UNIT 1

Graphic Designer

A graphic artist who utilizes elements of illustration, typography, and photography to design pages, publications, book covers, Web pages, multimedia presentations, or other graphic communications materials

Inventor of Lithography

Aloys Senefelder

Interactive Media

normally refers to products and services on digital computer-based systems which respond to the user's actions by presenting content such as text, moving image, animation, video, audio, games, etc.

Elements of a Book (7)

paper, type, ornament, illustration, binding and endpapers, stamping, jacket

Inventor of Photogravure Printing

Karl Klic in 1878

Inventor of Rotary Printing Press

Napier in 1819

Inventor of Linotype Composing Machine

Ottmar Mergenthaler in 1886

Slug

a strip of metal containing a line of set characters

Internet

a world-wide computer network in which smaller networks and individual computers are connected to each other

Form

any assembly of pages that can be printed simultaneously in a single impression of the printing press

Master

any original image-bearing copy used for making reproductions

Matrix

any type of mold used for casting metal type

What is a good design?

appearance must reflect the design sensibility of the individual

Stereotyping

- 1725 - Scottish printer William Ged - a process for making plates from locked-up type - locked-up type is covered with a wet paper or mat, and pressure applied to stamp the impression of the type in the mat. The paper or mat is allowed to dry. The mat is then removed, and placed in a casting machine, where molten metal (type-metal) is added to cast an entire page of type as a single plate. - type-metal, cast from a papier-mâche / plaster (casting machine) mould taken from the surface of a form of type used for printing instead of the original

Rotary Press

- 1818 - Napier - type form + impression cylinders - diagram

Embossed Printing

- 1829 - Louis Braille

Cylinder Press

- 1846 - Richard Hoe - 8000 sheets / hour - flatbed press - A configuration of press used in letterpress printing in which an impression cylinder carries the paper (or other substrate) into contact with an inked typeform (or a flat printing plate) mounted to a flatbed - Sheet rolls into contact with type form as a cylinder moves across the press. Mechanical fingers / grippers hold paper in place during trip and automatically open at the end of one rotation - usually used to generate color proofs before the job is transferred to a large production press

Linotype

- 1884 - 1886 ; Ottmar Mergenthaler - a method of creating movable type by machine instead of by hand - name comes from the fact that it produces an entire line of metal type at once, "line-o'-type"

Mimeograph

- 1890: a type of imaging and duplication process in which an image is transferred to absorbent paper substrates by means of a chemical dye

Phototypesetter

- 1947 - called the "fotosetter" - a device used to set type photographically, generally with some degree of computer assistance - a typesetter is a device that arranges type in a printable manner

Half-tone Printing Limtations

- All possible colours - Expense of film and plate making can be overcome by economics of scale - Expense per sheet goes up with lesser no. of prints - Trial run wastes around 15 sheets - inked plate has to be cleaned every time machine stops - Drying up ruins PSP & rubber sheet

Typeset Printing Limitations

- Cut color printing - Half toning - No color mixing - Dual color possible - Limited paper size - Economical

Screen Printing Design Limitations

- Cut colour - Expensive half toning - Expensive screen manipulation - Opacity of inks for greater design freedom - No colour mixing

Platen Press

- Gutenberg's wine press - a configuration of letterpress printing press in which a platen* presses a sheet of paper (or other substrate) onto a flat inked typeform or plate under just enough pressure to effectively transfer inl - diagram

Rotary Press Limitations

- Large paper size; No other size - No colour printing: can't turn plate for colour printing - Economical

Ink-jet, laser and Multicolored Laser Limitations

- Not widely used as offset - Good quality and lesser expensive alternative

Photogravure

- Printing from a gravure cylinder or intaglio plate which has been imaged photographically - 1878 - Karl Klic

Offset Design Limitations

- Unmatched quality - Developed over decades - Photosensitive plate that can make 10,000 prints - Economical for greater no. of prints

Word Processor

- a computer program used to input (by keyboard), edit, and output text - an electronic device / computer software application, that performs the task of composition, editing, formatting + printing of documents

Foil Stamping

- a finishing operation in which a design / image is pressed onto a substrate. - hammering gold sheets out into foils for decoration of tombs (metal F.S. in ancient Egypt); 2000 BC - a heated dye containing a relief (raised) image presses down on a roll of foil passing above the substrate to be decorated. As the dye hits the foil, it is transferred to the substrate.

Photo Copier

- a machine that makes paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply - to make duplicate photograph, made from the original - made a means of disseminating print documents available to everyone.

Typemetal

- a metal alloy composed of lead, with smaller amounts of tin and antimony, used for the making of type slugs (in hot-metal typography) - critical for producing durable type for high quality books - more suitable for printing (than clay, wood or bronze)

Drypoint Engraving

- a printmaking technique wherein an image is incised into a plate with a hard pointed needle / sharp metal / diamond point - 1465 - invented by Germans

Illustrator

- any graphic artist who has the ability to generate visual images using pen, paint, computer graphics programs, collages, etc., to communicate a pictorial message or visually complement accompanying text material - responsible for decoration, special lettering ad illustrations

Halftone

- any image that exists as a series of small dots of varying size and color density that serve to simulate the appearance of continuous gradations of tone - reprographic (reproduction of graphics through mechanical/electrical means) technique that simulates continuous tone imagery through the use of equally spaced dots of varying size - screen pattern + frequency of dots determine quality of the reproduction (ex: 30 line screen, 900 dots per square inch)

Non-impact Printers

- any printer which produce images on a substrate without striking the sheet - form characters by various means such as heat, electrical charges or spraying ink - ink-jet, laser, thermal-transfer

Publication

- anything produced for inference / interpretation (reading) - To publish is to make content available to the general public - is usually applied to text, images, or other audio-visual content on any traditional medium, including paper (newspapers, magazines, catalogs, etc.). - the act of publishing - also refers to any printed copies.

William Addison Dwiggins

- believed that every element in a book's structure served a function - coined the term 'Graphic Designer' in 1922 which he used in reference to himself - inspired fine printing movement in the US - criticized the advocates of fine printing and their philosophy, urging a rapprochement with the new printing and type setting technology - used judicious and idiosyncratic ornamentation (not imitation) that won over luxurious papers and bindings

Infotainment

- colloquial term for any TV program / book / multimedia production that imparts, information or educational materials in an entertaining way - edutainment.

Effects of the Gutenberg Press

- cut costs - proliferation of content - mushrooming of libraries - revolutionized information - more info for more people

Papyrus

- early paper-like material - refers to a thick type of paper made from the pith of the papyrus plant - also refers to a document written on sheets of papyrus joined together side by side and rolled up into a scroll, an early form of a book

Recent Tech Dev

- have added character + dimension to printing's place in culture - linotype - typewriter - typesetting innovations - photocopiers - word processing - computer printing - internet, new media, interactive media

Impact Printers

- images paper by striking an inked ribbon with a relief typeform - uses a physical mold for the character image, and impresses the image on the paper by striking an inked carbon / cloth ribbon against the paper with the character mold. - The character masters may be on a daisywheel, a metal band, a ball, or some other carrier. - dot matrix, daisy-wheel, typewriters

Printer

- person who is involved in the business of printing (or even just typesetting) - responsible for typography, composition, printing and binding - Peripheral device that accepts output data from the microprocessor and prints characters on paper. - A device attached to a computer system which provides a printout of the contents of files.

Diagram of a Press

- press sheet / paper - type form - ink roller - platen / cylinder - ink disc (platen press)

New Media

- refers to content available on-demand through the Internet, accessible on any digital device, usually containing interactive user feedback and creative participation - online newspapers, blogs, or wikis, video games, and social media - A defining characteristic is dialogue - transmits content through connection and conversation - It enables people around the world to share, comment on, and discuss a wide variety of topics unlike any of past technologies - is grounded on an interactive community

Types of Letterpress Printing Press

- rotary - flat bed cylinder - platen

Linotype

- the first device that could easily and quickly set complete lines of type for use in printing presses - enabled an operator to set type by typing on a keyboard, which automatically cast hot-metal type one line at a time. - a method of creating movable type by machine instead of by hand - marked a significant leap in production speed -1886 - Ottmar Mergenthaler

Engraving

- the practice of incising a design onto a hard, flat surface, by cutting grooves into it - The act of etching an image into a plate or other image carrier in relief form (as in letterpress printing) or in intaglio form (as in gravure printing). - s a noun, refers to the etched image itself

Etching

- the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio in the metal

Printing

- the production of multiple copies of a document, book, etc., by the use of plates / other surface to transfer an impression to a substrate - a process for reproducing text and images using a master, form / template - a process of reproducing text + image, typically w/ ink on paper using a printing press, usually carried out as a large-scale industrial process

Movable Type

- the system of printing and typography using movable pieces of metal type, made by casting from matrices struck by letterpunches - carved individual characters on identical pieces of fine clay

Daisy-Wheel Printer

- utilizing a plastic wheel with relief characters located on spokes along the perimeter of the wheel - When a character is selected, the wheel rotates to align that character with a hammer which forces the spoke against a ribbon, imaging the page - Fonts can be changed by swapping wheels. - used in computer printers and electronic typewriters

First Type-Composing Machine

1841

Inventor of Embossed Printing

Louise Braille in 1829

Inventor of Cylinder Press

Richard Hoe in 1846

Word Processing

The use of hardware and software to input, edit, and output text.

Computer Printer

a computer peripheral device that produces a hard copy (permanent human-readable text and/or graphics usually on paper) from data stored in a computer connected to it

Platen

a flat portion of a letterpress printing press that carries the substrate to be printed and lowers it onto the inked typeform, or printing plate, under enough pressure to effectively transfer the ink

Press Sheet

a full-size sheet of the actual blank paper which will be used for a particular job on the printing press

Typewriter

a mechanical / electromechanical machine for writing in characters similar to those produced by printer's movable type by means of keyboard-operated types striking a ribbon to transfer ink / carbon impressions onto paper

Paper

primarily described as being manufactured from the dissolved and processed fibers of plants

Moveable Type

the system of printing and typography using movable pieces of metal type, made by casting from matrices struck by letter-punches.