense team ("benefit of clergy", Patrick Carr)

War Of The Triple Alliance

Battles in this war included invasions of Corrientes and the Campaign of Lomas Valentinas (Blancos, Colorados)

Robert Dole

Because Nelson Rockefeller was deemed too liberal, this man was the Vice-Presidential nominee for Gerald Ford in the election of 1976 (Bill Clinton, Election Of 1996)

Battle of Fredericksburg

Because Robert E. Lee had split his forces after the Maryland Campaign, he was not ready for this battle on November 19, 1862 (Telegraph Hill, William Longstreet)

Earl Warren

Before joining the Supreme Court, this judge wrote a decision allowing an African-American Church participation in an FCC hearing regarding whether a racist radio station should lose its license (Swann Versus Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Education)

Ptolmey

Beginning with the Battle of Raphia, the fourth ruler of this name heavily employed machimoi, the local militia, when making war (Philadelphius, Seleuces I, Battle Of Gaza)

Martin Luther King

Benjamin Hays's call for churches to be more involved in society steered this man away from a medical career ("a sneeze away from death", Izola Ware Curry, Lorraine Motel)

NAACP

Benjamin Jealous blamed this organization's head for complicity in the outcome of Meredith v. Jefferson County (Lee Acorn, Julian Bond)

Assassination Of Olaf Palme

Bizarrely, an elderly couple received a phone call claiming "the job is done" fourteen minutes after the execution of this crime outside the Dekorima paint shop (Christer Petersson)

Joseph Pulitzer

Born in Hungary, this man came to the United States as a draft substitute during the Civil War (Nellie Bly, Saint Louis Post-Dispatch)

Alexander II

Both Alexander Soloviev and Dmitry Karakozov attempted to assassinate this man, and later in his life, he arranged a morganatic marriage to his longtime mistress Catherine Dolgorukov ("No Dreams")

Mejji Restoration

Brought about in large part due to a rejection of joi, its aftermath brought universal conscription, and one direct result of this event was the creation of the Republic of Ezo (Yoshinobu)

Vienna

By the terms of a treaty signed in this city, Stanislaw Leszczynski accepted the rule of Augustus III, who had been the Duke of Saxony; that treaty ended the War of the Polish Succession (Wilhelm von Roggendorf)

American Revolutionary War

Concerns about getting paid for fighting in this war led to the formation of the Newburgh Conspiracy (Battle of Waxhaws)

Red Baron

Canadian Roy Brown is credited with killing this man at Amiens, leading to this person's replacement as commander by Hermann Göring (Jagdgeschwader, "Flying Circus")

Benito Mussolini

Carlo Silvestri put up a strong case for the innocence of this political enemy during the Matteotti crisis (Antonio Gramsci)

Shimabara Rebellion

Causes of this rebellion included a policy of killing peasants unable to pay their taxes by making them wear a straw coat and lighting them on fire, a punishment known as "raincoat dancing" (Fumies)

Marshall Plan

Charles Boehlen authored its primary goals, and it helped create the OECD, an organization that kept tabs on it (Truman Doctrine)

Jay Gould

Charles Francis Adams notably criticized this man in a North American Review article (A History of Delaware County, Jim Fisk)

Gold Rush

Chinese immigrants engaged in one of these events in Burragong, which prompted the Lambing Riots, and the White Australian Policy (Forest Creek Monster Meeting, "Southern Cross" Flag)

Jubilee Plot

Christy Campbell published a 2002 book about the shady background of this event (Richard Pigott, Francis Millen)

Massachusetts

Civil War generals from this state included Joseph Hooker (Robert Shaw, Horace Mann)

Marbury Versus Madison

Clerks Jacob Wagner and Daniel Brent were called to testify in this case, as was Acting Secretary Levi Lincoln (Great Seal, Judiciary Act of 1789)

Battle Of The Alamo

Colonel James Fannin's troops were to reinforce the losing side's position, but turned back after traveling less than one mile (William Travis)

Philippines

Colonialism in this nation was attacked in the novels The Reign of Greed and Noli me Tangere (Tydings-McDuffie Act, Tejeros Convention)

Aroostook War

Combatants established blockhouses at the mouth of the Fish River and Soldier Pond, where one of its chroniclers, Jean Michaud, was taken prisoner.

Battle OF Bournines

Contemporary chronicles of this battle were written by monks from the nearby monastery of Marchiennes and by Roger of Wendover (Flanders, Magna Carta)

Hezbollah

Controlling the al-Manar television station, this group is connected to the cell that killed 241 American Marines in 1983 and was founded with assistance from another country's Revolutionary Guard (Hassan Nasrallah)

Jean Paul Marat

Despite his essay on gonorrhea and a translation of Newton's Opticks, he was never admitted to the Academy of Sciences (The Chains Of Slavery, A Philosophical Essay On Man)

First Punic War

Disaffected participants in this war went on to wage the Battle of the Saw, while this conflict had earlier almost ended after the Battle of Adys (Lipari Islands, Battle of the Aegates Islands)

United States Supreme Court

Donald Bersoff noted that this body invokes social science when convenient, while Patrick Driessen lays out twelve "indictments" against social science in this body ("Liberty Of Contract")

George Marshall

During World War I, he served as chief of operations of the 1st Division, which was the first division to go to France, and following the war he served as assistant commandant of instruction at the Infantry School at Fort Benning (Chinese Civil War, Korean War)

Alfred Smith

During a gubernatorial campaign, this man defeated Teddy Roosevelt, Jr., but his running mate's loss left with him a Republican lieutenant governor

Benjamin Harrison

During his administration, this man received an offensive letter from Jose Balmaceda as part of the Itata Incident with Chile ("Blocks of Five")

Rutherford B. Hayes

During his lame-duck period, he appointed Nathan Goff, Jr., as Secretary of the Navy to replace Richard Wigginton Thompson, and other members of his cabinet included Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz and Attorney General Carl Devens (Bland Allison Act, Pozo Colorado)

Henry I

During his reign, this man received homage from Malcolm III (County of Contentin, Battle of Tinchebury)

Georges Pompidou

During his tenure, an illegal naval shipment was made to Israel as part of the Cherbourg Gunboats affair (Stefan Markovic, Maurice Couve de Murville)

Thaddeus Stevens

During his time in his state's legislature, this man worked with Governor George Wolf to champion the Free School Bill (Lydia Hamilton Smith, Jubal Early)

Barbary Wars

During one battle in these conflicts, the life of a commander was saved after a sailor named Reuben James took a sword wound for his superior (Tobias Lear, Battle of Cape Gata)

Talleyrand

During one famous action, this man manipulated the manic-depressive Marquis of Labrador into supporting him at every turn, eventually leading to Labrador's expulsion (Congress of Erfurt)

Jose De San Martin

During one part of his career, this officer worked with the British admiral Thomas Cochrane to create a new navy (Army of the Andes, Mariano de Asorio)

Jose De San Martin

During one part of his career, this officer worked with the British admiral Thomas Cochrane to create a new navy (Mariano de Asorio)

Elam

During one period this polity was led by two sukkals and a sukkalmah, and a battle at the Ulai river saw the defeat of its ruler Teumman (Kurtik-Inshushinak, Sargon The Great, Halule)

Chicago

During one riot in this city, a group of hippies nominated a pig named Pigasus the Immortal for President, and Harold Washington was the first African-American mayor of this city (Pullman Strike)

Connecticut

During the Civil War, this state provided the Union with its Henry and Winchester rifles and Colt pistols, as well as Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles (Tryon's Raid)

Venice

During the Crusades, this city and Jerusalem signed the Pactum Warmundi alliance (King Imre 1, Zara, League Of Cambrai)

Robert Lee

During the Mexican American War, this man discovered a hidden pass which was instrumental to American victory at the battle of Cerro Gordo (Battle of Cold Harbor, "King of Spades")

Sugarcane

During the Napoleonic Wars, Andreas Marggraf developed an alternative method to producing this product (engenhos)

James II

During the reign of this husband of Mary of Modena, a zealous judge named Jeffreys sentenced many people to death or exile to Barbados in an event known as the Bloody Assizes, which was in reaction to a rebellion against this king led by the Duke of Monmouth (Royal Seal)

John Adams

During this President's time in office, the Treaty of Mortefontaine ended his undeclared war with France, the Quasi-War (Virginia And Kentucky Resolutions)

Battle Of The Bulge

During this battle, part of the 1st Panzer Division murdered 84 American POWs, which is known as the Malmedy Massacre ("Watch on the Rhine", Third Army)

Sepoy Munity

During this conflict, Colin Campbell relieved troops whose commander, Henry Lawrence, had died defending a Residency during the Siege of Lucknow (Mangal Pandey, Bahadur Shah II)

War Of 1812

During this conflict, one side's forces were repulsed in the Battle of Queenston Heights, though the other side suffered the loss of their general Isaac Brock (Isaac Hill)

Crimean War

During this conflict, the British Columbian town of Esquimalt was founded as a naval base for the attack on the Kamchatkan port of Petropavlosk (Roger Fenton, Battle of Sinope)

Qing Dynasty

During this dynasty, Wu Sangui proclaimed himself emperor of the Zhou and led the Three Feudatories Rebellion against this dynasty, using forces amassed during Li Zicheng's rebellion (Treaty of Nerchinsk)

Joseon Dynasty

During this dynasty, a monk of the Son sect helped secure the release of over 3,000 prisoners of war (Namdaemun Gate, Hermit Kingdom)

Battle Of Bannockburn

During this engagement, the vanguard of the defending army was commanded by Thomas Randolph, who stopped a flanking maneuver near the church of Saint Ninians (Declaration of Arbroath, Henry de Bohun)

Iran Hostage Crisis

During this event, Ambassador Ken Taylor gave six people fake passports in a gambit known as the "Canadian Caper" (Operation Eagle Claw, USS Nimitz)

Battle Of San Juan Hill

During this event, Buckey O'Neill died, and John "Black Jack" Pershing led a regiment that cut through barbed wire atop Kettle Hill (Charles A. Wikoff, Battle of El Caney)

Chester Arthur

During this man's administration, the Shufeldt Treaty with Korea was signed (Edmunds Act)

Nicholas II

During this man's coronation, the Khodynka Tragedy occurred in his capital (Kishinev pogrom, October Manifesto)

Suleiman The Magnificent

During this man's rule, the Haseki Complex was completed under the supervision of this man's great architect, Sinan (Gulbehar)

Marcus Aurelius

During this man's rule, the legal code began to diverge into separate scales of punishment for noblemen and commoners, known as "honestiores" and "humiliores" (Antonine Plague)

Columbia

During this nation's violent Patria Boba period, the Centralists fought against the Federalists (Thousand Days War, 19th of April Movement)

James Buchanan

During this politician's campaign, he was criticized for saying that ten cents a day was enough for a worker (Central American)

Harry S Truman

During this president's pre White-House career, he befriended Tom Prendergast (George Patton)

Mary I

During this ruler's reign, forces under the Earl of Pembroke helped capture the city of San Quentin, contributing to the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (First Statue of Repeal, Second Statue of Repeal)

Seven Years War

During this war, Count de Lally defeated Sir Eyre Coote at the Battle of Wandiwash (Charles of Lorraine, Charles de Rohan)

Livonian War

During this war, journeyman goldsmith turned guerrilla leader Ivo Schenkenberg was nicknamed "Hannibal" and peasants defended the castle of Marienhausen by throwing rocks at their besiegers (Aleksei Adashev, Stefan Batory)

Second Punic War

During this war, the five time consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus prevented the capture of Nola at three separate battles (Fabian strategy, Cato the Elder)

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Early in his career, this commander won the Battle of Azukizaka in his native Mikawa province, and later this man falsely claimed descent from the Nitta clan.

Cardinal Richelieu

Early in his career, this man's patron Concini was murdered, prompting his temporary exile to Blois (Gaston of Orleans)

Kublai Khan

Early in his life, this man befriended a Buddhist monk named Haiyun (Wonjong, Nayan Rebellion)

Genghis Khan

Early in his reign, this ruler defeated and incorporated the Keriat, Merkit and Naiman peoples into his empire (Subotai)

Benito Mussolini

Early in life, this leader edited the Socialist newspapers The Class Struggle (squadrismo, Republic of Salo)

Qing Dynasty

Early in the dynasty, the Revolt Of The Three Feudatories occurred, with the Tunswee Decree was passed to keep citizens under control (Aisan Goro Family, Hundred Days Reform)

Qing Dynasty

Early in this dynasty, the Revolt of the Three Feudatories occurred, while the Tonsure Decree was passed to keep citizens under control (Panthay Revolt, Dungan Revolt)

Battle Of Antietam

Early on in this battle, the Union hoped to capture the hilltop Dunker Church ("Bloody Lane", A.P. Hill)

Shah Jahan

Early on, this ruler captured the Rajput kingdoms of Baglana and Bundelkand as well as leading a successful military campaign against Portugal in Bengal (Peacock Throne, Shalimar Gardens)

Whiskey Ring Scandal

Editor of the St. Louis Democrat Myron Colony was one of the secret investigators of this event (John Joyce, Orville Babcock)

Mejji Emperor

Edoardo Chiossone created a portrait of this man with great difficulty because he hated photography (Charter Oath)

Australia

Edward Hargraves' discovery of gold in this country led to a rush that included the Eureka Stockade rebellion (Dieppe Maps, Glenrowan Inn)

Mongolia

Eighty percent of this country's population took a surname meaning "master of the blue wolf" after last names were re-legalized here in 1995 ("Red Hero", Altai Mountains)

Morocco

El Badi Palace in this present-day nation was commissioned by Ahmad al-Mansur, a ruler of the Saadi Dynasty (Battle of Zallaka)

Morocco

El Badi Palace in this present-day nation was commissioned by Ahmad al-Mansur, a ruler of the Saadi Dynasty (Green March)

Spanish Armada

Eleven days after a victory at the Battle of Gravelines over this force, one monarch gave the Speech to the Troops at Tilbury (Duke Of Medinia Sidonia, Charles Howard)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Elizabeth Shoumatoff was painting a portrait of this man at his death ("Arsenal Democracy" Speech)

Algeria

Emir Abdelkader and Lalla Fatma N'Soumer, known as the Joan of Arc of its Kabylie region, resisted colonial powers in this nation in the 19th century, although it achieved independence under Ahmed Ben Bella (Charles X, MNA)

Knights Of Labor

Hiram Hover was shot for attempting to recruit blacks into this organization in Georgia (Adelphon Kruptos)

Scopes Monkey Trial

Epperson v. Arkansas and Edwards v. Aguillard were essentially follow-up cases to this event (George Hunter)

Sweden

Eugene de Kock claimed that an assassination that occurred in this country was the work of a South African hit squad; a drug addict was acquitted of that 1986 murder of this country's Prime Minister (Dag Hammarskjold)

Byzantine Empire

Eunuchs who held power in this polity included Joseph Bringas and a man known as "the chamberlain" whose nephew would win the Battle of Kleidion (Latin Empire)

Yom Kippur War

Events in this conflict included Operation Doogman 5 and Operation Nickel Grass (David Elazar, Agranat Commission)

Hundred Years War

Extensions of this conflict included the Castilian Civil War and the War of the Two Peters (Battle of Sluys)

Punic Wars

Failure to pay up after the first of these conflicts led to the Mercenary War with Mathos, and one of these conflicts grew out of a disagreement between Hiero II and the Mamertines (Hasdrubal)

Tanzania

Figures in this country's history include Bokero and Mkwawa, who drove the Maji Maji Rebellion against Karl Peters's Akida system (Afro-Shirazi Party, "Ujamaa")

Edward III

Forces under this king defeated the Spanish navy off of Winchelsea, while he fought Eustace de Ribemont near Calais (Alice Perrers, Order of the Garter, Battle of Sluys)

Zoot Suit Riots

Fletcher Brown was mayor during this event (Robert Kenney)

Bernardo O'Higgins

Following his resignation due to a failed harvest, the pipiolos and Diego Portales jockeyed for power (Battle of Rancagua, Battle of Chacabuco)

Battle Of Fredericksburg

Following this battle, one side attempted a disastrous offensive known as the Mud March (Richard Rowland Kirkland)

Peterloo Massacre

Following this event, Francis Phillip led a group that met at Star Inn to praise it, and it took place two years after the Blanketeers March (John Tyas, Henry Hunt)

Diocletian

Following this man's defeat of Narseh and capture of Ctesiphon, he achieved favorable peace terms with the Sassanid Persians ("traditors", Split in Croatia)

Edward III

Forces under this king defeated the Spanish navy off of Winchelsea, while he fought Eustace de Ribemont near Calais (Battle Of Sluys, Alice Perrers, Roger Mortimer)

Hadrian

Four consul members were executed for plotting against this emperor before he entered Rome, and once in Rome he publicly burned records of uncollectable debts (Bar Kokhba Revolt)

Glorious Revolution

Francisco Lopes Suasso lent two million guilders to one army involved in this event, which was triggered in part by the removal of Henry Compton (Immortal Seven, Battle of Aughrim)

Beer Hall Putsch

Franz Matt organized a government-in-exile in Regensburg in response to this event, and its goal was to put Erich Ludendorff in power (Marienplatz, Mein Kampf)

Dollar Diplomacy

Frederic Huntington, assistant to the man who instituted this political strategy, argued at a peace conference that it was meant to "create prosperity which will be preferred to strife" and this strategy failed to stop the building of the South Manchuria Railroad (Philander Knox)

Maori

Frederick Edward Maning served on the Native Land Court and wrote many accounts of these people, who once revolted over paying a small tax for their dogs (Musket Wars, Flagstaff War)

Vladimir Lenin

Fritz Platten obtain the permission of the German government to allow this man to travel across Germany via train (April Theses, War Communism, New Economic Policy)

Jerusalem

General Falkenhayn surrendered this city to Field Marshal Chetwode and General Allenby during World War I, and it was more recently the site of the Battle of Ammunition Hill (Arch of Titus, Emir Iftikhar)

Justinian I

Generals of this man won the battles of Nisibis, Callinicum and Dara, after which he concluded the Eternal Peace with Khosrau (Battle of Ad Decimum, Battle of Tricamarum)

Henry Morton Stanley

George Washington Williams alleged that the man used an electric battery to shock natives off (Dr. Livingston, I presume)

D-Day

Gerd von Rundstedt was responsible for withholding some armored troops from this operation (Pas de Calais)

Brazil

Goldman Sachs recently stated that this nation has the most overvalued currency in the world, and its semipublic energy company is the second largest company in the world after ExxonMobil (Marina Silva)

Brazil

Goldman Sachs recently stated that this nation has the most overvalued currency in the world, and its semipublic energy company is the second largest company in the world after ExxonMobil (Marina Silva, Dilma Rousseff, Jose Serra)

Romulus Augustulus

Greek sources refer to this man as "Momylos," which means "Little Disgrace," and his house may have been converted into the tomb of St. Severinus (Julius Nepos)

First Transcontinental Railroad

Grenville M. Dodge led the creation of this entity, which was opposed by the Government Bridge (Asa Whitney, "The Big Four")

First Transcontinental Railroad

Grenville M. Dodge led the creation of this entity, which was opposed by the Government Bridge (Theodore Judah)

Iranian Revolution

Groups which participated in this event included the Communist Tudeh Party (Family Protection Act, White Revolution)

Hungary

Gyorgy Dozsa led a rebellion here in 1514 which was put down by Janos Sapolyai, and its early capitals include Fehervar and Esztergom (Arpad Dynasty, Pal Tomori)

Giuseppe Garibaldi

He lived with the inventor Antonio Meucci on Staten Island for a few years after he was forced into exile (Victor Emmanuel II)

Talleyrand

He lost his inheritance because of a club foot, so he joined the Church and was named Bishop of Autun; in 1789, he proposed the revolutionary government seize all church property (Bourbon Restoration)

William Fulbright

He cast the only vote against funding Joseph McCarthy's investigations subcommittee in 1954, and his namesake 1943 House resolution laid the groundwork for the United Nations (Arrogance of Power)

Walter Mondale

He chaired a committee at the 1964 Democratic convention to determine the status of the delegates for the Mississippi Freedom Democrat Party (Election Of 1984)

Simon Bolivar

He escaped an assassination attempted after issuing the Organic Decree of Dictatorship (Puerto Cabello, Decree of War to the Death)

Red Cloud

He gained respect among his people at a young age by leading armed resistance to the passage of settlers on the Bozeman Trail (Fort Laramie Treaty, Oglala Sioux)

Jorg Haider

He has received much flak for such preposterous comments as, "The Waffen SS was a part of the Wehrmacht, and hence it deserves all the honor and respect of the army in public life (Freedom Party)

Boris Johnson

He is the great-grandson of Ottoman interior minister Ali Kemal, and was once fired from the shadow cabinet for accusing the hometown of murder victim Ken Bigley of "wallowing in its victim status (Henley)

Robert Gates

He joined the CIA in 1966 and is the only career officer to ever rise to the level of director of that agency, a position he held from 1991 until 1993 (Texas A&M University, Donald Rumsfeld)

Akihito

He learned English from Elizabeth Gray Vining during the American occupation following World War II and represented Japan at the coronation of Elizabeth II (Michiko Shoda)

Winfred Scott

He led some militia who were famously characterized by their opponents as "Regulars, By God!" at the Battle of Chippewa (William Alexander Graham)

Zhuge Liang

He marched his forces all the way to Lake Dian after suppressing an uprising instigated by Yong Kai during his Southern Campaigns, during which he also captured and released Meng Huo seven times in order to placate the Nanman (Chu Shi Bao, Hot Air Paper Lanterns)

Otto Van Bismarck

He negotiated the Alvensleben convention with Russia, and he also advanced the Kissingen memorandum ("May Laws")

Showa Emperor

He published a number of scientific papers on hydroids, and discovered several new species of Hydrozoa (Heisei Period)

David Ben-Gurion

He resigned from his first term after a scandal involving the defense minister Lavon, and his policies resulted in the Haganah becoming an important pseudo-military organization

Duke Of Wellington

He resigned from the Cabinet to protest George Canning's plan for Catholic Emancipation ( Daniel O'Connell, "the scum of the earth")

Ferdinand Marcos

He rose to the rank of Captain while serving his country in the fight against the Japanese during World War II, although later claims of being an guerrilla leader in the anti-Japanese resistance were exaggerated (Nacionalista Party)

James II

He served in the French army under Turenne and, in 1656, he joined the Spanish army under Louis, Prince of Condé (Anglo Dutch Wars)

George Wallace

He served in the state legislature and became a judge in his state's third judicial circuit, becoming known as "The Fighting Judge" for his later extremism (American Independent Party)

Demosthenes

He shaved half of his head to prevent himself from leaving his studies which included making eight copies of Thucydides by hand in order to improve his understanding of history.

Junipero Serra

He successfully convinced Antonio Bucareli y Urzúa to fire Pedro Fages, a military commander who fought several wars against the Apache, and the governor Felipe de Neve tried to bring him under temporal authority by temporarily banning him from performing sacraments (El Camino Real, Carmel)

Mikhail Gorbachev

He took advantage of Mathias Rust's landing a plane near his residence to fire the defense minister who opposed his policies, which were originally called uskoreniye (Andrei Gromyko, Aeroflot)

Daniel Webster

He was accused of being "the pensioned agent of the manufacturing interest" after New York and Boston businessmen supplemented his Senate income in 1845 (Robert Hayne, Dartmouth Vs. Woodward)

James Earl Ray

He was born in Illinois in 1928, but ended up spending much of his life in imprisoned in the South (Lorraine Motel)

James Buchanan

He was expelled from Dickinson College, but a family friend intervened, allowing him to reenter and graduate in 1809 (Sanford Versus Dred Scott)

John Howard

He was first elected to his country's House of Representatives in 1974, at the age of 33, as Member of Parliament representing Bennelong (Margaret Thatcher)

Napoleon Bonaparte

He was formally condemned by the Russian Orthodox Church as "Antichrist" for his removal of restrictions on Jews in France, and introduced a namesake legal code that influenced most of continental Europe (Battle Of The Pyramids)

Richard I

He was killed while leading a campaign with Mercadier against Aimar V of Limoges, by Pierre Basile, while attacking a castle defended by two men ("saucy castle")

Edward III

He was the grandson of Philip the Fair of France as the son of the king's daughter, Isabella of France (Earl Of Chester)

Claudius

He wrote twenty books on Etruscan history, possibly inspired by his wife Plautia Urgulanilla (Prasutagus)

Showa Emperor

Herbert Bix's book about this man alleges that Bonner Fellers and Joseph Keenan conspired to organize perjury on his behalf (2-26 Incident, League of Blood)

Septimius Severus

Herodian denounced this man's nearly doubling of a soldier's pay as pandering to the army, a view which is reinforced by the spread of the title "Mother of the Camps" for his wife and his lifting of a two-century ban on active soldiers getting married (Quintus Cervidius Scaevola, Papinian, Julia Domna)

Maximillian Robespierre

His falling-out with Baron de Coots was due to a religious dispute, in which he opposed the looting of churches and the new "cult of reason" in favor of his own religion of "the Supreme Being" (September Massacres)

Boris I

His first mention in the historical record comes in a 1570 account of the Serpeisk campaign as one of the archers of the guard, and 10 years later his sister married Tsarevich Theodore, allowing him to become appointed boyar and regent of the Tsar (1587 Decree)

Albert

His first public speech in English was in 1840, as president of the Anti-Slavery Society (Queen Victoria, Leopold I)

Meyer Lansky

His later years saw him finance construction projects in the Bahamas and open golf courses and a meat-packing plant to generate clean revenue (Louis Buchalter, Albert Anastasia)

Hugh Capet

His mother, Hedwig of Saxony, was the daughter of King Henry I (the Fowler) of Germany and the sister of Emperor Otto I (Amiens Cathedral)

Cyrus The Great

His mother, Mandane, was a princess and a famous inscription of his note that his great-grandfather was Teipses and his father was a king of Anshan

Gamal Abdul Nasser

His political career began after he met Zakaria Mohieddine and Abd al-Hakim Amir in the Sudan (John Foster Dulles)

Ronald Reagan

His presidency saw the passage of the Simpson-Mazzoli Act that granted amnesty to some illegal immigrants (John Hinckley Junior)

Ronald Wilson Reagan

His presidency saw the passage of the Simpson-Mazzoli Act that granted amnesty to some illegal immigrants (John Hinckley Junior)

Rafael Trujillo

His run as dictator of his home country would end in 1961 when he was assassinated by army officers (Organization of American States)

Dalai Lama

His title is loosely translated from Mongolian and means Ocean of Wisdom (Potala Palace, Norbulingka Palace)

Henry Clay

His tombstone in Lexington Cemetery simply reads "I know no North, no South, no East, no West" (Tariff of 1833)

Aethelred The Unready

His uncle enraged St. Dunstan by leaving his coronation feast to cavort with his foster-mother and foster-sister (St. Brice's Day)

Roman Republic

Holders of a certain office under this government enjoyed the right of "sacrosanctity," meaning that anyone who touched the officeholder without permission could be killed without trial ("193 centuries", Twelve Tables)

President Of Mexico

Holders of this position were once hand-selected by their predecessors in a practice known as the "big finger" ("Renovators")

Assassination Of Robert Kennedy

Iconic photographs of this event were taken by Boris Yaro and Bill Epperidge, one of which showed Juan Romero shaking the target's hand (George Plimpton, Rafer Johnson, Rosey Grier)

Estado Novo

Immediate causes of this regime's demise include the oil shock of 1973 and the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest, which alerted rebel captains to begin the Carnation Revolution (Antonio Salazar, Marcelo Caetano)

Sepoy Mutiny

Immediately following it, the Legislative Council was revamped and allowed for natives to join (Endfield Rifle, Sir Hugh Rose)

Assassination Of John Fitzgerald Kennedy

Immediately prior to this event, Louie Witt attempted to protest by obliquely referring to Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Nazi Germany (James Tague, "Three Tramps")

Pequot War

Important men in this conflict included John Oldham and John Endecott (Mystic Massacre, John Mason)

Denmark

In 1370, this country signed the Treaty of Stralsund to settle a war with the Hanseatic League (Waldemar IV, Christian X)

Mormons

In 1902 B.H. Roberts revised and published a seven-volume work on the history of this group, which was the target of both the Poland and Edmunds-Tucker Acts (Haun's Hill Massacre, Quorum of the Twelve)

Louisiana

In 1918 and 1919, this state's largest city was menaced by a serial killer nicknamed "the Axeman" (Bobby Jindal, Justin Barker)

Adlai Stevenson II

In 1934, this man became chief attorney for the Federal Alcohol Control Administration after serving as assistant to Jerome Frank of the AAA (Frank Knox, "eggheads of the world, unite")

Honduras

In 1984 an attempt to assassinate this country's president fell through when the FBI intercepted a $40 million cocaine shipment Jose Bueso Rosa had attempted to use to finance the mission (18 Rabbit, Francisco Morazán)

Silvio Berlusconi

In 1989, this man unsuccessfully sued journalists for libel concerning his membership in the P2 Masonic lodge ("suntan", "Rubygate"

Hosni Mubarak

In 1995, he was the target of an assassination attempt while in Ethiopia at a conference of the Organization of African Unity (Atef Ebeid, Ayman Nour)

Arizona

In 1997, this state's governor resigned when he was convicted of bank fraud, and in 1988, its governor was impeached for obstruction of justice (Janet Napolitano)

Battle Of Midway

In 1998, wreckage from this engagement was found by Robert Ballard (Raymond Spruance, Operation Al)

Greenwich Royal Observatory

In 1999, a powerful north-facing green laser was added to this building (Martial Bourdin, Flamsteed House)

Uganda

In 2005, a referendum in this country voted for the end of its "Movement" system and a return to multiparty politics (Joseph Kony)

Liberal Democratic Party

In 2006, the leader of this party admitted that he was once arrested in Germany for setting an endangered cactus on fire (Nick Clegg)

Israel

In 2007, this country's president resigned following rape allegations

Alexandria

In 215 AD, the emperor Caracalla ordered a massacre of the youth of this city after being ridiculed in some satires (Dinocrates)

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

In Article 9, the parties agreed to maintain cruisers off the coast of Africa to help enforce the abolition of the slave trade, while Article 10 dealt with extradition, an issue highlighted by the Caroline Affair involving political fugitives from the failed Upper Canada Rebellion (Lake of the Woods)

Muhamar Al Gadhafi

In August 2010 this man demanded four billion euros to stop immigration from his country (Green Book, Lockerbie Bombers)

Great Northern War

In one of the treaties which ended this war, one side ceded Bremen to Hanover and much of Pomerania to Prussia (Battle of Gangut, Pruth River Campaign)

Abraham Lincoln

In one speech, this politician argued that "if God wills" that "every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword," it must be said 'the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether" ("the better angels of our nature")

Fredrick II

In return for securing the election of his son Henry as his successor, this Holy Roman Emperor confirmed and enhanced the autonomy of the German princes of the Holy Roman Empire through his Confederation with the Ecclesiastical Princes (Constitutions of Melfi)

Mahatma Gandhi

In the 1930's, this man signed an agreement with Viceroy Lord Irwin (Margaret Bourke-White, "children of god")

Child Labor

In the Netherlands, an 1874 law prohibiting this activity was passed at the instigation of Samuel van Houten, and a law further restricting it was instituted in 1889 following a government investigation into the Eel Revolt, in which police cracked down on the popular practice of pulling eels apart (Health and Morals of Apprentices Act of 1801, Ambroise Joubert-Bonnaire

Bay Of Pigs Invasion

In the aftermath of this event, one figure declared he wanted to smash a certain organization into a thousand pieces and scatter it into the wind (Grayston Lynch, Giron Beach)

Popular Sovereignty

In the election of 1848, Lewis Cass ran on the platform of enforcing this policy, whose critics replaced its first word with the word "squatter" (Border Ruffians)

Operation Bluestar

In the lead up to this incident, journalists were rounded up from their hotel at 5:00 AM, bused across the border, and abandoned in the middle of nowhere

Ramses The Great

In the third Syrian campaign, this leader led attacks on the cities of Jerusalem and Jericho, reestablishing his nation's sphere of influence in Syria (Sed Festival)

Roe Versus Wade

In this case, mootness and standing were ignored because this case was "capable of repetition yet evading review" (Hyde Amendment, Harris v. McRae)

Spanish American War

In this war, an advance guard under Joseph Wheeler engaged the enemy at Las Guasimas, and the largest force in this war was commanded by William Shafter, whose weight and gout forced him to observe the battle of El Caney from a distance (Kettle War)

King Phillip's War

In this war, some of Michael Pierce's men were taken prisoner and tortured to death at a site called Nine Men's Misery (Treaty of Casco, Battle of Great Swamp Fight)

Afghanistan

Increased support to guerrillas in this nation was carried out under Operation Cyclone (Nangar Khel)

Richard II

Inspired by Giles of Rome's De Regimene Principum, this king encouraged his subjects to call him "your highness" and "your majesty," popularizing the use of those terms (Bad Parliament, Merciless Parliament)

New York

John Ury was scapegoated for a 1741 plot to burn much of this state to the ground, which was blamed on poor whites and slaves (Leisler's Rebellion, Stonewall Riots)

Schmalkaldic League

It came to an end when they were defeated at the Battle of Muhlberg (Philip of Hesse, John Frederick I)

Khmer Rouge

It finally disintegrated in 1999, due to the death of its founder, surrender of its leader, and constant attrition in conflicts against UN peacekeepers (Lol Not)

Great Zimbabwe

It has been suggested that it was part of a vast trading network that extended to China and its construction has been credited to both the Phoenicians and the Queen of Sheba but most now credit the Lemba (Hill Complex, Valley Complex)

Zhou Dynasty

It legitimized its rule by invoking the Mandate of Heaven, the notion that the ruler (the "son of heaven") governed by divine right but that his dethronement would prove that he had lost the mandate (Ji Family)

Battle of Poltava

It took place just west of the Vorskla River (Great Northern War)

Fourth Crusade

It was first organized at a tournament hosted by Thibaut of Champagne, although it had earlier been preached for by Fulk of Neuilly (Geoffrey de Villehardoin, Philip of Swabia)

Gadsden Purchase

It was preceded by a dispute in the Mesilla Valley and its underlying cause was visible when one side attempted to purchase the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, although the other side had already chosen Don Jose de Garay to build colonies there (South Carolina Railroad Company)

Mexican American War

It wasn't in Ireland, but one side in this conflict was deserted by Saint Patrick's Battalion (Steven Kearney, "spot resolutions")

Domesday Book

Its "great" version excludes Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex, and its components include the "Exon" version and the Inquisition of the County of Cambridge ("barony", William The Conqueror)

Songhai Empire

Its lands reached from modern day Mali down the Niger River into Nigeria, although its base was in present-day Niger and Burkina Faso (Gao)

Black Panther Party

Its name and symbol were chosen over the more peaceful dove and because it was the mascot of Morehouse College in Atlanta (Oakland, Huey Newton, Bobby Seale)

Jamestown

Its namesake massacre would lead to the abandonment of the outlying town of Henricus (William Allen, Edward Wingfield)

Cross Of Gold Speech

Its speaker says that an "Andrew Jackson" is needed to stand "against the encroachments of aggregated wealth ("press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns")

Cross Of Gold Speech

Its speaker says that an "Andrew Jackson" is needed to stand "against the encroachments of aggregated wealth" ( "press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns")

Ku Klux Klan

Its support for William McAdoo caused the deadlock that ended with John Davis's nomination for President (Theodore Dixon, Stone Mountain)

Greenland

Its three administrative divisions are Avanaa, Tunu, and Kitaa, and its current prime minister is Hans Enoksen (Nord, Thule, Denmark)

Prohibition

Izzy Einstein disguised himself as southern colonels and gravediggers to enforce this system (George Remus, Eliot Ness)

Battle Of Iwo Jima

Jacklyn Lucas became the youngest man since the Civil War to receive a Medal of Honor for his heroism in this battle (Bismarck Sea)

Test Act

James Sayers's cartoon depicting The Repeal of this act prominently features Theophilus Lindsey, Richard Price, and Joseph Priestley among the mob mischief-makers ("The Hind and the Panther")

George Washington

James Wilkinson informed this man about the Conway Cabal that attempted to remove this man's power (Charles Lee)

Capetian Dynasty

Jean-Paul Laurens depicted the excommunication of the second ruler of this dynasty, which occurred when that ruler attempted to marry his distant cousin Berthe of Burgundy

Prester John

Joao II sent an envoy to this ruler, possibly encouraged by a report of a prior letter received by Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus ("king of the Three Indies", Otto of Fresing)

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

John Abt was this organization's Chief of Litigation in its first incarnation, while its second incarnation only lasted until 1945 when the Production and Marketing Administration assumed its functions (US Versus Butler)

Council Of Basel

John Palomer and John Raguga arrived for this event to represent the same predecessor and successor of Bishop Philibert (Nicholas of Cusa, Martin V)

Freedom Riders

John Patterson said of them that "when you go...looking for trouble, you usually find it," while the judge at their trial turned his back when their lawyer spoke ("if we cooled off any more, we'd be in a deep freeze")

The Protectorate

John Penruddock led an uprising during this period that led to the nation's division into military districts, which were controlled by Army Major Generals (George Monck)

Tariff

John Randolph claimed that the burden of one act of this type would be placed "upon poor men and upon slaveholders" (Alexander Dallas)

Griswold Versus Connecticut

Justices Potter and Black dissented, arguing from a strict constructionist viewpoint that the Due Process Clause could not be invoked in this 1965 case (William O. Douglas, Roe Versus Wade)

Julius Robert Oppenheimer

Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin's biography of this man labeled him the "American Prometheus" and argued that Lewis Strauss used illegal wiretaps to ruin this man (William Liscum Borden, Haakon Chevalier)

Battle Of Guadalcanal

Landings on Tulagi and Tanambogo preceded the main invasion in this campaign, during which the transport George Elliot was sunk and the escort fleet defeated at Savo Island.

Solidarity

Lane Kirkland organized a boycott to support this organization, and gave it over six million dollars in aid (Lenin Shipyard, Charter of Workers' Rights)

Patrice Lumumba

Larry Devlin and Sidney Gottlieb were both implicated in the murder of this man, which was attempted with poison placed in a tube of toothpaste (King Baudouin, Joseph Kasavubu)

Merovingian Dynasty

Later rulers of this dynasty were known as "do-nothing kings" and allowed much of their power to their Mayors of the Palace, who came from a family line that eventually subsumed this dynasty (Sygarius, Childeric III)

Know Nothing Party

Leaders of this party included Kentucky governor James Greene Hardy and gangster William Pool (Order of the Star Spangled Banner)

Babur

Legend has it that this man made a point of swimming across every river in India for exercise (Fargana, Battle of Ghagra)

Trajan

Legend has it that, upon reaching the Persian Gulf, he wept because he was too old to repeat Alexander the Great's Indian conquests (Pontine Marshes)

Franco Prussian War

Leon Gambetta attempted to organize one side's defenses in this war, but fled in a hot air balloon (Treaty of Frankfurt)

Battle Of Saratoga

Lord Germaine made sure that Guy Carleton did not lend the expedition leading to this battle, and Barry St. Leger's forces were defeated at the Battle Of Oriskany on their way to this site

Tiberius

Lucius Scribonianus led an early revolt against this ruler, and this man commissioned the building of two aqueducts that met at Porta Maggiore Gate (Portus Harbor, Aulus Plautius)

National Industry Recovery Act

Lucy Randolph Mason tried to use this legislation to gain rights for women, and it found support from GE president Gerard Swope but was opposed by automakers (Hugh Johnson, Charles Hughes)

Vasco De Balboa

Martin Fernandez de Enciso once threatened to leave this person on the first desert island they found (Pedro Arias Davila, Leoncico, Diego de Nicuesa)

Crimean War

Mary Seacole ran a hospital for soldiers injured on the front of this war, which William Howard Russell gained fame for reporting on (Aland Islands)

Wisconsin

Maryann Sumi ruled twice in favor of the suit of Ismael Ozanne against the enforcement of a piece of legislation in this state in March 2011 (Stephen Miller, Scott Fitzgerald)

Poor Laws

Matthew Marryott inspired an alteration to them contained in Knatchbull's Act, while the creation of Select Vestries was allowed by ones named for William Sturges Bourne ("Bastardly Clause")

New England Confederation

Measures had to be passed by six of the eight representatives, and it could require dues and order the return of lost slaves (Anglo Dutch Conflict)

Battle Of Berlin

Meliton Kantaria was the subject of a famous photograph taken at the conclusion of this battle (Vasily Chuikov)

Basques

Members of this ethnicity founded a ninth-century nation called Banu Qasi, and immigrants from them started an annual festival in Winnemucca, Nevada

Dominion Of New England

Members of this government's Council included Edward Randolph and the former president of a defunct government, Joseph Dudley (Francis Nicholson)

West Coast Hotel Company Versus Parrish

Michael Ariens' article "A Thrice-Told Tale, or Felix the Cat" accused Felix Frankfurter of fabricating a document related to this case ( Morehead Versus New York, "The Constitution does not speak of freedom of contract" )

Louis XVI

Ministers during this man's rule included Jean Phelypeaux, Charles Calonne and William Malesherbes, and this man was the focus of the Declaration of Pillnitz (Montmedy, Varennes)

Somalia

Mohammad Hassan established an empire in this country after killing Richard Corfield at Dul Madoba, and its namesake Youth League allied with Aden Daar and the elder Shermarke under Abdullahi Issa (Ogaden War)

Serbia

Monasteries in this country include the Celie Monastery ("St. Simeon the Myrrh-Flowing", Nemanjic dynasty)

Kiev

Most of its population was killed in 1238 by Bat Khan (Treaty of Andrusovo, Simon Peltyura, The Tale Of Bygone Years)

William Wallace

Most of the stories about this man originate from a late fifteenth-century minstrel known as Blind Harry (John De Warenne, Lenark)

Battle Of Stalingrad

Much fighting during this battle happened on a hill called the Mamayev Kurgan (Sixth Army, Battle of Kursk)

Nathaniel Turner

Much information about this man's motivations comes from journals kept by his attorney, T.R. Gray (Joseph Travis)

Selma

Nathan Bedford Forrest failed to prevent James H. Wilson's assault on this city (Amelia Boynton, James Bevel)

Franco-Prussian War

Near the end of this war, Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot took over for Marshal Mac-Mahon (Ems Dispatch)

War of Gran Chaco

Near the end of this war, the president of the losing country was overthrown by his generals while visiting their headquarters, causing him to remark it was their only successful military maneuver of the war ("War of Thirst", Hans Kundt, Daniel Salamanca)

Submarines

Nordenfelt was an early proponent of these, one of which was responsible for sinking the USS Housatonic (HMS Eagle, Nautilis)

Peninsular War

Notable commanders in this war included General Palafox, who outmaneuvered opponents like DuPont and Lefebvre (Battle of Medina de Rioseco, Battle of Talavera, Lines of Torres Vedras)

Alfonso

Nzinga Mbemba, a ruler of the Kongo Kingdom, took this name after converting to Catholicism (Victoria Eugenie)

Zimbabwe

One civil conflict in this nation was known as the Gukuruhundi; this nation underwent large neighborhood clearances as part of Operation Drive Out Trash (Robert Mugabe)

Ghana

One civilization once located in this present-day nation was ruled by the king Osei Tutu (Garnet Wolseley, Akosombo Dam

Douglas McArthur

On a trip to the Philippines, this man met his long-time mistress Isabel Rosario Cooper, who was the first to receive an on-screen kiss in a Filipino film (Manual Quezon)

Great London Fire

One Daniel Baker would warn of this event more than 100 years before it actually occurred (Thomas Bloodworth, Robert Hooke)

Teapot Dome Scandal

One Supreme Court case arising out of this incident, McGrain v. Daugherty, confirmed that Congress may compel witnesses to testify (Buena Vista Hills, Elk Hills, Edwin Denby)

Eighteenth Amendment

One act passed in support of this amendment was formulated by Wayne Wheeler, though that act was not named for Wheeler but instead for a congressman from Minnesota ( Women's Christian Temperance Union)

Glass Steagall Act

One act which repealed portions of this bill was the Garn-St. Germain Act (Volcker Plan, Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act)

Al-Qaeda

One action done by this group evolved from the Bojinka plot in the Philippines (U.S.S Cole Bombing)

Korean War

One action during this conflict involving the US Eighth Army and X Corps was known as the Home by Christmas Offensive ("Ship of Miracles", Battles of Onjong, 6-2-5 War)

Incan Empire

One archaeological site from this empire contains the Intihuatana, a stone devoted to the sun god Inti (Manco Capac, Vilcabamba)

Scopes Monkey Trial

One argument during this event concerned whether the length of a word on a ten-foot-long sign measured one and a half feet long or merely one foot long (William Hutchinson, H. Mencken)

Treaty Of Versailles

One article of this treaty transferred control of Ruanda-Urundi to Belgium and divided Togoland between France and the United Kingdom (May Fourth Movement)

Dred Scott Versus Sanford

One attorney in this Supreme Court case later served as Abraham Lincoln's Postmaster General, Montgomery Blair (Roger Taney)

Franco Prussian War

One battle in this war included Von Bredow's surprisingly successful cavalry charge, dubbed the "Death Ride," and is the textbook example of a "meeting engagement" (Battle of Mars-la-Tour, Battle of Gravelotte)

War Of The Triple Alliance

One battle in this war saw Captain Meza attempt to destroy the enemy's fleet by sailing past them and firing a barrage and then anchoring his fleet to block them from moving down the Parana River (Duke of Caxias, Battle of Riachuelo)

War of the Triple Alliance

One battle in this war saw Captain Meza attempt to destroy the enemy's fleet by sailing past them and firing a barrage and then anchoring his fleet to block them from moving down the Parana River (Duke of Caxias, Battle of Riachuelo)

Roman Emperors

One bronze depiction of a person with this job originally accompanied a cowering enemy, and legendarily protects the surrounding city with its gilding (Prima Porta Statue)

Attack On Pearl Harbor

One captured combatant in this battle attempted to burn himself with cigarettes to commit suicide (Operation Z)

Battle Of San Jacinto

One combatant's journey had started at a town where in October 1835 a hundred or so townspeople had resisted the efforts of a unit of Mexican dragoons to take their cannon, which had originally been permitted by the Mexican government as a defense against marauding Indian tribes ("Remember the Alamo!", "Remember Goliad!")

Alamo

One commander at this site, James C. Neill, was forced to leave it due to an illness in his family (Gonzales Rangers, DeWitt Colony)

Battle Of Hastings

One commander in this battle received word of his opponents' approach from Vitalis, a vassal of Odo (Bayeux Tapestry)

Battle Of Tours

One commander in this battle was recruited by Odo the Great after he had lost a battle at the Garonne River (Abd-ar-Rahman)

Intolerable Acts

One component of these laws introduced French civil law and toleration of Catholics to a certain region (Thomas Gage)

Spanish American War

One conflict in the wake of this war arose when John Bates negotiated a bizarrely slavery-tolerant treaty, leading to the bloody Moro uprisings (William Sampson, Hyman Rickover)

Cuba

One conflict on this island began with William Shafter landing forces at Siboney and Daiquiri (Platt Amendment, Teller Amendment)

First Persian Gulf War

One country during this conflict was first invaded by three units of British paratroopers, after which the U.S. VII Corps was able to make easy headway (Khafji, "no-fly zones")

John I

One daughter of this man married King Joao I of Portugal (Katherine Swynford, Savoy Palace)

Hartford Convention

One depiction of this event claimed that its participants were enticed by "molasses and codfish" (Harrison Grey Otis, "Leap Or No Leap)

Great Northern War

One diplomat surrendered during this war was Johann Patkul, who was executed for his role in starting it after one participant signed the Treaty of Altranstadt (Charles Eugene de Croy, Pruth River)

Dennis Versus United States

One dissent in this case objects to the limited grant of certiorari, arguing that the Court should have also dealt with the discriminatory jury selection and the outright hostility of one jury member in particular - that dissent justified his approach with the case of Breard v. Alexandria, decided the same day (Whitney Versus California)

Albania

One early 20th century movement in this country was led by bishop Fan Noli, while Noli's opponents formed the Legality Party during World War II (Skanderbeg, King Zog)

Lateran

One ecumenical council of this name condemned Arnold of Brescia, although its more important task was to end the Schism brought about by the rule of Anacletus II (Henry II, Pietro Gasparri)

Leisler's Rebellion

One effect of this event was the dismissal of Matthew Ploughman as customs collector (Fitz John Winthrop)

India

One emperor in this modern-day nation erected pillars bearing his edicts ("Treatise on Polity", "Arthashastra")

Dirty War

One episode of violence in this conflict involved a failed attack on an arsenal at Monte Chingolo ("Directive 404/75", "Annihilation Decree")

Bloody Sunday

One event of this name occurred in Beyaz square after protests in Istanbul, and another in Bromberg, a town in Pomerania (Cairo Gang, Putilov Plant, Battle of Paardeberg)

Zimmerman Telegram

One event that allegedly led to the creation of this document was the failure of John Pershing to capture Pancho Villa, and the blocking of shipping lanes meant that the offer of (+) financial assistance set forth in this document would be useless to its intended recipient (Venustiano Caranza)

Vietnam War

One failed strategy in this war was the Strategic Hamlet Program, and the Iron Triangle and Cu Chi were some of the extensive tunnels used by one side in this war (William Caley)

Battle Of Waterloo

One farm in this battle was attacked by troops under D'Erlon (Friedrich von Bulow, "Hundred Days")

Sacco Vanzetti Trial

One figure involved in this event had been absent from his job at the Three-K shoe factory, purportedly to get a passport, and after this event the American embassy in Paris was bombed and another bomb was intercepted in Lisbon (Fred Moore, Webster Thayer)

Fashoda Crisis

One force failed to arrive at this event because it was held up in the Baro Gorge (Christian de Bonchamps, Herbert Kichener)

Hull House

One founder of this institution was a master bookbinder who abandoned this project to become a nun. In addition to Ellen Gates Starr, this place was organized by an ACLU co-founder who wrote of "twenty years" here (800 South Halstead Street)

Sweden

One future queen of this country named Victoria served as page-turner for Franz Liszt when he visited the Karlsruhe opera, and as king, her husband permitted the German Englebrecht division to pass through this country during World War II (Franche-Comte)

Famine

One general event of this type was depicted as a hirsute man inside a demon's flaming mouth below a lion with the head of a British monarch in an illustration in the Biblia Paupernun (Little Ice Age)

South Carolina

One governor of this American state was called the "Mule Fraud" after he broke his leg while deer hunting (Hamburg Massacre)

Columbia

One group in this country is Joint Task Force OMEGA, that was part of Operation JM (Operation Jacque)

Creek War

One group involved in this war was divided into factions which supported or opposed the modernization efforts of Benjamin Hawkins (William Weatherford, Red Eagle, Battle of Lake Tensaw)

Eunuchs

One group of these people was called the galli, and served as priests of Cybele (Wei Zhongxian)

Rwandan Genocide

One group that took part in this event had a name that translates to "Those Who Have the Same Goal" (Impuzamugambi, Agathe Uwilingiyimana)

Byzantine Empire

One historian of this polity alleged that one of its rulers had the ability to detach his head from his body in a book about scandals at this state's court, the Secret History of Procopius (Ostrogoths, Exarchate Of Ravenna)

Archbishop of Canterbury

One holder of this position wrote the Forty-Two Articles, which were the basis for the Thirty-Nine Articles that this position upholds (Wat Tyler's Rebellion)

King Of Iraq

One holder of this post set up a radio station in his Al Zahour palace that drew ire from Maurice Patterson (Harrow School)

King Of France

One holder of this title who was nicknamed "The Lion" was forced to sign the unfavorable Treaty of Lambert after the defeat of his navy, which was led by Eustace the Monk (Otto VI)

Elam

One important center of this polity was at Tall-i Malyan, while another was the short lived city of Dur-Untas at modern Choga Zanbil

Iran-Iraq War

One incident in this conflict was Operation Praying Mantis, which occurred after the near destruction of the Samuel B. Roberts ("Tanker War")

Edward

One king by this name was killed at Corfe Castle while inebriated on mead, while another presided over the Battle of Tettenhall, a resounding Northumbrian Dane defeat (Jane Grey)

Vandals

One king of the Hasdingi tribe of these people was defeated by Hermeric, a king of the Suebi, after which he became a king of their Silingi tribe (Godigisel, Honorius)

House of Valois

One king of this line had a son who dishonorably escaped as his replacement hostage after the Treaty of Bretigny, and another was known as "the Mad" (Field of the Cloth of Gold)

House Of Bourbon

One king of this line married Anne of Austria and commissioned Nicolas Poussin (Tennis Court Oath, Madame De Pompadour)

Edward

One king of this name used his pro-French sympathies to bring about support for the Entente Cordiale

Scotland

One king of this polity was captured in the Battle of Neville's Cross and detained until his ransom eleven years later by the Treaty of Berwick (Kingdom of Alba, Andrew Moray)

Macedonia

One king of this region drowned the defeated followers of Onomarchos after winning the Battle of Crocus Field (Battle of Cynocephalae, Battle of Pydna)

Mormons

One leader of a faction of this group proclaimed himself king of Michigan's Beaver Island before being murdered by several of his followers (Executive Order 44, James Strang)

Huguenots

One leader of these people wrote a tract titled "A Defense of Liberty Against Tyrants" to express his anger at King Charles (Conspiracy of Amboise)

New Sweden

One leader of this colony was given a twenty-eight point set of Instructions for his time as governor, which included that he would be free to leave after three years (Peter Minuit, Peter Stuysvent)

Aztec Empire

One leader of this empire created a means of gathering prisoners by fighting small flower wars with neighboring peoples (Quetzalcoatl)

French Socialist Party

One leader of this organization advocated the idea of "insurrection rather than war" as a counterpoint to the ideas of a similar group at the Congress of Stuttgart (Daniel Mayer, Jules Jauret)

Republic Of Texas

One leader of this polity, who created a virtually valueless currency called redbacks, was Mirabeau Lamar (Runaway Scrape, Battle Of Gonzales)

Texas

One leader of this polity, who created a virtually valueless currency called redbacks, was Mirabeau Lamar (Runaway Scrape, Vince's Bridge, Constitution Of 1824)

Nation Of Islam

One leader of this religious movement was responsible for the creation of the newspaper The Final Call (Wallace Fard)

Edward The Confessor

One legend tells that this king gave his ring to a poor beggar who was actually St. John the Evangelist (Edith of Wessex, Robert of Jumieges)

Decembrist Revolt

One man executed in the aftermath of this rebellion had earlier organized the Union of Welfare in Tulchin (Chernigov Regimen, Miloradovich, Northern and Southern Societies)

Clinton

One man with this surname was nearly elected Vice President over John Adams during Washington's second term, and later succeeded Aaron Burr as Jefferson's Vice President (Erie Canal)

Finland

One massive depression in this country was solved through the efforts of Esko Aho (YYA Treaty, Lapland War, Karelia)

Isaurian Dynasty

One member of this dynasty suppressed the revolt of Elpidios on Sciliy, and another member of this dynasty was a son of the princess Tzitzak (Khan Krum, The Khazar")

House Of Vasa

One member of this family agreed to the Peace of Polyanov with Michael Romanov in which that member of this family, Wladylaw IV, agreed to pay 200,000 rubles in exchange for renunciation to claims of the Russian throne (Eric XIV)

Borgia Family

One member of this family started the Western observance of the Feast of the Transfiguration to celebrate a victory over the Turks in Belgrade (Calixtus III, Della Rovere Family)

Rockefeller Family

One member of this family was the only Southern governor to hold a public ceremony mourning the death of Martin Luther King, Jr (Attica Prison Riots)

House Of Hohenzollern

One member of this house gained hereditary lands in the Treaty of Krakow, which made him a vassal of the king of Poland (Alexander John Cuza)

House Of Bourbon

One member of this house, a constable, was made governor of Milan by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (Etruria, War of the Three Henrys)

Nation Of Islam

One member of this organization gave the "Ballot or the Bullet" speech and was suspended for using the phrase "chickens coming home to roost" to describe the Kennedy assassination (Day of Absence, Million Man March)

Whig Party

One member of this party founded the Massachusetts Board of Education before attempting to ban corporal punishment in school, while another spoke for two hours before Lincoln's Gettysburg Address (Conscience Faction, Cotton Faction)

Federalist Party

One member of this party oversaw the Erie Canal project, and another member of this party supposedly stated "No! No! Not a sixpence!" during the XYZ Affair (DeWitt Clinton)

Japanese Internment

One newspaper summed up the feelings of many Americans about this event by noting that "a viper is nonetheless a viper wherever the egg is hatched" (Curtis Munson, Frank Knox)

Erie Canal

One obstacle to the completion of this project was the traversal of Montezuma Marsh, where at least a thousand workers died from swamp fever (Commercial Slip of Buffalo)

Nationalist Party

One of its arms was the Blue Shirt Society (Henry George)

Kulturkampf

One of its chief supporters was the Prince of Hohenlohe, while one of its main opponents was Ludwig Windthorst (Centre Party, May Laws)

Intolerable Acts

One of its measures, popularly named the Murder Act, abolished the local administration of government, placing the role solely the governor's hands

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

One of the chief documents associated with this event was based on a report by George Wickersham, and an open letter read in Congress by Jonathan Dolliver led to the firing of one participant of this event (Clarence Cunningham, Louis Brandels)

French And Indian War

One of the events that caused this conflict took place when a general unknowingly admitted to the murder of a foreign ambassador, in the Jumonville affair (Battle of Plains of Abraham)

Iran Iraq War

One of the first major battles of this war was fought at Khorramshahr after the breakdown of the Algiers Accord ("Tanker War")

Byzantine Empire

One of the leaders of this polity has the message "You conquered all but a woman" inscribed on the side of his tomb (Phokas Dynasty, Lascarid Dynasty, Michael the Eighth)

Treaty of Verdun

One of the major results of this treaty was nullified by the Treaty of Meerssen, while the main chronicle of the events leading up to it was created by Nithard, a cousin of the principal parties (Battle of Fontenay)

Purchase Of Alaska

One of the men who facilitated this action was 83 when he savagely beat six men who tried to assault him and his 15 year-old wife (Hay-Herbert Treaty)

Horace Greeley

One of the men who signed a bond that released Jefferson Davis from custody after the Civil War, he was appointed to a peace commission by Abraham Lincoln which was intended to fail due to his support of reaching a compromise with the Confederacy ("Go west, young man!")

Writs

One of these can be issued by the Supreme Court to obtain immediate review of exceptional cases and requires agreement from four of the justices (certiorari)

Expulsion Of The Jews

One of these events occurred under Dagobert I on the urging of Heraclius, who had received a prophecy about the fall of Byzantium (Alhambra Decree)

Aqueducts

One of these objects has a Turkish name meaning "grey falcon" and can be found in the Fatih quarter of Istanbul (William Mulholland, Owens Valley)

Fireside Chats

One of these speeches quoted Charles Evans Hughes' statement that "we are under a Constitution, but the Constitution is what the Judges say it is" ("Together we cannot fail", "Good evening, friends")

Russian Constitutions

One of these was created by Count Loris-Melikov and was to be proclaimed on the day that the People's Will struck ("Fundamental Laws")

Pakistan

One of this country's cities contains the Mazar-e-Quaid, a mausoleum named for this country's founder (Gawalmandi, Lollywood)

Nikita Khrushchev

One of this leader's famous actions was a response to a speech by Lorenzo Sumulong accusing his country of hypocrisy (Walter Ulbricht)

Spartacus

One of this man's aids, Crixus, was defeated by the armies of Lucius Gellius Publicola at Mount Garganus (Mount Vesuvius, Gaius Claudius Glaber)

John Hoover

One of this man's books popularized the term "fellow traveler" and concerned subversives and their sympathizers (Palmer Raids)

Alfred Landon

One of this politician's speeches was roundly mocked for the line "Wherever I have gone in this country, I have found Americans" ( "I Will Not Promise the Moon")

Ghana Empire

One of this polity's last emperors was Tunka Manin, whose demise triggered the rise of the Sosso people to fight against the successors of Abu Bakr ibn Umar (Koumbi Saleh)

Epirus

One ruler in this region fled with his fascist puppet chum Tomislav II of Croatia to Argentina after World War II (Republic Of Koritsa)

Louis XVI

One of this ruler's finance ministers was forced to resign because of the influence of the count of Maurepas, and another of his finance ministers was forced to resign after attempting to abolish the corvee (Jacques Turgot, Jacques Necker)

Marie Antoinette

One of this woman's closest friends, who was Superintendent of her Household before being killed in the September Massacres, was Thérèse de Lamballe (Diamond Necklace Affair, Louis René Édouard de Rohan)

Apartheid

One opponent of this policy made the "I am prepared to die" speech during the Rivonia Trial (Group Areas Act, Terrorism Act)

Battle Of Poitiers

One participant in this battle surrendered to a knight who recognized him, Denis de Morbeque (Captal de Buch, John Chandos)

Second Defenestration Of Prague

One perpetrator of this incident screamed "By God, his Mary has helped!" after mocking the prayers of one of its victims ("Winter King")

Democratic Republic Of Congo

One person from this country was the first to be put on trial by the International Criminal Court, and its President is a member of the People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy (Laurent Nkunda)

Australia

One person from this modern day nation was called "Trugernanner" and was protected by the efforts of George Augustus Robinson (Black War)

Free Soil Party

One person nominated by this group was known for his lifetime feud with Secretary Of The Navy Gideon Wells ("Shooting The Christmas Turkey")

Viceroy of India

One person to hold this position recommended the creation of provincial and central councils in the Dufferin Report, while another person who held this position was criticized for passing the Vernacular Press Act and convened the Proclamation Durbar (Ilbert Bill, Doctrine of Lapse)

King Of Sparta

One person who held this position was forced to abdicate by his partner, who bribed the Oracle and forced him to flee to Persia (Demaratus, Leotychides)

Mejji Restoration

One phase of this period was the Seikanron, a clash in which its first great general demanded the right to provoke his own murder in Korea, leading to the exile of Saigo Takamori and eventually the Saga and Satsuma rebellions, which this government crushed (Charter Oath, "Enlightened Wisdom")

Mao Zedong

One policy instituted by this leader was the Rectification Movement ("Little Red Book")

East Germany

One policy pursued at one point in the history of this country was the New Course (Erich Honecker)

East Germany

One policy pursued at one point in the history of this country was the New Course (Walter Ulbricht)

Panic Of 1837

One political cartoon prompted by this event uses a Macbeth theme, showing the incumbent president standing next to his predecessor dressed as a woman and a seated "ghost of commerce" (Independent Treasury System)

William Howard Taft

One political cartoon shows this US President dressed as a nanny and being handed a baby by his predecessor (Winona Speech, Payne-Aldrich Tariff)

Embargo Act

One political cartoon that protested this act featured a snapping turtle grabbing onto a man's trousers while another man bemoans how the turtle "nicks them" (Albert Gallien)

Kansas

One politician from this state admitted to discarding socks during a campaign though a now discredited legend claimed that his nickname "Sockless" Jerry Simpson was bestowed on him by a hostile press

Delaware

One politician from this state was attacked for an article in which described himself as a bearded Marxist (Du Pont)

Pius

One pope of this name had all German churches read an encyclical written in German rather than Latin; that encyclical by a pope of this name was Mit brennender Sorge ("open city")

Vietnam War

One president at the time of this war defended his country's involvement by promising "peace without conquest" (William Westmoreland, Creighton Abrams)

Boston Massacre

One probable cause of event was a dispute over a debt between Edward Gerrish and John Goldfinch (Robert Treat Paine, Thomas Preston)

Don't Ask Don't Tell

One prominent opponent of this policy is Patrick Murphy, who gives his name to an amendment to the 2011 National Defense Authorization Act (Log Cabin Republicans Versus United States)

House Of Lords

One proposal for reforming this entity was offered by the Wakeham Commission (Salisbury Convention of 1945)

Mary I

One regent for this monarch was killed by some friends of George Wishart (David Beaton, Earl Of Arran, Black Saturday)

Long Parliament

Panic over the Shrule massacre distracted this entity from the arrest of a group including Arthur Haselrig and Denzil Holles, and it rather presumptively auctioned off foreign lands to would-be "Adventurers" (Triennial Act)

Diet Of Worms

Participants in this event included law professor Jerome Schurff and theologian Johann von Eck ("My conscience is captive to the Word of God")

Operation Condor

People involved in this action include Paul Schafer, the leader of a commune of Germans known as the 'Dignity Colony', and an Italian who had previously been involved in Operation Gladio, Stefano delle Chiaie ("Cocaine Coup")

Ghana

Portuguese first landed in a town named Elmina in this nation (Gold Coast)

Aethelred The Unready

Pope John XV forced this man to open diplomatic ties with Normandy, and he was extorted following the Battle of Maldon by Olaf Tryggvsason (Saint Brice Day's Massacre)

Elizabeth I

Pope Pius V issued a bull in 1570 titled Regnans in Excelsis declaring this figure as a heretic (Charles Blount)

Battle Of Tours

Preceded by the marriage of Lampade to Mununza, an account of this engagement was thought to be given by Isidorus Pacensis of Beja but has since been proven false (Abbey of Saint Martin, Clain River, Viene River)

Cuban War Of Independence

Predecessors of this conflict included the abortive Little War and the Ten Years' War, which resulted in the Pact of Zanjon (Jose Marti)

Trent Affair

Prince Albert, although ill with typhoid, intervened from his sickbed to soften Lord Palmerston's ultimatum to the U.S., which he felt was too belligerent (John Slidell, James Mason)

Joseon Dynasty

Prince Sado of this dynasty was executed by being shut in a rice box, and its cloth tax was decreased by the Kyunyok Law. It suffered the Imo mutiny and signed the Treaty of Ganghwa (Queen Min, King Sejong)

Battle Of Tewkesbury

Prior to this battle one side had resupplied at Bristol and was taken at false fortification of Sodbury (Lord Warlock)

Battle of Perryville

Prior to this battle, Jefferson C. Davis shot and killed Bull Nelson at the Galt House Hotel, while the battle itself saw Samuel Powell's troops successfully stall Union soldiers at Springfield Pike (Doctor's Creek)

Battle of San Jacinto

Prior to this battle, scouting reports from Deaf Smith told that retreat was impossible due to the burning of Vince's Bridge (George Hockley, "Twin Sisters", Manuel Fernandez Castillon)

Battle Of Salamis

Prior to this battle, the losing commander supposedly held a council at Phaleron where a ruler of Caria was the only not to advise him to attack (Eurybiades of Sparta, Sicinnus)

Battle Of Bosworth Field

Prior to this battle, the victorious commander landed his troops in Milford Haven (John Howard, Ambion Hill)

Kristallnacht

Prior to this event, a key individual received a troubling postcard from his cousin Berta after a government enacted some vague provisions from the Enabling Act (Hershel Greenspan)

Edward Longshanks

Prior to this man's reign, he was stabbed in the arm by an assassin's poison dagger while attempting to halt an advance of Buybars (Battle Of Evesham)

Thirty Years War

Prior to this war, one side was engaged in the Uskok War, while the Treaty of Lubeck ended Danish involvement in this war (Second Defenestration of Prague, Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar)

Switzerland

Protestants and Catholics in this nation fought in the War of Villmergen (Federal Charter, Swabian War, Act of Mediation)

Battle Of Coral Sea

Rear Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher was present at this battle which slowed down Operation Mo, sinking the Shoho

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Question: This man once ran on a ticket under James Cox, and his advisors included a future governor of Puerto Rico, Rexford Tugwell (Land Lease Aid)

45

Radical groups of late 1700's England used this number as a symbol, as it was the issue number of the North Briton that caused the government to prosecute John Wilkes (Second Jacobite Uprising)

Battle Of Brandywine Creek

Relying upon a trick pulled a year earlier against the same opponent, the winning general at this battle ordered three-fifths of his men to move to the enemy's right to cross a ford left undefended while the rest under Baron Wilhelm von Knyphausen demonstrated on the left near Chadd's Ford, distracting forces under Nathanael Greene and Anthony Wayne and preventing them from sending aid to John Sullivan

Ottoman Empire

Representatives of the successor state to this empire signed the Treaty of Lausanne (Battle Of Mohacs, Hayreddin Barbarossa)

Mariel Boatlift

Riots in Fort Chaffee in the wake of this event partially doomed Bill Clinton's gubernatorial re-election bid (Hector Sanyustiz, Straits of Florida)

Affair Of The Diamond Necklace

Retaux de Villette confessed to forging letters during this scandal, during which the company of Boehmer and Bassenge was defrauded (Nicole d'Oliva, Jeanne De La Motte)

Pullman Strike

Richard Olney claimed that this event brought the nation to "the ragged edge of anarchy", and a meeting at Briggs House led by Samuel Gompers cautioned against sympathy action in this event (John Peter Altgeld, Clarence Darrow)

Federalist Party

Richard Stockton, Daniel Rodney, and Robert Harper were members of this party who received vice presidential votes from the Electoral College (Charles Pinckney, Rufus King)

Gunpowder Plot

Richard Walsh ended the Midlands rebellion in the aftermath of this event, which also saw the execution of Henry Garnett (Whynniard House, Thomas Knyvett)

Christopher Dodd

Rob Simmons has emerged as a challenger for the seat held by this man, fueled by controversy that includes this man's real estate dealings with Edward Downe in Ireland and membership in the "Friends of Angelo" (Mike Gravel)

Mark Kirk

Robert Dold, a Republican, now holds this politician's old seat in the US House of Representatives (Dan Seals)

William McKinley

Rutherford B. Hayes was this man's commander during the Civil War, and he campaigned for Hayes while serving as a lawyer in Canton ("Prosperity at home, Prestige abroad", Pan-American Exhibition)

Atahualpa

Ruminahui led an insurrection following the death of this figure, who was defeated at the Battle of Cajamarca and later executed for treason, after which Yucra revolted near Jauja

Afghanistan

Salvatore Giverta will soon receive the medal of honor for actions in this country

Anne I

Scotland's passage of the Act of Security resulted in this monarch enacting the Alien Act, and Charles Talbot was made lord treasurer late in this monarch's life (Abigail Masham, Sarah Churchill)

Clayton Antitrust Act

Section 4 of this law allows those injured in its violation to seek treble damages, which resulted in the case Kansas v. Utilicorp United Inc., and another section notes that "The labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce" (Celler-Kefauver Act)

Susan B Anthony

Senator Pomeroy gave the opening speech at a Washington conference organized by this figure, which unsuccessfully sought expansion of the Fifteenth Amendment (Parker Pilsbury, Chapman Catt)

Susan B. Anthony

Senator Pomeroy gave the opening speech at a Washington conference organized by this figure, which unsuccessfully sought expansion of the Fifteenth Amendment (Parker Pilsbury, Chapman Catt)

Francis Drake

Serving under the Earl of Essex with John Norreys, this man was responsible for massacring a large contingent of the MacDonnell Clan on Rathlin Island, and he once executed an officer named Thomas Doughty (San Juan de Ulua)

Battle Of Salamis

Surprise attacks were made from Ambelaki and Farmakoussai during this battle, which Mardonius had pressed for (Artemisia)

Battle Of Adowa

Seven years before this battle, the death of Yohannes IV led to one participant helping the forces of Shewa to take the throne (Treaty of Addis Ababa, Treaty of Wichale)

Shirley Chisholm

She beat James Farmer to win her seat in the newly reapportioned 12th district in New York City in 1968 and ironically she was appointed to the rural forests subcommittee of the House Agriculture Committee (Bill Clinton, Jamaica)

Salvador Allende

Shortly after this man's election as president, cotton mill workers took over the Yarur factory (Popular Unity Party)

Mormons

Sidney Rigdon was one of this group's earliest spokesmen (Danites)

Quebec

Sir William Phips led an unsuccessful attempt to capture this place during King William's War, and Aaron Burr distinguished himself in battle here by trying to carry the corpse of General Richard Montgomery from the field (Plains of Abraham)

Denmark

Skipper Clement led a peasant revolt in this country during the Count's Feud ( "Little Pigeon", House of Oldenburg, Margaret I)

Norway

Skipper Clement led a peasant revolt in this country during the Count's Feud (House of Oldenburg, Kalmar Union, Margaret I)

Indiana

Slavery was ended in this U.S. state via the court case of Polly v. Laselle (Battle of Corydon)

Tiananmen Square Riots

Some 200,000 people gathered at the Happy Valley Race Course to mourn this event (Hu Yaobang, Chen Yu)

James Madison

Some historians claim this man's presidency was harmed by having William Eustis and then John Armstrong, Jr. serve as Secretary of War (Macon's Bill Number Two)

Bacon's Rebellion

Some of the participants in this event were captured at the Arthur Allen House by troops deployed from the Young Prince (Robert Hen)

William Lloyd Garrison

Some of this man's early partners were Benjamin Lundy and Isaac Knapp (Francis Todd, "The Black List")

Simon Bolivar

Some suggest that this man was inspired by a conversation with Alexander Von Humboldt on Mt. Vesuvius (Cartegena Manifesto)

Henry III

Stephen de Segrave and Peter de Rivaux both served in the court of this ruler

Vandals

Stilicho stopped their early ventures into Italy after he became a Roman (Gaiseric, Belisarius)

Mongols

Subgroups of this ethnicity include the Oirats and the Khalkha, the former of whom reside in the North Caucasus, where they are known as Kalmyks ("the three games of men")

Affirmative Action

Subsection two of section 15 in the Charter guarantees its legality in Canada (Ward Connerly, "Philadelphia Plan")

Populist Party

Supplemental resolutions to its best-known agenda included demands for term limits for president and vice president, a secret ballot, liberal pensions for ex-Union soldiers, restrictions on immigration, and the abolition of the Pinkerton system (Omaha Platform)

Election of 1848

Supreme Court Justice John McLean was an early candidate in this election before losing ground in his own party to Tom Corwin (Barnburners, Liberty Party)

Embargo Act Of 1807

Supreme Court justice William Johnson subverted the enforcement of this law in the Gilchrist case (Berlin Decree, Milan Decree)

July Revolution

Susan Nagel argues that one participant in this event had previously developed a youthful addiction to prostitutes as part of a rival's plan to make him develop venereal disease (Address of the 221, Anti-Sacrilege Act)

Seventh Day Adventist Church

The "Great Disappointment" for this church occurred on October 22, 1844, when, as their founding prophet had predicted, Christ failed to make his expected appearance in a fiery conflagration over Ithaca, New York (Thomas Prebale, "Sabbatarian")

Alaska

The "Skaguay Military Campaign" represented this state in the Spanish-American War and was organized by Soapy Smith (Battle of Sitka)

Chinese Exclusion Act

The "paper son" scheme was used to bypass this law, which was extended for ten years by the Geary Act and made permanent in 1902 (Magnuson Act, Webb Alien Land Law)

Moscow

The 1380 Battle of Kulikovo occurred near this city and, and in 1610 a Swedish army occupied this city to bail out Vasili Shuisky (Operation Typhoon)

Treaty of Tordesillas

The 1777 exchange of the island of Fernando Poo and some of the coast of what's now Niger for land in what's now western Brazil was the last official invocation of this document (Inter Caetera, Aeterni Regis)

Detroit

The 1992 death of this city's resident Malice Green during an arrest was scathingly attacked by its mayor Coleman Young ("Message to the Grass Roots", Battle Of Bloody Run)

Bloody Sunday

The 2004 Saville inquiry overturned Lord Widgery's earlier findings about this event (Guildhall Square, Free Corner, Londonderry)

Instrument Of Government

The 27th article of this document provided for the raising of revenue to maintain a force of 10,000 horse and dragoons and 20,000 infantry, while its second article provided for the formation of a council comprising between 13 and 21 individuals (Henry Rolle, Humble Petition and Advice)

Shay's Rebellion

The African-American Moses Sash participated in this event and received double the number of indictments as its other participants (Petersham, William Shepherd)

Apache

The Alma Massacre was perpetrated by a member of this tribe named Victorio, and sub-divisions of these people include the Jicarilla and the Mescalero (Nochaydelklinne)

Spanish American War

The American Anti-Imperialist League formed to oppose this war, which was encouraged by reports about the cruelty of "Butcher" Weyler (USS Oregon, "you may fire when ready, Gridley")

GI Bill

The American Legion proposed many of its components, but the basic structure of the bill was a result of the National Resources Planning Board's efforts to prevent another depression (52-20 Clause)

Yemen

The American government has demanded that this country extradite populist cleric Abd al-Majid al-Zindani (Tim Torlot)

Finland

The Aunus Expedition was launched by this nation against its eastern neighbor, with whom it would sign the Treaty of Tartu, and Frederick Charles of Hessen would have become king of this nation had Germany won World War I (White and Red Guards)

Three Mile Island Crisis

The Babbock and Wilcox Company was sued for four billion dollars in the aftermath of this event (Kemeny Commission, Richard Thornburgh)

Crimean War

The Battle of Kinburn occurred during the final stages of this conflict, which saw Pavel Nakhimov gain victory at the Battle of Sinop, after which France and England intervened (Thin Red Line, Battle of Balaclava)

Ainu

The Battle of Kosyamain in 1457, the Battle of Syaksyain in 1669, and the Battle of Kunasiri-Menasi in 1789 were fought by them (Solitary Race Theory, Oceania Race Theory)

James II

The Bloody Assizes were held during the rule of this king following a plot to overthrow him known as the Monmouth Rebellion (Declaration of Indulgence, William of Orange)

Zanzibar

The Busaidi dynasty replaced the Ya'arabi dynasty as the ruling power on this island (John Okello, Abeid Karume)

Sweden

The Caps and the Hats were two political factions during this country's Age of Liberty, which saw a privy council lead by Arvid Horn control the monarchy (Battle Of Gadebusch, Battle Of Nerva)

Olmecs

The Cascajal Block is thought to be inscribed with writing from this civilization (Tres Zapotes, San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan)

Septimius Severus

The Christian martyrs Felicitas and Perpetua died under the regime of this man, and his son by Julia Domna was murdered by Macrinus (Leptis Magna)

Brazil

The Cry of Ipiranga declared this country's independence, and its Golden Law freed slaves under Dom Pedro II (Oscar Niemeyer)

Wilhelm II

The Daily Telegraph's interview with this ruler produced the quote "You English are mad, mad, mad as March hares" (World War I, Otto Van Bismarck)

Sherman Antitrust Act

The Danbury Hatters Case extended this law to make unions responsible for damages caused by boycotts, and it was clarified by a law forbidding interlocking directorates that included a section called "the Magna Carta" of labor (E.C. Knight)

Suriname

The English were the first to attempt colonization, failing in a tobacco farming venture, before Lord Willoughby, Governor of Barbados, supported another expedition which established a fort and 500 sugar plantations (Treaty of Breda)

Mauryan Empire

The Greeks Megasthenes and Deimachus were sent as ambassadors to the first and second rulers of this polity (Chanakya)

War of the Spanish Succession

The Hague Partition Treaty was an unsuccessful attempt to prevent this war (Battle of Blenheim, Philip V, Charles II)

War Of The Spanish Succession

The Hague Partition Treaty was an unsuccessful attempt to prevent this war (Battle of Malaga)

Showa Emperor

The Imperial Colors Incident was a failed uprising against this ruler (Hideki Tojo)

Bangkok

The Jim Thompson House in this city commemorates that American's attempt to preserve its nation's culture, and its Erawan Hotel contains a shrine to Brahma (Wat Pho University, Chatuchak Shopping Festival)

Victoria

The Jubilee Plot was a failed attempt to assassinate this monarch, who was in power during the administration of such prime ministers as Lord Salisbury and Lord Palmerston (Lord Melbourne, House of Hanover)

Harry Reid

The Las Vegas Review-Journal reported that this politician had received $50,000 from casino operators who hired lobbyist Jack Abramoff (Jack Gordon, Yucca Mountain)

Columbia

The League of Nations settled its dispute over the town of Leticia in this country's favor in 1934 (Granadina, Jorge Eliecer Gaitan)

Gerald Rudolph Ford

The Mayaguez incident occurred during the presidency of this man, who developed an economic policy called "whip inflation now" (Donald Rumsfeld)

Whig Party

The New York Tribune helped to promulgate this party's views, shared by its editor, Horace Greeley (Millard Fillmore)

French And Indian War

The Oneida man Scarouady served during this war and lost his son while serving as a scout for one side (Monongahela River)

Republican Party

The Pendleton Act ended a debate in this group on the question of civil service reform that had divided it into Half-Breeds and Stalwarts (John C. Fremont)

1848

The Venezuelan Parliament is stormed, the Great Mahele is signed in Hawaii, serfdom is abolished in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Wisconsin is admitted into the Union, Ferdinand I of Austria abdicates, the Seneca Falls conference begins, the Communist Manifesto is published, the Mexican-American war ends with the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Louis Philippe abdicates and the Second Republic is formed in this year

Hanseatic League

The ability of slender "cog" boats to travel the Trave estuary south of Schleswig is considered critical to the early development of this entity (Peace of Wordingborg)

Russo Japanese War

The aggressor in this conflict began a land campaign after sinking two enemy ships at Chemulpo ("cross the T", Dogger Banks)

Capetian Dynasty

The ancestor of this dynasty was Robert the Strong (John the Posthumous, Phillip the Tall, Charles the Fair)

El Salvador

The aristocratic Fourteen Families survived the crash of this country's indigo industry by slavedriving their way into coffee-producing wealth, while its natoional tradition venerates the Pipil warriors who repelled Pedro de Alvorado (Farabundo Marti, Roberto D'Aubuisson)

War Of The Triple Alliance

The arrival of the Wasp saved diplomat Charles Washburn from arrest during this war, which included a battle at Riachuelo near Corrientes (Battle of Curupayty)

Salvador Allende

The assassination of General René Schneider cleared this man's way to power, and his Vuskovic Plan was Keynesian in principle (Popular Unity Party, Fatherland and Liberty Party

Kargil War

The attackers who launched this conflict had correctly anticipated a reduction in the defense force for the winter and planned for their attack to seize control of National Highway 1A (Siachen Glacier)

Maximillian Robespierre

The author of Report on Degrading Punishments, this man was given the nickname "Monkey of Mirabeau's" by the royalist press (Hotel de Ville)

Francois Mitterrand

The beginning of this man's term saw the passage of the Badinter Act, which abolished the death penalty (Algiers Crisis)

Chiang Kaishek

The captain of the Chung Shan warship, Li Zhilong, was suspected of a conspiracy against this leader during the Zhongshan Warship Incident (Xiang Incident)

Henry VIII

The carrack Mary Rose sank during the reign of this ruler, who ordered Thomas Cromwell to dissolve the monasteries (Thomas Crammer, Anne Boleyn)

Indian Reservations

The case of Winters v. United States prevented utility companies from using water intended for these entities (Window Rock, Red Lake Massacre)

Battle Of Quebec

The commanding general in this battle changed the landing site at the last minute to the cove of L'Anse-au- Foulon (Vaudreuil)

Gideon Versus Wainwright

The conclusions of this case were later expanded by a decision in which Lewis Powell reluctantly concurred, Argersinger v. Hamlin (Tom C. Clark, John Marshall Harlan)

War Of The Quadruple Alliance

The country that started this war engineered the Cellamare Conspiracy, an attempt to assassinate an opposing country's regent (Battle of Cape Passaro)

Bangladesh

The current Prime Minister of this country was almost killed when thirteen grenades were thrown as she finished a speech in 2004 (Four Party Alliance, Hussain Muhammad Ershad, Awami League)

Vermont

The current governor of this state is a fluent Russian speaker, who helped write Russia's election law in 1993 and was picked by the state legislature to fill the office in 2002 after failing to win a majority in an election against Jim Racine (Bernie Sanders, Howard Dean)

Schenck Versus United States

The decision in this case claimed that the character of an act depended on its circumstances, citing Aitkens Versus Wisconsin

Marbury Versus Madison

The doctrine established in this case was argued against by John B. Gibson in the dissent of the Pennsylvania case Eakin v. Raub ("midnight judges")

Iran Contra Affair

The document that led to the uncovering of this was contained in a manila folder marked WH, discovered by Brad Reynolds and John Richardson (Boland Amendment, Caspar Weinberger)

Missouri Compromise

The drafting of this document was catalyzed by memorials presented on the same day by John Holmes and John Scott, and it was proposed by Jesse Thomas (Kansas-Nebraska Act, Tallmadge Amendment)

Hadrian

The drowning death of this man's favorite, Antinous, prompted a cult in Antinous' honor ("the explorer of everything interesting")

Hadrian

The drowning death of this man's favorite, Antinous, prompted a cult in Antinous' honor (Panhellenion Federation, Jupiter Capitolinus)

Claudius

The early rule of this man saw the rebellion of Scribonianus in Dalmatia and "The Letter to the Alexandrians" defined this man's policy of tolerance towards Jews (Pallas, Gaius Sillius)

Corinth

The early rulers of this city were members of the Bacchiad family ending with Telestes (Lucius Mummius)

Han Dynasty

The early succession of the dynasty was manipulated by the rule of its first emperor, Empress Lu (Wang Mang, Lui Bang)

Prague Spring

The end of this event sparked the formation of the rock band Plastic People of the Universe (Klement Gottwald)

Prague Spring

The end of this period saw the leader of the KSC demoted to the forestry service during "normalization" (Jan Palach)

Songhai Empire

The ethnic people who ruled this empire first inhibited its capital under the king Dia Kossoi (Battle Of Anfao)

Pericles

The family curse of his mother Agariste was used against him by his enemies, and he unsuccessfully prosecuted Cimon for failing to conquer Macedonia (Anaxagoras, Aspasia)

Purchase Of Alaska

The first House bill approving this action was rejected in the Senate because of a preamble that implied that the House also needed to consent to treaties (Cadwalader Washburn)

Suez Canal Crisis

The first action in this conflict centered around four objectives, three of which were Sharm el-Sheikh, al-Arish, and Abu Uwayula (Ariel Sharon, Operation Musketeer)

AFL-CIO

The first contested election in this organization's history saw the defeat of Thomas Reilly Donahue by John Sweeny (Lane Kirkland)

Battle Of Gettysburg

The first fighting in this battle broke out when men in Henry Heth's division encountered William Gamble's brigade along Chambersburg Pike (John Buford)

Shah Of Persia

The first holder of this office was bailed out of a volatile political environment when the murder of US diplomat Robert Imbrie by an angry mob enabled him to institute an expansive crackdown on his critics (Cinema Rex Fire, Teymourtash)

Second Anglo Boer War

The first major battle in this war was the Battle of Talana Hill, and one side in this war achieved a pyrrhic victory at the Battle of Modder River under the command of Lord Methuen (Ladysmith, Robert Baden-Powell)

Opium Wars

The first of these conflicts was ended by the Treaty of the Bogue, and was set off when a local villager was killed by a group of sailors ("Unequal Treaties")

Viking Invasions

The first of these events appears to have occurred at a location called Rechru, and one of these events occurred under the leadership of a ruler known as "Caech," or "the squinty (Magnus Barefoot)

Pakistan

The first president of this country protested for its independence on Direct Action Day, which devolved into a riot (Muslim League)

Romanov Dynasty

The first ruler of this house was the son of Metropolitan Filaret (Holstein-Gottorp Dynasty, Yekaterinburg)

Louis XIII

The first seven years of his reign were dominated by the Italian adventurer, Concino Concini, who was shot to death by the royal guard on the order of Charles de Luynes and this man ("les Importants", Duchess de Chevreuse

Mejji Restoration

The four divisions of society were equalized through it, and one of its major consequences was the privatization of land, allowed for the first time in the Land Tax Reform (White Tiger Corps, Northern Alliance)

Gang Of Four

The government claimed that one member of this group was rewriting her dead husband's will when they were arrested, and they were all charged with plotting to overthrow the dictatorship of the proletariat and with persecuting seven hundred thousand people

Franz Joseph

The high collar on this man's uniform protected him during one assassination attempt, during which he was protected by officer Maximilan O'Donnell (Luigi Lucheni, Mariano Rampolla)

Charlemagne

The historian Einhard wrote about the Life of this leader, who during his reign, did away with the monetary system based on the gold sou, and set up a new standard, the livre (Battle Of Sargossa)

Six Day War

The hostilities preceding this conflict were in part caused by the Samu Incident (Wadi Haroudin, Ariel Sharon, Intifada)

Knights Of Labor

The hymn "Hold the Fort" was a popular tune of this organization (Rock Springs Massacre, Uriah Stephans)

Carthage

The inhabitants of this city may have participated in child sacrifice in their worship of the god Baal (Barca Family)

Great Zimbabwe

The inhabitants of this location migrated northwards after its downfall and founded the kingdom of Monomotapa (Richard Hall)

Nuremburg Trials

The initial part of this event was under the authority of both the London Agreement and Law No. 10 (William Chanler)

Iran Contra Affair

The initiative for this event came from Robert McFarlane, who acted in an effort to gain the freedom of hostages in Lebanon (Nicaragua)

Navajo

The land of this people was greatly diminished by the 1858 Treaty of Bonneville (Treaty of Basque Redondo)

Yalta Conference

The large amount of notes taken by James F. Byrnes at this meeting led to his being named Secretary of State five months later (Kuril Islands, Crimean Pennisula)

New York City Draft Riot

The last day of this event saw newspaper editor James Brooks publish an article purporting to be a history of this event (Peter Masterson, Colored Orphans Asylum)

Lyndon Johnson

The latest volume of Robert Caro's biography of this man won the 2002 National Book Award for non-fiction ("In your guts, you know he's nuts")

Byzantine Empire

The lawyer Tribonian revised the laws of this empire ("themes", Varangian Guard)

Bloody Sunday

The leader of the protestors at this event was saved by Pinhas Rutenberg (Putilov Plant, Father Gapon)

Alexander The Great

The locals called one of his castles the Castle of the White Demon, and in one siege, this man built a kilometer length causeway (Partition By The Diadochi)

Rafael Trujillo

The longest-reigning twentieth-century dictator of this country lost American support after attempting to kill Venezuelan president Romulo Betancourt, and was ultimately assassinated in a machine-gun attack on a motorcade ("parsley")

Battle of Omdurman

The losers at this battle were organized into units called "flags" with the largest being the "Dark Green Flag" led by the son of the losing commander (Umm Diwaykarat, Hector MacDonald)

Franco Prussian War

The losers in this conflict put faith in a machine gun called the mitrailleuse, while the winning side used Krupp steel to improve their field rifles (Battle of Froeschwiller, Patrice Mac-Mahon)

Battle Of Waterloo

The losing side in this battle boasted that winning would be as easy as eating breakfast (Lion's Mound, La Haye Sante)

Election Of 1928

The losing vice presidential candidate in this election was an Arkansas senator who with John Patman sponsored a piece of legislation prohibiting price discrimination; that man was Joseph Taylor Robinson (Andrew Mellon, "Happy Warrior")

Election Of 1852

The losing vice-presidential candidate in this election resigned as Secretary of the Navy to campaign and finished ahead of the Free Soil ticket headed by John Hale (Franklin Pierce)

Bowers Versus Hendricks

The majority opinion in this Supreme Court case incorrectly noted that the central topic was a crime in all thirteen colonies at the time of the adoption of the Bill of Rights (Lewis Powell)

March On Washington

The man who planned this event, Bayard Rustin, was kept behind the scenes of this event by Roy Wilkins due to his homosexuality (Walter Reuther, "We cannot defend freedom in Berlin so long as we deny freedom in Birmingham"

President of Brazil

The most recent election for this office featured the "keep on changing" and "can do more" coalitions (Jose Serra)

Dorian Invasion

The mythological narrative of this event begins with the exile of the sons of Heracles after their father's death and ends with the killing of Tisamenus, grandson of Agamemnon and last of the Pelopidae (Dark Age Greece)

Praetorian Guard

The name of this group was derived from the tent of the commanding Roman General in the field

Pakistan

The name of this nation was coined by Choudhary Ali, and the idea for it was originated by the author of The Secrets of the Self and The Call of the Marching Bell, Muhammad Iqbal (Sikandar Khan, Lahore Resolution)

King Of Sweden

The only man from the House of Hesse to hold this title gained the throne when his wife abdicated in his favor in 1715; that man nominally ruled during the so-called Age of Freedom and was named Frederick I (Vasa Dynasty)

Great Siege of Malta

The only two eyewitness accounts of this event come from Anton Francesco Cirni and Francisco Balbi di Correggio (Piali Pasha)

New Deal

The original planks in this program were passed in the "Hundred Days," leading to a "Second" one two years later (Wagner Act, Harry Hopkins)

Battle Of Tuetoburg Forest

The paltry number of survivors on the losing side in this battle fled to the fort at Aliso, which was besieged in its aftermath (Kalkriese, Battle of Idistaviso)

Assassination Of Alexander II

The part of this operation that was codenamed "Central Blow" targeted a cheese shop on the path from the Manege (Vera Finger, Viktor Hartmann, Great Gate of Kiev)

Thermidorian Reaction

The peace of La Mabilais during this period proved to be a failure, and the displaying of the head of the guard Feraud upon a pike to Boissy d'Anglas led to his resignation (Quiberon Bay, Third of Ventose Treaty)

Amritsar Massacre

The perpetrator of this event reported that he did not care about the wounded because they could simply go to the hospital themselves which was found in his testimony to the Hunter Commission

Thirty Years War

The phrase "war feeds itself" is primarily applied to this conflict (Battle of Wittstock, Battle of Rocroi)

Nigeria

The pre-colonial history of this country included a kingdom of the Efik people at Calabar, where Mary Slessor went as a missionary. Samuel Ajayi Crowther was this nation's first native bishop (Oyo Kingdom, Olauduh Equiano)

War of the Pacific

The president of one nation in this conflict, Hilarion Daza, could not reach his allies at the Battle of San Francisco (Battle of Angamos)

Sudan

The region of this name was the home to the ancient kingdoms of Sennar and Dongola and is named for an Arabic term for "land of the black peoples" (Darfur)

Kellogg-Briand Pact

The representative of Great Britain at the signing of this agreement was Lord Cushendun, while Count Manzoni represented Italy and William Lyon MacKenzie King represented Canada (Locarno Treaties, Mukden Incident)

Kenya

The ruins of the city of Gedi are found at the coastal town of Watamu, and during World War I, the kipande system was implemented to coerce its natives into forced labor (Meru, Embu)

Bulgarians

The second empire of these people was dominated by the House of Asen (Kurt, Asparukh, Tervel)

Ghana

The second republic of this nation was established following Akwasi Amankwaa Afrifa's 1969 coup, and its military leaders Ignatius Achaempong and Frederick Akuffo were executed following a 1979 revolt (Charles Arden-Clarke, Convention People's Party)

Mauryan Empire

The second ruler of this empire extended its boundaries to Mysore and once asked Antiochus for some dried figs, wine, and a Sophist (Kalinga, Seleucus)

Henry II

The state of the exchequer during this ruler's reign was written about in the Dialogus de scaccario, and this ruler defeated Owain Gwynedd and began the conquest of Ireland by landing at Waterford (Constitutions of Clarendon, Treaty of Wallingford, Thomas Beckett)

Checkers Speech

The subject of this speech was a certain entity created at the suggestion of Dana Smith (John Sparkman, Murray Chotiner)

Mali Empire

The territories of this empire are referred to as the Twelve Doors, and its provincial governors were known as fairns and forbars (Battle Of Kirina)

The Art Of War

The title concept of this work is governed by five primary factors, including "Moral Law," Heaven, and Earth ("The Use of Spies")

War Of The Spanish Succession

The treaty ending this war required the dismantling of French fortifications at Dunkirk, and ceded Savoy and Nice to Victor Amadeus II (Queen Anne's War, Duke Of Marlborough)

War Of The Roses

The two sides of this conflict briefly reconciled on Lady Day in what was called the Love Day procession (Titulus Regius)

Battle Of Thymbra

The victor here benefitted from the loser's dismissal of Greek mercenaries prior to this battle, as the loser had returned home from the winter after a previous inconclusive engagement at Pteria (Alyattes, Croesus)

Battle Of Aegospotami

The victors in this battle took their prisoners to Lampsacus and killed all of them except for the son of Leucolophides (Battle of Arginusae)

World War I

The volunteer "four-minute men" gave speeches supporting this war (American Protective League, Nye Committee)

Election Of 1840

The winning candidate in this election was supported by the rallying cry "Two dollars a Day and Roast Beef" ("keep the ball rolling", Charles Ogle)

Winter War

The winning side in this war withdrew from a city it had occupied during the war to prevent conflict with the British, who owned a license to the nickel mines in that city, Petsamo (Enckell Line, Continuation War, Lake Ladoga)

Spanish Civil War

The winning side of this conflict was led by man who previously served in the Rif War (Abraham Lincoln Brigade, "fifth column")

Thailand

The wiratham movement was a pro-Japanese effort in this country during World War II (Thon Buri, Promoters Revolution)

Singapore

The worst disaster to ever occur in this port came in 1978, when the Greek tanker Spyros exploded while docked at this port ("Squatter Fire", Major Farquhar, Tengku Hussain)

Cherokee

The writing system for the language of this people was invented by Sequoyah ( "John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!")

Hyskos

Their kings were listed as legitimate in the Turin Papyrus, and their downfall may have resulted from a quarrel with King Seqenenre (Ahmose, "Shepherd Kings")

Aztec

Their name, meaning place of herons or place of whiteness, was adopted by one of their constituent tribes upon their 1325 arrival to their most famous location (Itzcoatl)

Filibuster

These actions can only take place when a Unanimous Consent Agreement is not in place (Thomas Hart Burton, "Kingfish")

Hanseatic League

These states formed such alliances as the Tohopesate and the Confederation of Cologne against a rival country (Victual Brothers, Likedeelers)

Battle Of Vicksburg

This battle began with bloody and unsuccessful attempts on the Graveyard Road and the well-fortified Stockade Redan (Port Hudson, Champion Hill)

Mark Hanna

This Ohioan served in the Union army during the Civil War and made his fortune shipping iron and coal (John Sherman)

Dwight David Eisenhower

This President authorized the CIA's overthrow of Iranian president Mohammad Mossadegh in accordance with his namesake "doctrine".

Woodrow Wilson

This President began the modern tradition of giving the state of the union address in front of Congress, rather than sending it as a letter (Underwood Tariff, Henry Cabot Lodge)

Richard Milhous Nixon

This President introduced the Comprehensive Health Insurance Act in his final year of office and declared "now I am a Keynesian" after eliminating the gold standard (Clean Air Act)

Benjamin Harrison

This President was nicknamed "Ice Veins" because of his cold personality (Sherman Silver Purchase Act, John Wanamaker, William Dudley)

Herbert Hoover

This President's failure to discipline Douglas MacArthur led his electoral opponent to declare "there's nothing inside the man but jelly" (Efficiency Movement, Bonus Army)

Alexander I

This Russian leader employed Ioannis Kapodistrias, who became the first leader of the First Hellenic Republic, which became the modern nation of Greece (Barbara Juliana von Kriudener, Fyodor Kuzmich)

Illinois

This US state was once home to the Cahokia culture (Battle of Fort Dearborn)

Smoot Hawley Tariff

This act was shown by Morris Ernst not to outlaw the novel Ulysses (Irving Fisher, Fordney-McCumber Act)

Assassination Of Ali

This action may have been precipitated by its target's actions at the Battle of Nahrawan (Battle of the Camal, Muawiyah I)

Purchase Of Alaska

This action passed the Senate 37-2, thanks in part to a speech in support of it by Charles Sumner (Eduard de Stoeckl)

Alaska

This action to incorporate this region into America passed the Senate 37-2, thanks in part to a speech in support of it by Charles Sumner ("Seward's Folly, Eduard de Stoeckl)

Assassination Of William McKinley

This action was made easier because George Foster focused suspicion on James Parker, a black waiter standing next to this event's perpetrator (Gaetano Bresci, Fred Nobody)

Dunkirk Evacuation

This action was overseen by Bertram Ramsey from Dover Castle, and after it, plans were made for Operation Rutter ("outlive the menace of tyranny...if necessary alone")

Amendment 21

This amendment is the only one adopted by state conventions instead of state legislatures (Utah)

Harlem

This area witnessed the Freddie's Fashion Mart riot in 1995 shortly after it was targeted along with Inwood and Washington Heights as part of an Empowerment Zone during the Clinton administration (David Dinkins)

Benjamin Franklin

This author of the satirical abolitionist tract "Sidi Mehemet Ibrahim on The Slave Trade" used the pseudonym "Silence Dogood" for a series of letters to the New England Courant (Philadelphia)

Battle Of Chalons

This battle began immediately after the destruction of the losing side's rear guard, which had been charged with defending a retreat from Orleans (Gepids, Ardaric)

Battle Of Chalons

This battle began immediately after the destruction of the losing side's rear guard, which had been charged with defending a retreat from Orleans (Sangiban, Thorismund)

Battle Of Tippecanoe

This battle caused the collapse of the Red Stick Confederacy and took place when one of the leaders told his men that the Master of Life promised success and that bullets could not harm them (Lalawethika)

Battle Of Lepanto

This battle followed soon after the Siege of Famagusta (Mahomet Sirocco)

Battle Of Adrianople

This battle it is described by Ammianus Marcellinus, whose surviving works don't go past the year of this battle (Fritigern)

Battle Of Adrianople

This battle it is described by Ammianus Marcellinus, whose surviving works don't go past the year of this battle (Richomeres, Fritigern)

Battle Of Waterloo

This battle saw fighting at a farmhouse at Hougoumount and at the village of Plancenoit (Gebhard von Blucher)

Battle Of Salamis

This battle saw the capture of Psyttaleia by a recently turned general named Aristides (Battle of Artemisium, Adeimantus)

Battle Of Salamis

This battle saw the early death of Ariabignes and a feint attack to escape Ameinias inspiring the losing commander to note "my men have become women, and my women men" (Themistocles)

Battle Of Leningrad

This battle was partially relieved following the Operation Iskra counteroffensive (Svir River, Carl Mannerheim)

Battle Of Waterloo

This battle was preceded by action at Quatre Bras and Ligny and followed by Wavre (William the Silent, Thielmann)

Battle Of Gettysburg

This battle was preceded by the Battle of Brandy Station, which kept J.E.B. Stuart from fighting here (Peach Orchard)

Dresden

This capital city of Henry the Illustrious in the early 13th century saw the training of a significant number of troops at its Albertstadt prior to World War I (Second Silesian War, "Florence Of The Abe")

Robert Hayne

This captain in the War of 1812 later joined the South Carolina state legislature, becoming its speaker, and later South Carolina's Attorney General (Nullification Proclamation, Daniel Webster)

Miranda Versus Arizona

This case expanded on the ruling from Escobedo v. Illinois given two years earlier (Alvin Moore)

Prohibition

This cause led to Westerville, Ohio becoming a postal mecca after one of its leading journals established a printing plant there (Lincoln-Lee Legion, Frances Willard)

10th Century

This century featured an account of Byzantium complaining about its brackish water, despite the fact that its author, Liutprand of Cremona, was a guest of the Emperor (Mieszko I)

Montgomery

This city was a merger between the towns Philadelphia and one founded by a group of Georgians, and it was the namesake of a railroad to West Point, Georgia (James Wilson)

Prague

This city's Detsky or Children's Island sits across a bridge from Frank Gehry's Dancing House ("Powder House")

Babylon

This city's dynasties included the Kassites (Tigliath-Pilaser I)

Etruscans

This civilization produced terra cotta funerary sculptures such as the Sarcophagus of the Spouses (Villanovans)

Georgia

This colony's eastern border was settled by the Treaty of Beaufort in the wake of the American Revolution (Battle of the Bloody Marsh)

Erwin Rommel

This commander failed to capture Tobruk from Allied forces but he decisively defeated Allied forces at the Battle of Kasserine Pass (Atlantic Wall, Qattara Depression)

Simon Bolivar

This commander won a victory over Jose de Canterac at the Battle of Junin (Vargas Swamp Battle)

Apartheid

This concept was vital to the campaign of Daniel Malan, and this concept was the subject of the Rivonia Trial (Immorality Act)

War Of The Roses

This conflict included the defeat and beheading of Henry Beaufort by John Neville at the Battle of Hexham (Battle of Stoke Field)

Greek War Of Independence

This conflict saw the Battle of Vergas as part of the invasion of the Mani Peninsula, and its outcome resulted in an offer being extended to a Wittelsbach prince named Otto ("Friendly Society", Massacre at Chios)

The Great Jewish War

This conflict started in Caesarea over a dispute about bird sacrifices (Arch of Titus, Cestius Gallus)

King Phillip's War

This conflict was ended by the Treaty of Casco (Benjamin Church, Josiah Winslow)

Prusso-Austrian War

This conflict was precipitated by an alliance formed at the Convention of Gastein, and minor battles in it include Langensalza and Trautenau (Battle of Nachod, Peace of Prague)

Barry Goldwater

This congressman was the primary sponsor of the Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act, and won his first Senate seat by defeating majority leader Ernest McFarland (The Conscience of a Conservative, Bill Nichols)

Council Of Claredon

This council decreed that Sabinian should remain Bishop of Perrha while further investigation was made into Athanasius' theft of some silver pillars ("Epistola Dogmatica")

Argentina

This country declared independence at the Congress of Tucuman, which followed the May Revolution and the establishment of a Primera Junta ruling in the name of Ferdinand VII ("Shoes? Yes! Books? No!")

Argentina

This country declared independence at the Congress of Tucuman, which followed the May Revolution and the establishment of a Primera Junta ruling in the name of Ferdinand VII (Battle Of Caseros)

Botswana

This country disputed a border on the Chobe River with its western neighbor until a 1999 ruling from the International Court of Justice favored this country (Molopo River)

Scotland

This country fought Norway in the Battle of Largs under King Alexander III (Battle Of Solway Moss, Auld Alliance)

Britain

This country fought against American troops at Raisin River and Lundy's Lane, and it agreed in the 1871 Washington Treaty to submit to arbitration regarding a ship built at Birkenhead in 1862 (Canada)

Chad

This country has been more stable since 1990 under President Idriss Déby; French troops intervened in a 1980s conflict with its northern neighbor over the mineral-rich Aozou Strip (N'Djamena)

Pakistan

This country has fought intermittently since 1984 with its much larger neighbor to Pakistan the east over control of the Siachen Glacier (Benazir Bhutto)

Argentina

This country is home to the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, a group that protests government actions taken during the so-called Dirty War (Reynaldo Bignone, Jorge Videlia)

Afghanistan

This country is separated from its southwestern neighbor by the Durand Line (Saur Revolution, Amanullah Khan, Daoud Kahn)

Denmark

This country lost the Battle of Dybbol, which led it to give up Schleswig and Holstein to the German Confederation after a brief 1864 war (Kalmar Union)

Switzerland

This country narrowly avoided a diplomatic disaster when Arthur Hoffman resigned after Robert Grimm's trip to Russia (Battle of Marignano, Everlasting League)

Israel

This country organized a response to a plane hijacking called Operation Thunderbolt that successfully released hostages in the Entebbe Raid (Operation Wrath of God, Six-Day War)

Scotland

This country was known as the Kingdom of Alba for much of the Middle Ages (Caledonia, Battle of Culloden)

Algeria

This country was liberated in a series of wars by two Turkish pirates known as "Barbarossa" (Sand War, "Black Feet")

Ethiopia

This country was the location of the Ogaden War, which occurred during the time when Colonel Mengistu led this country as the head of a committee called the Derg (Ras Gobena)

Ethiopia

This country was the location of the Ogaden War, which occurred during the time when Colonel Mengistu led this country as the head of a committee called the Derg.

Bulgaria

This country won the Battle of Pliska against Nikephoros I, though it later lost the Battle of Kleidion (Simeon the Great, "Midlothian Campaign")

Bulgaria

This country won the Battle of Pliska against Nikephoros I, though it later lost the Battle of Kleidion (Simeon the Great, Treaty of San Stefano)

Kenya

This country's "National Rainbow Coalition" was ended by a 2005 referendum in which "yes" and "no" votes were represented by bananas and oranges respectively (Mwai Kibaki, Raila Odinga)

Dominican Republic

This country's first constitution was written after a resistance force called La Trinitaria under its first president Pedro Santana ended a twenty-two year occupation (Jesus Galindez)

Greece

This country's first king adopted the name Othon, and subscribed to the nationalistic "Megali Idea" (Lord Palmerston, National Schism)

Hungary

This country's history saw the signing of the Bulla Aurea by King Andreas in 1222, and the monk Capistrano helped Janos Hunyadi of this country in the siege of Belgrade (Battle of Lechfeld)

East Germany

This country's national anthem was titled "Risen from the Ruins," and this country exported a brand of plastic car called the Trabant (People's Chamber, Stasi)

Mississippian Culture

This culture played a game in which people tried to throw spears closest to the resting place of a rolling chunkey stone. This culture's middle period produced Powell Plain pottery as well as Ramey Incised bowls decorated with interlocking scrolls

Alexander II

This czar gave Mikhail Muravyov considerable power in Poland, leading him to be known as "the Hangman" for his harsh sense of justice during the January Uprising (People's Will)

Proclamation Of 1763

This declaration awarded land to soldiers who had fought in a just-ended war, and established a system of trading licenses, holders of which would be exempt from some of its prohibitions (Pontiac's Rebellion)

Donation Of Constantine

This document claimed that the person to whom it was addressed had refused a golden crown in favor of a phrygium (Sylvester I)

Articles Of Confederation

This document specified that Canada could choose at any time to join the United States (Annapolis Convention)

Umayyad Caliphate

This dynasty faced the Zaydi Revolt, and its leader Hisham put down a major Berber revolt (Third Fitna, Battle of River Zab)

Han Dynasty

This dynasty saw two incidents in which Confucian scholars were imprisoned, the Disasters of Partisan Prohibitions (Rebellion of the Seven States)

Mughal Empire

This dynasty's Ferghana born founder defeated Lodhi at the first battle of Panipat (Alamgir)

Election Of 1888

This election saw Californian George Osgoodby pose as a British merchant to trap Sir Lionel Sackville-West into exposing the Democratic candidate as the British preference (Murchison Letter)

Fall Of Constantinople

This event was supposedly portended when an icon of the Virgin Mary fell off of a platform (Nicolo Barbaro, Giovanni Giustiniani)

Septimius Severus

This emperor employed the lawyers Papinian, Paul, and Ulpian, and military reforms under this emperor included a 50% pay increase and the disbanding of the Praetorian Guard (Pescennius Niger, Battle Of Tinurtium)

Mali Empire

This empire conquered Takrur, and Wolof fought for independence from this polity (Kangaba, Mahmud III)

Safavid Dynasty

This empire was defeated by the Hotaki dynasty at the Battle of Gulnabad (Nader Shah, Qizilbash, Selim the Great)

Mali Empire

This empire's first ruler defeated Sumanguru and established this empire's capital at Niani (University of Sonkore)

Incan Empire

This empire's fortress of Sacsahuaman was built with precisely-fitted stone blocks carried across large distances without wheeled vehicles (Chimu Civilization)

Aztec Empire

This empire's late period included the slaughter of most of its unarmed upper-class in the Massacre in the Main Temple (Bernardino de Sagahun, Florentine Codex)

Teutonic Knights

This entity gained sovereignty over one people through the Treaty of Christburg, while the Samogitians launched two uprisings against this entity (Lizard League, Andrew II)

Peasant's Revolt

This event may have started when a group in Brentwood chased away John Bampton, and it ended with Henry le Despenser's victory over John Litster (Robert Hales, William Walworth, John Ball)

July Revolution

This event partially arose out of anger over the imposition of the death penalty for those profaning the Catholic Host, and the Address of the 221 was directed towards the target of this event shortly before it happened (Jules de Polignac, Louis Philippe)

Assassination Of Gabriel Giffords

This event prompted the "Together We Thrive" rally (Larry Burns, John Roll)

Congress Of Vienna

This event resulted in Norway being kept by Sweden and Krakow being established as a free city (Hundred Days)

Rwandan Genocide

This event resulted in the Great Lakes refugee crisis ("Turquoise Zone", Interahamwe)

Anschluss

This event saw the arrest of such individuals as Leopold Figl and Franz Olah (Theodore Innitzer, Wilhelm Milkas)

Pullman Strike

This event started out as a peaceful meeting at Blue Island, but Edward Walker was appointed to deal with its participants after this event turned violent (Peter Atgeld, Eugene Debs)

Saint Valentine's Day Massacre

This event was brought to the attention of Jeanette Landesman when she heard a barking German shepherd named Highball (Keywell Brothers, Reinhardt Schwimmer, Albert Weinshank, North Clark Street)

Attack On Pearl Harbor

This event was immediately preceded by the issuance of the Fourteen Part Message, written in response to the Hull Note (Wheeler Field, "This is not a drill")

Assassination Of Indira Gandhi

This event was long feared by R.N. Kao, who attempted to prevent it by building bulletproof cars and secretly commissioning tailored bulletproof vests ("I've done what I had to do. You do what you want to do.", Peter Ustinov)

Zoot Suit Riots

This event was shortly preceded by a similar one at the Aragon Bullrun (38 Street)

Genghis Khan

This figure established the Yasa legal code (Uyghur Script)

Abdul Gamal Nasser

This figure separated the university aspect of the al-Azhar mosque and had its ulema issue new rulings to support his policies (Liberation Rally)

Sun Yatsen

This figure was the subject of the "33-year dream" article series written by Miyazaki Toten ("Yellow Flower Mound")

James Buchanan

This future president led the "Amalgamator" faction in his home state (William Rufus King)

Attila The Hun

This general destroyed one city by lifting archers on cranes and then replacing the archers with battering rams (Battle Of Utus, Marcianople)

Winfred Scott

This general moved the Cherokees along the Trail of Tears to New Echota (Battle of Churubusco, Battle of Chapultepec)

British Raj

This government briefly and disastrously put its army quartermasters in charge of all transportation logistics, leading to a horrifying incident in which 61 prisoners suffocated when troops lost track of them after locking them in a freight transport (Orrisa Famine)

Vichy France

This government's "Foundation for the Study of Human Programs" kept track of school grades for a selective breeding program (Vel'd'hiy raids, Milice, Laval)

FARC

This group attempted to establish the Political Union party, whose 1990 presidential candidate Bernardo Ossa was murdered along with three thousand other party members (Manuel Marulanda, "humanitarian gesture")

Tamil Tigers

This group had a significant boost by capturing the Elephant pass army garrison in January 2000 and has detonated truck bombs at the Temple of Tooth and the Central Bank and World Trade Center of its country of operation (Jaffna, Laksham Kadirgamar)

Congress Of Vienna

This group produced a "Final Act," containing all its decisions (Earl Of Clancarty, Prince Metternich)

Zealots

This group took as their role model the Biblical Phinehas, who killed Zimri with a spear, and counted among the chief crimes the theft of a certain cup (Sicarrii, Flavius Silva)

Khmer Rouge

This group's ideology was based on the Anka Doctrine and its rule was contested by exile groups like GRUNK and FUNK (Lon Nol, "year zero", "killing fields")

Iroquois Confederacy

This group's lands in the Shenandoah Valley and south of the Ohio River were ceded with the Treaties of Lancaster and Fort Stanwix (Sullivan Campaign, Joseph Brant)

Teutonic Knights

This group's ultimate defeat came as a consequence of the 13 Years War, and they were opposed by the Lizard League (Order of the Brothers of the Sword, Conrad of Mazovia)

European Central Bank

This institution assumed its full powers on January 1, 1999 under the leadership of Wim Duisenberg, its first president (Axel Weber)

Spanish Inquisition

This institution began after the papal bull Exigit Sinceras Devotionis Affectus was issued by Pope Sixtus IV (Diego de Daza, La Guardia Trial)

Charles I

This king controversially supported the author of A New Gag For An Old Goose, Richard Montagu (William Laud, Treaty Of Ripon)

Henry I

This king let Anselm return from exile to be Archbishop of Canterbury, issued the Charter of Liberties, and seized the Royal Treasury at Winchester while his brother, whom he later imprisoned in Cardiff Castle after the Battle of Tinchebray, was on a crusade ("Lion Of Justice", White Ship Disaster)

Edward II

This king ordered the hanging of a cat that was allegedly possessed by Satan; that cat had encouraged John Deydras to rebel against this king (Lord of Gower, Walter Stapledon)

Edward III

This king regulated papal appointments to English benefices with the Statute of Provisors (Statue of Laborers, Truce of Malestroit)

James I

This king's wife, Anne of Denmark, controversially built a Catholic chapel at Somerset House ("The Trew Law of Free Monarchy", "Spanish Match")

Parthian Empire

This kingdom was surveyed by Isidore of Charax. The House of Karen and House of Mihren are the only two of the seven clans supposedly descended from this Empire.

Mahatma Gandhi

This leader argued God can only be realized through unselfish service in The Story of My Experiments with Truth (Tolstoy Farm)

Charles De Gaulle

This leader called for new elections on June 23rd following a wildcat strike in May 1968 (Expo 67)

Indira Gandhi

This leader came to power after serving as minister of information in the administration of Lal Bahadur Shastri (George Fernandes, Shah Commission)

Napoleon I

This leader defeated Jozsef Alvinczi at the Battle of Arcole and had previously defeated Johann Beaulieu at the Battle of Lodi

Benito Mussolini

This leader passed the Acerbo laws and edited a socialist newspaper called Avanti! (Lateran Treaties)

Winston Churchill

This leader said "We are with Europe, but not of it" by refusing to join the European Coal And Steel Community ("Keep England White")

Vercingetorix

This leader was one of the few to survive the siege of the Bituriges tribe capital of Avaricum (Aedui)

Mikhail Gorbachev

This leader was put under house arrest in his dacha during failed coup in August of his last year of rule (INF Treaty)

Fidel Castro

This leader was targeted by Operation Verano, which ended after his forces won the Battle of Yaguajay (Moncada Barracks)

Caracalla

This leader's raising of soldiers' pay by 50 percent caused a monetary crisis in which he avoid debasing the currency by reducing the weight of the aureus and introducing a silver coin which weighed almost a gram less than the equal value of two denarii coins (Serapis, Fulvia Plautilla)

Equal Rights Amendment

This legislation has gained some momentum from the passage of the "Madison" Amendment, which set the course for this legislation's "three state strategy" (Eagle Forum)

Appian Way

This location's namesake is credited with coining the phrase "Every man is the architect of his own fortune" and with inventing the letter Z, as well as having an epithet meaning "blind" (Gavin Hamilton, "Braschi Venus")

Battle Of Tours

This major battle took place soon after the defeat of Othman ben abi Neza by the invaders and Lantfrid by the defending commander (Moussais-la-bataille)

Pompey The Great

This man abandoned a plan to ride an elephant because the animal couldn't fit through an arch; he was trying to ride the elephant during a triumph for his victories in Africa, which was granted to him by Sulla (Populares, Pothinus)

Mao Zedong

This man achieved full power within his party at the Zunyi Conference (Jiangxi, Yunan)

Hernan Cortes

This man allied himself with troops sent to stop him by Diego Velazquez, the governor of Cuba, and this man was criticized by Bartolome de las Casas (Noche De Triste, New Spain)

John Brown

This man and James Lane organized settlers into an army in the Wakarusa War, and he fought Henry Pate in the Battle of Black Jack (James Doyle, Lawrence)

Attila The Hun

This man and his elder brother negotiated a peace treaty at Margus after he razed Singidunum (Bleda)

Chiang Kaishek

This man and his wife started the New Life Movement, a nationalist, Confucian-based response to Communism (Xian Incident)

Louis IX

This man angered Isabella de l'Anguileme when he named his brother as the Comte de Poitou. He won a battle against Henry III and the Comte de la Marche before negotiating a truce with Hugh of Lusignan at Taillebourg Bridge (John of Ibelin, Battle of Farsikur)

Viscount Castlereagh

This man appears in Percy Shelley's "The Masque of Anarchy" for his defense of Lord Sidmouth (Walcheren Expedition)

James Knox Polk

This man appointed Levi Woodbury to the Supreme Court and countered the effects of the Black Tariff by signing the Walker Tariff into law (George Dallas)

Felipe Calderon

This man appointed a Secretary of Energy to replace Georgina Kessel, in an effort to boost his country's economy (Roberto Madrazo, Andres Obrador)

George Mason

This man argued that all states should give up claims to western lands after accusing Governor Johnson of Maryland of trying to profit from recent land purchases made from Indians (Gunston Hall)

Richard III

This man ascended to the throne after another heir was viewed as illegitimate due to his father's never-annulled marriage to Lady Eleanor Butler (Malmsey Wine, Edward V, Battle Of Bosworth Field)

Francisco Franco

This man attempted to formally legalize his leadership by passing the Organic Laws, one of which, the Law of Succession, declared the government a monarchy and gave him the power to name his successor (Decree of Unification)

Prince Metternich

This man attended the Conference of Altenburg after succeeding Johann Philipp Stadion, and he traveled to South Africa after being forced to resign (Treaty of Paris (1814))

Cardinal Richelieu

This man became Secretary of State by being a favorite of the queen's most powerful minister, Concino Cocinni (Siege Of La Rochelle)

Otto Van Bismarck

This man became minister-president after the king threatened to abdicate, and gained Schleswig following Denmark's defeat (Battle Of Sadowa, Ems Dispatch)

Matthew Brady

This man began to collect portraits of famous people in 1845, eventually compiling them into his 1850 A Gallery of Illustrious Americans (Alexander Gardner, Timothy O'Sullivan)

Henry Clay

This man both wounded and was wounded by Humphrey Marshall, who opposed a resolution by this man that dictated the type of fabric that could be worn by legislators in a certain body (American System)

Ludwig Erhard

This man branded cartels "enemies of the consumer," and argued against the expansion of the welfare state in his book Prosperity Through Competition (Hans Kruger)

William Rufus

This man built a castle called "evil neighbor" or "Malvoisin", while besieging Bamburgh Castle, the headquarters of Robert de Mowbray (Robert Curthose, Lanfranc, Saint Anselm)

Ramses The Great

This man built himself a full-scale residence city in which each of the four quarters had its own presiding deity (Katna, Tunip)

William The Silent

This man called himself "George Certain" in coded letters addressed to "Lambert Certain" (Duke of Alva, Sea Beggars)

Jack London

This man collaborated with Arthur George on a satirical essay that recommended the removal of some 300 words from the English language in his work "Simplified Language Of Socialism"

Porfiro Diaz

This man commanded the winning forces at the Battle of La Carbonera and the Battle of Miahuatlán (Sebastián Lerdo)

Vespasian

This man conquered the Isle of Wight during the Roman conquest of Britain ("pelted with turnips")

Mobutu Sese Seko

This man dealt with a troublesome guerrilla force in Kwilu by inviting its leader, Pierre Mulele, to a formal negotiation and then pulling off various parts of Mulele over the course of a day (Joseph Kasavubu)

James I

This man dedicated the Basilikon Doron, a tract on good monarchical rule, to a son of his named Henry who died at 18, and he was kidnapped in Ruthven Castle by the earls of Angus and Gowrie (Main Plot, Bye Plot)

Herbert Hoover

This man defeated Frank Lowden to win his party's presidential nomination (Norris-LaGuardia Act)

Edward Kennedy

This man defeated George Lodge in a special election to gain his first public office.

Joseph McCarthy

This man defeated Howard McMurray in an election that came after he surprisingly won a nomination over incumbent Robert La Follette, Jr (Tydings Committee, "Coca Cola Kid")

Zachary Taylor

This man defeated Mariano Arista at Resaca de la Palma, and he became a brigadier general for his leadership at the Battle of Lake Okeechobee during the Seminole Wars ("Old Rough And Ready")

Genghis Khan

This man defeated his friend Jemukha in battle and was exiled by the Taychiut family after his father Yesugei's death (Xi Xia Dynasty, Jin Dynasty)

Alexander Hamilton

This man defended Jay's Treaty in his "Camillus" papers, and he led one of the battalions that won the Siege of Yorktown ("Report on Manufactures")

Martin Luther

This man defended himself against a supposed attack from Satan by throwing an inkwell (September Testament)

Elijah Lovejoy

This man denounced Judge Luke Lawless as "a foreigner and a papist" because the judge was Irish-born; the Catholic newspaper Shepherd of the Valley responded by calling this man a "forger and slanderer" (Francis McIntosh)

Rafael Trujillo

This man destroyed the Pittsburgh Crawfords by recruiting all of its best players, starting with Satchel Paige, to play for his personal baseball team (Morris Ernest, Mirabal Sisters

Theodoric The Great

This man died before he could avenge his sister Amalfrida, who was captured by Hilderic the Vandal (Master of Soldiers, Odoacer)

Santa Anna

This man disguised his army as monks while besieged in the convent of Santo Domingo (Tampico)

David Lloyd George

This man emerged as prime minister following the so called "coupe election"

David Lloyd George

This man emerged as prime minster following the so called "coupon election" (Andrew Bonar Law, People's Budget)

Nelson Mandala

This man engaged in a bitter dispute with his longtime lawyer Ismael Ayob, and as president he lobbied to have the trial for the Lockerbie bombing in his country (Spear of the Nation, Robben Island)

Maximillian Robespierre

This man established a newspaper called The Defender of the Constitution (Cult of the Supreme Being, Law of 22 Prairial)

Fredrick The Great

This man established the Furstenbund to deter Austrian involvement in Bavaria (Battle Of Rossbach, Battle Of Leuthen)

Deng Xiaoping

This man first brought Zhao Ziyang to prominence, then had him purged, and he served as commissar to Liu Bocheng (Liu Shaoqi)

Manuel Noriega

This man fled to the embassy of the Vatican in his capital city and took refuge, leading to at- tempts to smoke him out using loud music (Medellin Cartel, Narcokleptocracy)

Deng Xiaoping

This man forced the resignation of Hu Yaobang as general secretary, and he shut down the Democracy Wall and arrested its leading figure Wei Jingsheng (Jiang Zemin)

Giuseppe Garibaldi

This man fought Argentina's dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas as the leader of the Uruguayan navy (Abraham Lincoln)

Ivan IV

This man funded a military corps known as the streltsy, which led to the annexations of Kazan and Astrakhan (Simeon Bekbulatovich, Livonian War)

WEB Dubois

This man had a close relationship with the Japanese leading up to World War II, noting that Japanese conquests were an example of "colored pride" (The Crisis)

Edmund Ironsides

This man inherited the sword of Offa of Mercia after the death of his brother, a noted collector of weapons (Ulfcytel Snillingr, Edric Streona)

Benjamin Disraeli

This man introduced the Climbing Boys Act and led the Young England movement.

Robert Walpole

This man introduced the first sinking fund in his country to help recover from the South Sea Bubble, and he initially gained notoriety by exposing the plot of Francis Atterbury, the Bishop of Rochester (Spencer Compton, The Castle Of Otranto)

Charles Lindbergh

This man invented the first artificial heart for the French surgeon, Alexis Carrel (America First Committee)

George McGovern

This man is the namesake of a 1977 report also called Dietary Goals for the United States (James Abdnor, Mark Hatfield)

Richard Cheney

This man joined the Congressional staff of William Steiger before leaving to work for the then-Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity (Halliburton Company

Benjamin Franklin

This man learned Italian by means of playing chess games wherein the loser had to learn part of the language ("Silence Dogood")

George Mifflin Dallas

This man led a faction of his state's democratic party called the "Family Party" which opposed the "Amalgamator" faction led by James Buchanan (Charles Francis Adams)

Chiang Kaishek

This man led the fascist Blue Shirts Society, and advocated the conservative New Life Movement (Northern Expedition)

Bill Clinton

This man lost his 1980 gubernatorial reelection bid to Frank White, and he signed the Family and Medical Leave Act into law (Whitewater Affair, Ron Brown)

Duke of Wellington

This man lost one position shortly after Lord Melbourne's insensitive response to the Captain Swing riots (Battle of Vittoria, "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow")

Mark Anthony

This man made Herod the Great Tetrarch of Galilee, and in Athens he was deified as New Dionysus (Battle of Pharsalus)

Nicholas Sarkozy

This man made a somewhat controversial visit with the Dalai Lama in December 2008 in Poland, having earlier angered his critics by stating that his country is the "eldest daughter of the church" ("the African has not fully entered into history", Segolene Royale)

Alexander II

This man managed the depression of Princess Dagmar after the death of his son Nixa left Dagmar without a fiancee, while his near-death at the hands of Dmitry Karakozov led him to expand the authority of Pyotr Shuvalov (Loris Melikov Constitution, Dimitry Milyutin)

Charlemagne

This man married the daughter of the Lombard king Desiderius, though he later conquered the Lombard kingdom (Childeric III)

Robert The Bruce

This man murdered his rival John Comyn at Dumfries, and, after defeat at the Battle of Methven, this man took refuge on the island of Rathlin (Battle Of Loudon Hill, James Douglas)

Jesse Jackson

This man negotiated with Hafez Assad to secure the release of pilot Bobby Goodman from Syrian captivity (Operation Breadbasket)

Vasco De Gama

This man once ordered the ship Miri to be set on fire with all its passengers inside (River of Good Omens, Zamorin)

Winfred Scott

This man ordered William Harney to execute 30 immigrant soldiers of the Saint Patrick's Battalion, and he negotiated with Vancouver governor James Douglas during the Pig War (William Graham, Anaconda Plan)

Theodore Roosevelt

This man ordered a number of black soldiers dishonorably discharged in the aftermath of the Brownsville Affair (Gentlemen's Agreement, Elkins Act)

Horatio Nelson

This man ordered the execution of Francesco Caracciolo during his suppression of the Parthenopean Republic (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Emma Hamilton)

Konrad Adenauer

This man organized a successful deal for war prisoners that became the "Return of the 10,000," and was succeeded by the architect of his country's "Economic Miracle," Ludwig Erhard (Center Party, Christian Democratic Union)

Vladimir Lenin

This man organized and led the leftist faction at the Zimmerwald Conference ("April Theses", New Economic Policy)

Barry Goldwater

This man passed a law forcing the government to provide public access television and names a bill with an Alabama Senator that reorganized the U.S. military (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, William Miller)

Jawaharlal Nehru

This man permitted a group of unarmed protesters to enter Goa in 1955, thirty of which were killed, and later invaded that colony (Tryst With Destiny)

Joe Biden

This man presided over Robert Bork's confirmation hearing as chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, a post he held from 1987 to 1995.

Julius Caesar

This man prosecuted Dolabella when he returned home after his marriage to Cornelia forced him to flee during Sulla's dictatorship (Battle of Alesia, Battle of Pharsalus)

Porfiro Diaz

This man ran a campaign of "no reelection" against Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada, and won the Battle of Tecoac to secure the success of his Plan of Tuxtepec (Cientificos, Plan De La Noria)

Benjamin Harrison

This man ran for governor of his state, losing to James D. Williams (Baltimore Crisis, "Billion Dollar Congress")

John Brown

This man received financial support from a group known as the Secret Six (Isaac Smith, Luke Quinn)

Giuseppe Garibaldi

This man refused to engage his countryman at the Battle Of Aspromonte, and he refused William Seward's offer of a generalship during the American Civil War (Colorados And Blancos)

Anwar Sadat

This man replaced his interior minister with Mamduh Salim over concerns that the former would start a police state, and he was imprisoned for his role in the killing of Amin Osman (Signal Corps, "The Republic", "Major Yes Yes")

George Gordon

This man resigned from the navy after being refused a promotion by the Earl of Sandwich and ultimately died in Newgate after being convicted of libeling Marie Antoinette ("constructive treason", Moses Choosing His Own Cook)

Daniel Boone

This man returned to North Carolina from the French and Indian War in 1756 and married Rebecca Bryan, with whom he had ten children (Kingsport)

Geronimo

This man revolted against the mismanagement of Colonel George Crook, and he joined the Dutch Reformed Church in an attempt to "take the white man's road" but was expelled for gambling ("Hell's Forty Acres", Skeleton Canyon Conference)

Harry S Truman

This man rose to prominence as the head of a namesake "Senate Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program" ("Veep")

Maximillian Robespierre

This man rose to prominence following the fall of moderate Georges Danton (Madame Roland)

Fidel Castro

This man routinely wrote a regular column in the Granma newspaper (Faith Morgan, "Survived Peak Oil")

James Monroe

This man secured the release of Thomas Paine from prison by claiming his American citizenship (Era Of Good Feelings)

Abu al-Futuh

This man sent a letter describing the horrors he visited upon Antioch addressed to Count Such and Such as a way of mocking the deposed Bohemund VI (Al-Zahiriyah Library)

Kublai Khan

This man served as a provincial governor during the rule of his older brother Mongke, whose death resulted in a three year civil war between this man and his younger brother Ariq Boke (Dadu)

Theodore Roosevelt

This man signed the Elkins Act, fining railroads for offering rebates (Square Deal)

Theodore Roosevelt

This man signed the regulatory Elkins and Hepburn Acts, but backed away from a legal List of Simplified Spellings (John Schrank)

Francis Walsingham

This man succeeded Henry Norris as ambassador to France, and his home in Paris became a headquarters for Protestant refugees in the wake of St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - in his 64-page account of that massacre, he advised breaching relations with France (Robert Beale, Philip Sidney, Treaty of Nonsuch)

William Seward

This man succeeded William L. Marcy as Governor of New York and was succeeded in his highest cabinet post by Elihu B. Washburne (Richard Lyons,Charles Wilkes)

George III

This man supported the Royal Academy with large donations from his personal finances (Catholic Relief Act, Earl Of Bute)

Otto I

This man took power in northern Italy following the death of Lothair of Arles by marrying Adelaide and defeating Berengar of Ivrea (Battle Of Recknitz)

Lula

This man twice lost presidential elections to Fernando Henrique Cardoso in the 90s, after rising to popularity heading a series of Metalworkers' Union strikes (Bolsa Familia, Dilma Rousseff)

Brian Mulroney

This man twice ran for leader of his political party, both times against Joe Clark ("You had an option, sir")

Calvin Coolidge

This man vetoed the McNary-Haugen Farm Relief Bill; like Franklin Roosevelt, his Secretary of Agriculture was named Henry Wallace (Boston Police Strike, Andrew Peters)

Constantine The Great

This man waged war against Maxentius and Licinius and he's not Octavian, but he was promoted to the rank of Augustus at Eboracum (Edict Of Milan)

Earl Warren

This man was Chief Justice during a decision which ruled that state legislature districts had to be approximately equal in population, Reynolds v. Sims, as well as one which ruled that federal courts could decide reapportionment cases, Baker v. Carr (Gideon Versus Wainwright)

Marcus Gravey

This man was accused of being the "Messenger Boy of the White Klu Klux Kleagle" after this man met with KKK leader Edward Young Clarke (S.S. Yarmouth)

Benito Juarez

This man was chosen to preside over his country's Supreme Court during the administration of Ignacio Comonfort (El Paso del Norte)

Saladin

This man was defeated at the Battle of Arsuf, allowing his foes to retake Joppa (Fatimid Dynasty, Nur ad-Din)

Jefferson Davis

This man was defeated by 999 votes by Henry S. Foote for the Mississippi governorship after returning from a foot wound at the Battle of Buena Vista (Gadsden Purchase)

Marquis De Lafayette

This man was given a namesake "Land Grant" near Tallahassee during an 1824 to 1825 grand tour of the United States ("The Hero of Two Worlds", Battle Of Barren Hill)

Showa Emperor

This man was influenced into militarism by the growth of the shin or new zaibatsu (May 15 Incident, Jewel Voice Broadcast)

Edward Longshanks

This man was inspired by Henry de Bracton to conduct the Hundred Rolls census (Provisions of Oxford, First Scottish War of Independence)

Ferdinand Magellan

This man was killed in the Battle of Mactan, in which his forces were greatly outnumbered by those of Lapu (Juan Sebastian del Cano)

Toussaint L'Ouverture

This man was known as a "leaf doctor" and a veterinarian while working at a farm called Breda (Jean-Jacques Dessalines)

Kwame Nkrumah

This man was named co-President with Ahmed Toure after he was deposed while he was on an official visit to Vietnam and China ("Motion Of Destiny")

Showa Emperor

This man was nearly assassinated with a hand grenade in the Sakuradamon Incident (Big Six)

Oliver Cromwell

This man was offered the crown of his country under the Humble Petition and Advice (Siege of Drogheda, Instrument of Government)

Heinrich Himmler

This man was stripped of his offices when it was revealed that he attempted to negotiate a peace with the Swedish Count Folke Bernadotte (Albert Speer)

Martin Van Buren

This man was subject to an attack campaign about his supposed use of gold spoons to dine (La Amistad, Bucktails Political Machine)

Domitian

This man was the first emperor to declare himself Censor for Life, and he granted himself a triumph for his less-than-complete victory over the Chatti in Gaul (Oppius Sabinus, Dacian War)

John I

This man was the only one among his brothers who did not ally with Louis VII in revolt against his father (Henry VI)

Caligula

This man was the target of plots by both Cnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus and Cassius Chaerea (Bay of Baiae)

Constantine The Great

This man was victorious at Chrysopolis when his enemy forbade his own troops from looking at this man's standard (Pope Sylvester, Donatists)

Lyndon Baines Johnson

This man won a run-off election thanks to Frank W. Mayborn rushing home from a business trip (Bilingual Education Act)

Lyndon Baines Johnson

This man won an early election at the 11th hour after producing a mysteriously alphabetized ballot box from Duval County ("Little Congress", "Will you join in the battle to give every citizen an escape from the crushing weight of poverty?")

Benjamin Disraeli

This man won his first election in the constituency of Maidstone and once appointed R.A. Cross to spearhead reforms intended to help the working class (Earl of Derby, Reform Act of 1867)

Julius Caesar

This man won the Civic Crown for his services under Thurices during the siege of Mytilere (Rubicon River)

Gaius Marius

This man won the battles of Vercellae and Aquae Sextiae against the Cimbri and the Teutones, two German tribes that had invaded Italy

Dwight David Eisenhower

This man's Chief of Staff was dubbed the "Abominable No Man" and resigned after it was revealed he had taken an overcoat as a gift (Sherman Adams, "Eight millionaires and plumbers")

Ulysses Simpson Grant

This man's administration settled the Alabama Claims in the Treaty of Washington (Ely Parker, Inflation Bill)

James Buchanan

This man's appointment to the Cabinet was called "a most dangerous choice" by rival George Dallas (Oregon Treaty)

Grigory Rasputin

This man's association with the khlysty religious group forced him to move to Kazan, where he became friends with many clergy figures (Anna Vyrubova)

Jacob Guzman

This man's bizarre death apparently involved him asphyxiating in a bathtub covered by boiling water, discovered when police broke into his locked bathroom (Operation WASHTUB, Carlos Castillo Armas)

Augusto Cesar Sandino

This man's brother Socrates was a carpenter in Brooklyn who organized many rallies for him in the United States, and his secretary was the poet Froylan Turcios (Adolfo Diaz, Ocotal)

Charles De Gaulle

This man's country started a boycott of the ECSC over the Common Agricultural Policy, leading to the empty chair crisis (Appeal of June 18th)

Aaron Burr

This man's daughter Theodosia mysteriously disappeared on the ship Patriot

Duke Of Wellington

This man's earliest political post was Governor of Seringapatam, to which he was appointed by his older brother, Lord Mornington (Test Act)

Harihara I

This man's father was a royal advisor who was appointed military governor of the region surrounding the village of Hampi (Veera Balla III)

Henry IV

This man's father, Antoine, was killed fighting Protestants at Rouen after abandoning the Protestant cause; as a result, this mangrew up at Béarn under the influence of his mother, Jeanne d'Albret ("secret nupitals", Battle of Arnay-le-Duc, Margaret of Valois)

Jose Rizal

This man's fiction, along with that Balagtas, Lizardi, and Kartodikromo, discussed in the "Cultural Roots" chapter of Imagined Communities (Demanche des Rameaux, Richard Kissling)

Evo Morales

This man's government hosted the World People's Conference of Climate Change as a follow up of the Copenhagen conference

Hu Jintao

This man's government released a series of 7 points, including "realizing common, direct, and two way three links" in the May 17 statement (River Crab, The Great Firewall)

Franklin Pierce

This man's government withdrew recognition from a government that would be defeated at the Second Battle of Rivas by Costa Ricans and mercenaries supported by Cornelius Vanderbilt (Belgium)

Samuel Morse

This man's invention was an improvement upon the creation of Cooke and Wheatstone, whose version required five galvanoscopes and six wires ("What hath God wrought?")

Mao Zedong

This man's military forces were aided by the surgical expertise of Norman Bethune and were subject to the Three All policy in the wake of a major victory in the Hundred Regiments Offensive (On Protracted Warfare, Zunyi Conference)

Lyndon Baines Johnson

This man's namesake law allows residents of his home state to run for the Senate and the Vice Presidency at the same time ("The Treatment", Chicken Tax)

Robert Peel

This man's opponents formed the Lichfield House Compact in order to consolidate their power, and his government ordered that factories be cleaned every fourteenth month and that women and children couldn't work more than 12 hours a day in the Factory Act (Daniel McNaughton, Tamworth Manifesto)

Louis Philippe

This man's parentage was contested by the Italian entertainer Maria Stella and the mother of the so-called "Miracle Child," the Duchess de Berry (Charles-Francois Dumouriez, "infernal machine")

Sun Yatsen

This man's political philosophy included a platform of nationalism, democracy, and social reform known as the Three Principles of the People (Wuchang Uprising)

Julius Caesar

This man's position of "Prefect of the Morals" gave him the powers of a censor ("Father of the Fatherland")

Martin Van Buren

This man's vice president, the only one elected by the Senate through the 12th Amendment, was the supposed killer of Tecumseh, Richard Mentor Johnson (Panic Of 1837, Nathan Sanford)

Hannibal

This man's victory at Heronea was tempered by news that Philip V had succumbed to a common foe and the Aetolian League, and that this man's own brother had died at the Battle of the Metaurus ("Cunctator")

Syngman Rhee

This man, who was recruited to the Office of Strategic Services by Preston Goodfellow, gained notoriety for ordering both the destruction of the Hangang Bridge and the massacre at Jeju island (Liancourt Rocks, Dokado, April Revolution)

Georgy Zhukov

This marshal's massive tank strike destroyed the Japanese 23rd division at the Battle of Khalkhin Gol, and his greatest defeat three years later was known as Operation Mars (Hero of the Soviet Union Medal)

Council Of Trent

This meeting was reassembled by Julius III by the bull "Quum ad tolenda" (Deuterocanonical books, Huldrych Zwingli)

Zimbabwe

This modern country is home to the ruins of Naletale, a site occupied by the Torwa, which are not far from the much larger ruins of Dhlo Dhlo, which was the home base of the Rozwi people

Henry VII

This monarch repealed the Titulus Regulus statute immediately after ascending to the throne (Battle of Stoke, Star Chamber)

George III

This monarch was known for collecting books and works of art in creating the King's Library (Battle of Dettingen, Fox-North Coalition)

Henry IV

This monarch's maritime ambitions towards Indonesia led him to contest Dutch holdings by founding the French East India Company, and he maintained diplomatic ties with Islamic states first established when he had organized a failed takeover of Aragon (Gabrielle d'Estrees, Henry of Guise)

Portugal

This nation concluded a treaty with envoy John Methuen in 1703 that became the basis for its trade with England (War of the Two Brothers)

Nepal

This nation established a system of "basic democracy" in 1962 based on the panchayat (pun-CHAI-yat) system of local government under King Mahendra (Prachanda, Dipendra)

Mexico

This nation fought against France in the Pastry War (PNR)

Cuba

This nation once contained a black secret society called the Abakuá (Ostend Manifesto, Rough Riders, USS Maine)

Hungary

This nation was ceded to new conquerors in the Treaty of Karlowitz, after which it became the largest province of Transleithania

Bulgaria

This nation was led from 1934-1935 by the dictatorial Zveno Group, and it faced the Radomir Rebellion in 1918 (Treaty of Neuilly)

Libya

This nation's Great Manmade River project pumps fossil water from the Tazerbo and Sarir in the Kufra Basin and notable rock art can be found at Tadrart Acacus near Ghat (Aozou Strip, Bikku Bitti)

Iceland

This nation's early history is described in the Landnamabok, and the end of the Middle Ages in this nation is generally marked by the 1550 beheading of Bishop Jon Arason (Thule)

Honduras

This nation's first constitutional president was Francisco Ferrera, and after Miguel Davila came to power in this nation, President Taft sent troops to protect U.S. investments (Carlos Flores)

Ulysses Simpson Grant

This official appointed an ambassador to England who lent his name to the Emma silver mine (Resumption of Specie Act)

Benito Mussolini

This one time leader of the Salo Republic caused King Zog I to utter the words "Oh God, it was so short" upon that man's fleeing Albanian soil ("Battle For Grain", Second Battle of El Alamein)

Federal Reserve System

This organization issued Regulation D and E (Term Auction Facility, Primary Dealer Credit Facility)

British Labour Party

This organization suffered one scandal when its leader called Gillian Duffy a "bigoted woman" (Harriet Harman)

Socialist Party

This party ran Norman Thomas as its presidential candidate in six consecutive elections starting in 1928 (Daniel De Leon)

Nazi Party

This party stored the "blood flag" in its headquarters in the Brown House (Anton Drexler, Thule Society)

Hopi Indians

This people's mythology asserted that they lived in the Fourth World after the Third had been destroyed by a great flood.

Three Kingdoms

This period saw the murder of the Ten Attendants by the forces of Yuan Shao (Yellow Turban Rebellion, Battle Of Red Cliffs)

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

This person criticized the Draft Ordinance of 1906 (Champaran, swaraj)

Barack Hussein Obama

This person declared we are "one people" during a run against Alan Keyes (Bill Ayers, "Yes We Can")

Oliver Wendell Holmes Junior

This person gained promotion to his highest office in part due to his speech "Soldier's Faith" ("Clear and present danger")

Oliver Wendell Holmes

This person gained promotion to his highest office in part due to his speech "Soldier's Faith" (The Common Law, Abrams v. U.S)

Daniel Boone

This person issued a warning before the Battle of Blue Licks which was not heeded, but his later warnings about Dequindre and Black Fish led to a successful defense (Simon Kenton, Richard Henderson)

David Dean Rusk

This person served under Stilwell as deputy chief of staff for the CBI theater during World War II (As I Saw It)

Maria Theresa

This person summoned Johann Von Fibiger in an effort to improve primary education, and also founded an academy for oriental languages

Hideki Tojo

This person was appointed chief-of-staff of the Kwantung Army in Manchukuo one year after he resisted the rebels during the February 26 Incident

Margaret Thatcher

This person's maiden speech in public office concerned the issue of requiring local councils to hold public meetings (Shadow Cabinet)

Edward Heath

This person's most important victory occurred in the first election after the Representation of the People Act, which reduced the voting age to 18 ("Who Governs Britain")

Apartheid

This policy was originated by Daniel François Malan, and its legality was questioned at the Rivonia Trial (Soweto Uprising, Bantustans)

Nazi Party

This political party was opposed by the White Rose movement, a group of students who started a leaflet campaign against this party ("The Myth of the 20th Century", "The Flag Up High")

Gamal Abdul Nasser

This politician decried the forced removal of Ali Maher as an attack on his nation's sovereignty (Muhammad Naguib)

Gamal Abdel Nasser

This politician decried the forced removal of Ali Maher as an attack on his nation's sovereignty (Muhammad Naguib, Suez Canal Crisis)

Harry Truman

This politician described the legislature serving during his term as the "do-nothing Congress" (Taft-Hartley act)

Ross Perot

This politician displayed a picture of a Mexican man living in a box on a Larry King interview in which he repeatedly asked his opponent to "let me finish" ("you people", "giant sucking sound")

Margaret Thatcher

This politician first assumed party leadership by defeating William Whitelaw, having gained fame as Secretary of State for Education and Science under Edward Heath ("Winter Of Discontent")

John McDonald

This politician gained prominence for defending Nils von Schoultz and other Hunter Patriots who participated in the Battle of the Windmill (Rupert's Land, Hugh Allen)

Margaret Thatcher

This politician gave a speech noting "some socialists seem to believe that people should be numbers in a State computer," the Free Society Speech ("Iron Lady")

Herbert Hoover

This politician led a program which served school meals to occupied Germans after World War II (Benjamin Cardozo)

Charles Evans Hughes

This politician signed an agreement with Francisco Peynado which ended American occupation of the Dominican Republic, and as an Associate Justice, he wrote the majority opinion in Bailey v. Alabama which found peonage laws to be unconstitutional (Washington Naval Conference)

Strom Thurmond

This politician was a leading figure in the first filibuster of a Supreme Court justice when he helped to thwart President Lyndon Johnson's efforts to have Abe Fortas elevated to Chief Justice (Olin Johnston, Abe Fortas, Carrie Butler)

Sam Houston

This politician was forced to move after beating William Stanbery with a hickory cane ("Big Drunk", "Twin Sisters")

Giuseppe Mazzini

This politician wrote a letter to Charles Albert telling him that he had two options, terror, which probably would lead to assassination, or concessions (Orsini, "God and the People")

Sarah Palin

This politician's e-mail account got hacked during one election period by a college student named David Kernell (Joe Miller)

Hanseatic League

This polity was established with the defeat of Adolf II by Henry the Lion, and Visby contributed to its control of the Baltic, which ended when Ivan III closed its access to Novgorod (Confederation Of Cologne)

Hawaii

This polity's second ruler saw a social conflict erupt over "free eating," which displaced the kapu system, and it was the subject of the Blunt and Morgan reports (Battle of the Leaping Mullet)

Florida

This present-day U.S. state was besieged during the War of Jenkins' Ear (Treaty Of Payne's Landing)

John Tyler

This president achieved most favored nation status with China by sending Caleb Cushing to negotiate the Treaty of Wanghia (Confederate Congress)

Ronald Reagan

This president authorized Operation Urgent Fury after the execution of Maurice Bishop (Goldwater-Nicholas Act, Laffer Curve)

Ronald Reagan

This president authorized Operation Urgent Fury after the execution of Maurice Bishop (Goldwater-Nichols Act, Kemp Roth Tax Cut)

Chester Arthur

This president delivered an unusually brief inaugural address proclaiming "prosperity blesses our country" ("Mongrel Tariff")

Bill Clinton

This president fired seven members of the Travel Office during his first term, at the end of which he escaped an assassination attempt in the Philippines (Brady Bill)

Grover Cleveland

This president set up a commission that established the Schomburgk line between Venezuela and British Guiana (Maria Halpin, Interstate Commerce Commission)

Warren Gamaliel Harding

This president signed in the Fordney-McCumber Tariff and called for the Washington Naval Conference ("Return to Normalcy")

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

This president was advised by Mary McLeod Bethune, who started a school for black students in Daytona Beach ("court packing scheme", Cordell Hull)

John Tyler

This president was earlier the only senator to vote against a bill that authorized Andrew Jackson to use force if necessary to end the nullification crisis (USS Princeton, Third National Bank)

Warren Gamaliel Harding

This president's penchant for a certain game caused his staff to become known as the Poker Cabinet (Sinclair Oil)

Margaret Thatcher

This prime minister's government had a dispute about rescuing the namesake helicopter company in the Westland Affair

Sun Yatsen

This pupil of James Cantile wrote about one experience in his book Kidnapped In London

Charlemagne

This ruler agreed to set the Eider River as the southern boundary of Denmark in an agreement signed by King Hemming known as the Treaty of Heiligen (Susa Valley, Lupo II)

Carol I

This ruler ascended to the throne when the so-called "Monstrous Coalition" of liberals and conservatives formed to overthrow Alexander Cuza and nominated him as ruler (Marie of Edinburg, Peles Castle)

Caligula

This ruler faced a conspiracy from a less notable Lepidus, and his father died in Antioch under mysterious circumstances, accusing the governor of Syria, Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, of poison (Drusilla)

Vlad The Impaler

This ruler invited all the beggars in his realm to a feast, during which he burned them alive in order to reduce strain on the rest of the citizens (Wallachia, Radu)

Elizabeth I

This ruler jailed Peter Wentworth for an outspoken defense of free speech in Parliament (The Golden Speech, Francis Walsingham)

Muhammad Ali Pasha

This ruler ordered the construction of the Mahmudiyya Canal, and one of his highest-ranking ministers was a Christian Armenian named Boghos Pasha (Battle of Konya, Battle of Nazib)

Peter The Great

This ruler parodied Christ's entry into Jerusalem in the Most Drunken Synod, and gave control of church property to the Monastery Chancellery (Battle of Poltava)

Charles Matel

This ruler patronized St. Boniface, whose early ministrations were interrupted by his war against the Frisian king Radbod (Plectrude)

Henry VII

This ruler planned to have a gold-plated statue of himself placed on the tomb of Edward the Confessor (Thomas Savage, Richard Empson)

Fredrick The Great

This ruler pushed through a major colonization project in the Oder swamp despite mounting death tolls (Convention of Westminster)

Augustus

This ruler put down the rebellion of Lucius Antonius in the Perusine War (Quintilius Varus, Treaty of Tarentum)

Alexander II

This ruler replaced the Third Department with a secret police force called the Okhrana which was headed by his interior minister Loris Melikof (Aigun Treaty, Ems Ukaz)

Nero

This ruler sent Corbulo to conquer Armenia and sent Vespasian to defeat the first Judean revolt (Iceni Tribe)

Genghis Khan

This ruler sent a delegation of ambassadors to Ala ad-Din Muhammad, who shaved and beheaded all but one member (Khwarezmian Empire, Togrul, Senggum)

Charlemagne

This ruler signed the Treaty of Heiligen with the Danish king Hemming (Battle of Roncevaux)

Richard I

This ruler signed the Treaty of Messina with Tancred of Sicily (Berengaria of Navarre)

Timur

This ruler sponsored Tokhtamysh's invasion of Moscow, but later destroyed Sarai and Astrakhan when he turned against this ruler (Battle of Ankara, Bayezid The Thunderbolt)

Hadrian

This ruler turned grain collectors, or frumentarii, into police and spies and executed Gaius Avidius Nigrinus and Lusius Quietus (Ten Martyrs, Tivoli Villa, Vibia Sabina)

Domitian

This ruler's architect Rabirius built his private residence, the Domus Augustana, and he reinstituted the Ludi Capitolini (Cornelius Fuscus)

Ivan III

This ruler's armies won a major victory against Lithuania forces at the Battle Of Verdosha River and later made peace with Lithuania by marrying its grand duke's daughter (Battle Of Shelan River)

Nebuchadnezzar II

This ruler's building projects including a limestone paving for the Processional Way (Nabonidus, Awil-Marduk)

Manuel Noriega

This ruler's downfall occurred shortly after he nullified elections that had been won by Guillermo Endara Galimany (William Casey)

Alexander II

This ruler's judicial reforms included instituting the bar association in Russia. This ruler created local parliaments known as Zemstvos

Maryland

This state's colonial governor William Stone was defeated by a puritan army at the Battle of the Severn after a period of instability called "the plundering time" (Battle of Bladensburg)

William Gladstone

This supporter of "coal-whippers" resigned one post after supporting increased grants to Maynooth Seminary, since it contradicted views laid out in his work The State in its Relations with the Church (Church Penitentiary Society for the Reform of Fallen Women, "Question of the East")

Sudetenland

This transfer of this region led to the resignation of Edvard Benes, who was subsequently succeeded by Emil Hacha (Edouard Daladier)

Treaty Of Guadalupe Hidalgo

This treaty provided for one side to settle more than three million dollars in debts (Nicholas Trist)

Treaty of Vereeniging

This treaty was signed in a mansion that formerly belonged to George Jesse Heys, the Melrose House (Maritz Rebellion)

Hernan Cortes

This victor at the Battle of Otumba was elected alcalde of Santiago under Cuban governor Diego Velazquez, who sent him to aid the expedition of Juan de Grijalba (Noche Triste)

War Of The Roses

This war began with the First Battle of St. Albans (Richard II)

Great Turkish War

This war featured the battles of Slankamen and Zenta (Treaty of Karlowitz)

World War II

This war saw a protracted siege fought at Myitkyina, much of which occurred during the monsoon season (Merrill's Marauders, Joseph Stillwell, Claire Chennault)

Vietnam War

This war saw airborne initiatives code named Flaming Dart, Rolling Thunder, and Arc Light (Binh Gia)

Falkland Islands War

This war saw the use of United States technology by one side on Ascension Island, while the other side not only possessed outdated diesel-electric submarines, but also kept its best troops at home to protect against a dispute over the Beagle Channel Islands (Sheffield Conveyor, Atlantic Conveyor)

Gallic Wars

This war started because of an attempt by the Helvetii tribe to migrate into the namesake territory (Battle Of Gergovia)

Eighty Years War

This war was interrupted for a time by the Twelve Years' Truce (Tenth Penny Tax, Council of Blood)

Loving Versus Virginia

This was the first case cited for support in a 2008 Michigan Law Review Article where Erwin Chemerinsky argued that the Supreme Court should have recognized a right-to-die (Naim Versus Naim, McLaughlin Versus Florida, Maynard Versus Hill)

Margaret Sanger

This woman founded a lobbyist committee that successfully led the charge against the Comstock Law ("What Every Girl Should Know", Family Limitations)

Mary I

This woman was one of three female rulers attacked, along with her British cousin and French mother, in John Knox's First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women (Lord Darnley, David Rizzio)

Carpetbaggers

Thomas Nast caricatured this political group as a lanky, spectacled man in a tophat, and it was fictionalized in the novel A Fool's Errand (Albion Tourgee, Hiram Revels)

Marcus Aurelius

Though Tertullian referred to this emperor as a friend to Christianity, his reign saw pogroms in Southern Gaul (Thundering Legion, Avidius Cassius)

Vidkun Quisling

Though he was appointed Commander of the British Empire in 1929, his title was revoked a decade later (National Unity Party)

Costa Rica

Though not the Netherlands, Andrew Carnegie helped build an international judicial court in this country, which later became this nation's Ministry of Foreign Relations (José Figueres)

Weather Underground

Three members of this organization were killed when a homemade bomb detonated in a Manhattan townhouse in 1970 (Days of Rage)

Zulu Empire

Troops from this group's capital were defeated by the 24th Foot Division at Rorke's Drift after their victory at Isandlwana (Battle Of Blood River)

Hartford Convention

Timothy Bigelow was considered a radical member and was not given any committee assignments ("Wise Men of the East")

James Knox Polk

To become Speaker of the House, this man beat John Bell, and later, his vice president George Dallas broke a tie over the Walker Tariff ("Young Hickory")

Diocletian

To become emperor, he won the Battle of Margus after his predecessor, Carus, was struck by lightning (Edict on Maximum Prices)

Afonso the Great

Towards the end of his career, he supposedly considered diverting the course of the Nile to destroy the power of Egypt (Tristan da Cunha, Flor do Mar)

Stalwarts

Two Senators from this political faction resigned to protest the violation of a patronage deal known as the "Treaty of Fifth Avenue" ("Me Too", "Immortal 306", Thomas Platt)

House Of Hapsburg

Two branches of this dynasty negotiated the secret Oñate Treaty (Philip the Handsome, Joanna The Mad, Maximillian I)

Pirates

Two female members of this occupation served under John Rackham and were named Mary Read and Anne Bonny (Bartholomew Roberts)

Pirates

Two female members of this occupation served under John Rackham and were named Mary Read and Anne Bonny (Letter of Marque)

Justinian I

Two of this ruler's generals defeated King Totila at the Battle of Taginae and King Gelimer at the Battle of Tricamarum (John the Cappadocian, Narses)

Argentina

Under Julio Roca, this country attacked indigenous Native Americans in the War of the Desert (Manuel Belgrano)

Ronald Burris

Under one position, this man issued a license to the funeral directors association in his state to manage a trust fund and alleged Ponzi scheme, according to an ongoing lawsuit against that body (Rolando Cruz)

Abbasid Caliphate

Under the rule of this dynasty's ruler al-Mustakfi, its capital was seized by the Buyids (Marwan II)

House Of Palaeologus

Until displaced by the House of Gonzaga, members of this dynasty ruled the territory of Montferrat for two centuries (Roger de Flor, Sicilian Vespers)

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Upon the assassination of his master, this man swiftly returned to Shoryuji Castle and defeated Akechi Mitsuhide at the battle of Tennozan (Sen no Rikyu)

Benito Juarez

Upon the election of Ignacio Comonfort, this man was selected to preside over the Supreme Court, and his namesake law abolished special courts for the clergy and military.

Juan Peron

Upon this man's return to Ezeiza Airport, right-wing snipers massacred his supporters, including the Montoneros (descamidosos, Infamous Decade)

John Wilkes Booth

Various conspiracy theories allege that this man switched places with James William Boyd to escape death, although most serious historians agree he was killed by Boston Corbett (Samuel Mudd)

Jimmy Carter

When this man told his family that he was running for president, his mother responded "President of what?" (Omar Torijos)

Argentina

Violent episodes in this country's history include the Night of the Long Police Batons and a protracted period known as The Infamous Decade, which began after Hipolito Yrigoyen was deposed in the 1930s (Mazorca Secret Police)

Treaty Of Utretch

Viscount Bolingbroke and Robert Harley urged for the creation of twelve new "Tory peers" to ratify this treaty (Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton Island)

First Crusade

Walter the Penniless was defeated during this conflict by Kilij Arslan (Peter the Hermit, "God Wills It")

Sonia Sotomayor

While at Princeton, she became a student activist and made efforts to get the curriculum changed to reflect more cultural diversity (Yale Law Review, David Souter)

Charles Parnell

While campaigning in Castlecomer, this man had quicklime thrown in his eyes (Richard Piggott, Isaac Butt)

San Francisco

When Europeans arrived on the site of this city, they found members of the Yelamu tribe, and due to its foggy weather, it was not until Don Gaspar de Portola led a Spanish landing party in 1770, claiming the nation for Spain (Juan Anza)

Harold Godwinson

While en route to a confirmation ceremony, this ruler was captured by Guy I of Ponthieu (Stigand, Leofric, Tostig)

Prince Of Wales

While holding this position, one man survived an assassination attempt by Jean-Baptiste Sipido and became involved in the Tranby Croft Scandal (Treaty of Montgomery)

Fredrick The Great

While living in Rheinsberg Castle, this ruler spent much of his time in correspondence with Voltaire, whom this man later invited to visit him in his Sanssouci Palace (Battle Of Molwitz, Pragmatic Sanction)

Nelson Mandala

While president, he made a controversial visit to Libya's Moammar Gadhafi, and would play a key role in bringing the two Libyans involved in the Lockerbie bombing to trial (Long Walk to Freedom, Spear of the Nation)

Jefferson Davis

While serving as Secretary of War, this man imported camels for use by the US Cavalry (Mississippi Rifles, Judah Benjamin)

Battle Of Stamford Bridge

While the eventual winner of this battle offered his traitorous brother his old position back in exchange for laying down his arms, the brother's ally was only offered "seven feet of... earth" (Tostig)

Malcolm X

While working as a drug dealer, this man was known as "Detroit Red" ( "chickens coming home to roost")

Teachers

William Wirt's "Gary Plan" emphasized that people with this profession should be capable of handling a "platoon system" (Ocean Hill-Brownsville Area, Horace Mann)

Gamal Abdul Nasser

With the USSR, this man sent troops to the Republican side of the Yemeni Civil War (King Farouk)

Schlieffen Plan

Yuri Danilov correctly predicted it, but his so-called "Plan 19" to stop it was not fully carried out ("Big Bertha")