Unit 1 - DSHB

axon terminals

the end structure of an axon

War on drugs

the enormous growth in government efforts for regulating dangerous drugs or drugs that produce dependence, both in expenditures and in the breath of substances controlled is termed as

biopsychosocial

the idea that substance dependence is like a disease takes a broad _____ perspective that dependence might be related to dysfunctions of biology, personality, social interactions, or a combination of these factors

According to the data collected by the Monitoring the Future Study by U of M on marijuana use by 12th graders what is the observed trend on the use rates of the drug

there have been small changes in the rates of marijuana use since 1997

According to available data on mortality due to consumption of substances in the United States, rank the substances in decreasing order of their potential danger to users

tobacco alcohol psychoactive drugs

chemical name

typically used only in laboratory settings

if correlation studies were restricted to substance abuser, comparing urban n with high minority pops to suburban white n, higher rates of dug abuse would be found in the

urban ghetto

The 1965 drug abuse control amendments referred to amphetamines, barbiturates and hallucinogens as

dangerous drugs

studying antecedents of drug use in important because measurement of these factors before increase in substance use helps researchers _____

determine the cause of substance use

Urine Testing

it can detect most kinds of drugs for up to three days but it cal also detect frequently used drugs for a couple weeks after the last dose

hair testing

it can detect use for up to 90 days and is more capable of detecting occasional drug use than other methods

saliva testing

it can only detect fairly recent drug use up to one day in most cases

inhalation method of drug administration

it can produce more rapid effects than intravenous administration for psychoactive drugs.

Perceived availability

it does not appear to explain differences in rates of use over time.

GABA

it exerts generalized inhibitory functions interfering with - seizures resembling those seen in epilepsy

mesolimbic dopamine pathway in the CNS

it has been proposed to mediate some type of psychotic behavior

the people enforcing the harrison act changed in 1919, and they believed that the cure for narcotic dependence was to

prevent users from having access to drugs

Behavior toxicity

The toxicity that results from effects of a drug on the behavior of a user is called _____

A drug can act direction on the receptor of a neurotransmitter in order to _____

activate or to prevent the neurotransmitter chemical from activating it

drug abuse warning network (DAWN) system, rank the top four classes of drugs involved in emergency room visits in decreasing order of number of cases

alcohol-in-combination cocaine prescription opioids marijuana

Accurate statement about the cortex

higher mental processes, such as reasoning, occur in the cortex

Limbic system

hippocampus amygdala

parasympathetic branch

involves effects associated with a relaxed physiological state

Morphine

is a narcotic and the primary active chemical in opium from which heroin is derived

what did the 1906 pure food and drug act achieve by regulating interstate commerce

it brought the federal government full force into the drug marketplace

an antagonist

occupies a neurotransmitter receptor and prevents the neurotransmitter from activating it

generic name

official names of drugs in the public domain

Action Potential across a neuron's membrane during neuronal communication

1) negative resting potential 2) Na+ channels open and Na+ ions rapidly move 3) influx of Na+ ions additional K+ channels open 4) K+ ions exit the neurons causes the membrane potential to become even more negative 5) K+ channels close and the neurons return to it normal state

Identify an accurate statement about attributing cause of dependence to a substance

A substance itself cannot be seen as the entire cause of dependence problem

blood-brain-barrier

Creation of the _____ _____ _____ which is a semipermeable structure that protects the brain from potentially toxic chemicals circulating in the blood, is an important function of glia

Specific Effects

Depends on the presence of the chemical at certain concentrations in the target tissue

Nonspecific Effects

Derived froma user's unique background and particular perception of the world

False

In recent years, increasing amounts of evidence indicate that specific glutamate pathways are not important for the expression of some psychoactive drug effects.

Passing through blood vessels lining the nasal cavity

In the context of routes of drug administration, insufflation ensure quick access of a drug to the general blood circulation by_______

therapeutic index

LD50/ED50

False

Nicotine is much more effective when swallowed than when inhaled.

heroin cocaine meth

Painkillers Local anesthetic treatment of ADHD and obesity

homeostasis

Psychoactive drugs can influence _____, which is the maintenance of an environment of body functions within a certain range

Pharmacodynamic

_____ tolerance to a drug leads to a reduced effectiveness of the drug and to withdrawal reations

drugs can alter the availability of a neurotransmitter in the synapse by _____

acting on synthesis, storage, release, reuptake, or metabolism of neurotransmitters.

physiological dependence

a drug user shows a _____ when there are clear withdrawal signs when the drug is not taken .

lipophilic

a feature of the brain that has important implications for the effects of some psychoactive drugs on the brain is that only _____ molecules of substances that can dissolve in oils or fat enter the brain.

In the context of influence of genetics traits on rate of substance use, it can be concluded that genetic factors play_____

a large role in determining substance dependence or abuse

reinforcement

a procedure in which a behavioral event is followed by a consequent event such that the behavior is then more likely to be repeated is known as _____

axon

a thin tube extending from the cell body

serotonin

animal research has suggested one or more roles for _____ in the complex control of food intake and the regulation of body weight.

patent medicines

are medicines sold directly to the public under various trademark names and are primarily associated with the period before 1906 in the US

Drug enforcement agency

as part of international efforts aimed at reducing drug supply, the ____ has agents in more than 40 counties assisting the local authorities in eradicating drug crops, locating and destroying illicit laboratories, and interfering with the transportation of drugs out of those counties

Threshold

at some low dose, an effect on the response system being monitored is observed, this dose is called

dendrites

branchlike structures extending from the cell body

placebo effects

can often be produced by an inactive chemical that a user believes to be a drug

Peripheral nerves of the somatic nervous system

carry sensory information into the central nervous system

Too little activity

causes depression

Too much activity

causes manic states

ventral tegmental area

cells in the nucleus accumbens region of the brain receive input from dopamine fibers that originate in the _____

alzheimer's disease

cells in the nucleus basalis region of the cerebral cortex in the CNS are damaged in patients with

what were the proviisons added by the 1962 Kefauver-harrision amendments to federal law?

companies need to seek approval before conducting trials on humans advertisements for prescription drugs need to summarize adverse reactions to the drug

According to several studies on cocaine self-administration using human subjects, drugs that block dopamine activity_____

did not reduce euphoria produced by cocaine

Capillaries in the brain are different from other capillaries in the body because they

do not contain pores

The US is providing increased military aid in the form of helicopters, defensive weapons, uniforms, and other supplies to be used in combating drug trafficking only to countries that

do not engage in a consistent pattern of gross violations of human rights

who drafted the bill that later came to be known as the harrison act

dr. hamiltion wright, the father of american narcotics laws

False

drug molecules interact with one or more of the states in the life cycle of a neurotransmitter chemical because of the structural difference between the molecules of the drug and one of the neurotransmitter chemicals.

cell membrane

drugs act on the _____ of a neuron and alter the electrical characteristics of the neuron

prodrugs

drugs that are inactive until acted on by enzymes in the body are known as _____

the harrision act criminalized individual use or possession of certain habit forming drugs

false

Generic names and complete chemical names

generic names are typically shorter and simpler than complete chemical names

vomiting center

gets activated by various drugs

respiratory center

gets suppressed by various drugs

In the context of the transportation of a drug through the blood, alcohol exist in the bloodstream primarily in the unbound form because it

has a low affinity for binding with plasma protein in the blood.

schedule II

has high potential for abuse that may lead to sever psychological or physical dependence with currently accepted medical use

schedule I

has high potential for abuse with no currently acceptable medical use in treatment in the us

schedule IV

has low potential for abuse that may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to III

schedule V

has low potential for abuse that may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to IV

schedule III

has potential for abuse that may lead to moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence

the laissez-faire style of regulation of sale and use of most drugs by the us government in the 1800s implied that

if a seller wanted to sell drugs, and a buyer wanted to buy drugs the government allowed it

cumulative

if doses of a drug are taken in extremely short intervals, the maximum blood level will increase with each dose and can result in ______ effects

depolarized

in the action potential process for a neuronal communication sodium ions rapidly move across the membrane into the cell as sodium channels open, and as a result, the cell is _____

lipid solubility

in the context of the chemistry of drug molecules, the ______ of a drug is one of the most important considerations that determines the speed of a drug's reaction.

the brain is well supplied with blood

in the context of the effects of drugs on the brain, an equilibrium develops quickly for most drugs because

synapse

in the context of the life cycle of a neurotransmitter, calcium aids the movements of small vesicles filled with neurotransmitter toward the axon terminal membrane so that the neurotransmitter is released into the

GABA(a)

in the context of the life cycle of a neurotransmitter, many of the sedative-like effects of barbiturates are dependent on their binding to _____ receptors in the brain

synthesis

in the context of the life cycle of a neurotransmitter, the forming of a neurotransmitter by the action of enzymes on precursor molecules is known as _____

uptake

in the life cycle of a neurotransmitter, _____ is an energy-requiring mechanism by which selected molecules are taken into the cells

myelin sheath of a neuron

increase the information-processing speed

Psychoactive drugs alter the availability of a neurotransmitter by _____

increasing or decreasing the transmitter chemical's rate of synthesis

one of the major concerns of the US denate in the late s was that some of the most widely sold over the counter medicines were probably _____ and there was no law against this

ineffective

the 1906 pure food and drug prohibited

interstate commerce in adulterated or misbranded food and drugs

sympathetic branch

involved in flight of fight reactions

why were the new drug application provisions under the 1938 food, drug, and cosmetic act important?

it increased the power and responsibility of he FDA as well as its size it reduced the likelihood of companies run by untrained people introducing new drugs

in the context of substance use, a true statement about longitudinal studies is that____

it is difficult to obtain data in this type of research

cell membrane of a neuron

it is semipermeable

Many investigators conclude that drug users are cognitively impaired based solely on the brain imaging data. Such interpretations are inappropriate because_____

it is unclear whether observed brain differences are within the normal range of human variability

fMRI

it measures a person's blood oxygen level dependent signal gives real-time information about changes in brain blood flow

What did the Jones-Miller act passed by congress in 1922 do

it officially made the user of illegally obtained opioids and cocaine a criminal it more than doubled the maximum penalties for dealing in illegally imported drugs

advantages of using positron-emission tomography

it provides an indirect measure of potential toxicity to specific neurons

Why has marijuana smoking been used as an indicator for much of the research on correlates of drug use?

its use has been a matter of some concern enough people have tried it so that meaningful correlations can be carried out

intramuscular injections

large volumes of material can be deposited in a muscle than can be inject subcutaneously.

Patent

laws in the US now protect drugs for 20 years, and after that time the finding is available for use by anyone

CYP450 family of enzymes (most important drug-metabolizing enzyme found in the liver)

many drugs have been found to increase the activity of these enzymes

Identify the structure of the brain stem that connect larger parts of the brain to the spinal cord

medulla oblongata pons midbrain

an agonist

mimics the actions of a neurotransmitter and directly activates its receptor

Topical application of drugs to the skin is not widely used as a route of administration because

most drugs are not absorbed well through the skin

according to the 1938 food, drug, and cosmetic act a company had to submit a _____ _____ _____ to the fda that included full reports of investigation which have been made to show whether or not a drug is safe for use which had to be approved before the drug could be marketed

new drug applicaiton

Drugs commonly administered using the Inhalation method

nicotine crack cocaine marijuana

The drug-metabolizing activity of the CYP450 enzyme in the liver typically returns to normal when the induced drug is _____

no longer being taken

monoamine neurotransmitters that have specific transporters built into their terminals

norepinephrine serotonin dopamine

norepinephrine

pathways arising from the locus ceruleus in the brain stem have numerous branches and project both up an down in the brain releasing _____

raphe nuclei

pathways containing serotonin arise from the _____

comatose

people pass out an cannot be aroused

Ataxdia

people stagger or become unable to walk straight

Rank the following refulations in the US in the order in which they were implemented beginning with the first to be implemented

pharmaceutical manufactoring and sales regulation of opiods and cocaine prohibition of alcohol

both diazepam and marijuana have active metabolite that

produce effects similar tot hose of the original drug

reinforcement

psychological dependence of a users on drugs, based on _____ is increasingly accepted as the real driving force behind repeated drug use

As FDA officials investigated more and more cases, they determined that many violations of the 1906 Pure food and drug act were unintentional and caused primarily by poor manufacturing techniques and an absence of

quality control measures

the period between 1890 and 1920 has been called the nadir of _____

race relations

in the early 1900s dr hamiltion wright the father of american narcotics laws decided the US could gain favor trading status with China by leading international efforts to

reduce opium importation

Tolerance

refers to a situation in which repeated administration of the same dose of a drug results in a gradually diminishing effects.

Drug depenence

refers to a state in which the individual uses the drug so frequently and consistently that it appears that it would be difficult for the person to get along without using the drug

potency

refers to the amount of a drug required to obtain a particular response

yellow bite

results in a bad-tempered nature

phlegm

results in a calm nature

black bite

results in a melancholic nature

blood

results in a sanguine nature

according to the 1956 narcotic drug control act anyone caught _____ could receive the death penalty

selling heroin to a person younger than 18

hypothalamus

small structure located near the base of the brain

toxciity

some drug sellers were considered to be endangering the public health and victimizng individuals by selling dangerous chemicals, often without putting appropriate labels or warnings on them

dependence

some drug sellers were seen as vicimizing individuals and endangering their health by selling them habit-forming drugs often without putting appropriate labels or warnings on them

glutamate is often referred to as the brain's major excitatory neurotransmitter because______

stimulation of its receptors makes cells more excitable

Identify an accurate statement about genetic influence on drug use

studies that focus on people diagnosed with substance-use disorders produce significant results

genetic influence on drug use

studies that focus on people diagnosed with substance-use disorders produce significant results

impulsive aggression

studies with monkeys have found that low levels of serotonin metabolites are associated with _____

basal ganglia

subcortical brain structures that control muscle tone

Parkinson's disease

substantial loss of cells along the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway in the CNS leads to

the department of agriculture

the 1906 pure food and drug act

the treasury department

the Harrison act of 1914

what are the dietary supplements able to do under federal law?

the are permitted to make general statements about their contribution to overall health they do not need to be proved to be effective for an intended purposew

cell body

the central region of a neuron

what changed were introduced by the comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control act of 1970

the death penalty was eliminated mandatory minimum penalties were discontinued drug control was based on both health and law enforcement perspective

Behavioral tolerance to drugs

the drug's biochemical changes have a reduced effect on behavior

the 1960s experiments on drug use by monkeys concluded that

the drugs themselves positively reinforce the drug-taking behavior

MRI techniques

the magnetic field aligns all the hydrogen atoms limitation include it provides no information about brain functioning

Sodium of NA+ channels

the mechanism through which local anesthetic reduce pain is selective blockade of _____

yin

the moon, representing the cool, passive, and feminine nature

Double-blind procedure

the people are randomly assigned to groups and are treated and evaluated identically

After determining that many violations of the 1906 pure food and drug act were unintentional the FDA began developing assay techniques for various chemicals and prodcuts and collaborated extensively with ______ to improve standards

the pharmaceutical industry

A disadvantage of using subcutaneous injection for drug use is that_____

the skin around the site of injection might die if the material injected is extremely irritating to the tissue

yany

the sun, representing the warm, active, and masculine nature

critics of the effectiveness of drug-enforcement efforts in the us have point out that even as expenditures are escalating, agents are increasing in number, and supply reduction efforts are increasing in vaiety

the supplied of cocaine, heroin and marijuana appear to have increased

drug

the term _____ refers to any substance, natural or artificial, other than food, that by its chemical nature alters structure or function in the living organism

Disadvantage of using IV injection to administer drugs is?

the vein wall loses some of its strength in the area around the injection site

when drug abuse, drug dependence, and deviant drug use are talked about, it is _____ that is being referred to

the way the drug is being used

In most cases drugs have their effects on the brain because _____

their molecular structure is similar to that of a neurotransmitter chemical

True

there are specific receptors for each neurotransmitter, and most neurotransmitters have more than one type of receptor in the brain

when 107 people in the US died in 1937 from taking Elixir Sulfanilamide containing diethlene glycol that causes kidney poisoning why was the federal government unable to intervene on the grounds that the mixture was toxic

there was no legal requirement that medicine be safe

after the narcotics division in the US arrested around 250,000 physicians between 1919 and 1929 for supplying opioids and cocaine to dependent users

there was no legal way to obtain these drugs then

the 1906 pure food and rug act required habit forming ingrediants to be clearly listed on a drugs label but

there were no other federal restrictions on the sale and purchase of drugs

intrumental impacts

these have effects on local, state, and federal budgets these refer to the consequences to those affected by the implementation of such laws, including those who are arrested and their families, and those whose livelihood depend upon the implementation fo these laws

symbolic impacts

these provide status benefits to the supporters of criminalization regardless of how effectively the laws are actually enforced these cause people who promote such laws to gain immediate social staus by being identified with political power and supporitng goodness, morality, and decency

designer drugs

these refer to chemicals that are close relatives of controlled substances that are not themselves listed on one of the schedules

drug precursors

these refer to raw materials that could be made in one step into a controlled substance

what do an 1875 san francisco ordinance, an 1882 new york law and a 1890 federal act in the US all have in common

they all regulated the manufacture and use of opium

Features of endorphins

they are known to play a role in pain relief

how ere physicians, dentist, and veterinary surgeons affected by the harrison act of 1914

they had to register to be potential lawful distributors of opioids and cocaine

Identify a limitation of brain imaging techniques

they involve many assumptions and complicated statistical analysis that are not standardized

Synthetic enzymes involved in the process of synthesis of neurotransmitter molecules

they recognize, get attached, and hold the precursor molecule from which a neurotransmitter will be made

According to a study from the 1970s that pointed out a typical sequence of involvement with drugs, arrange the stages of drug involvement in the order in which they occur

use of beer or wine use of hard liquor and/or cigarettes Marijuana use use of other illicit substances

Until 1912 the US food and drug administration tested products and pursued any that

were adulterated or didn't properly list any important ingredients

After the 1965 drug abuse control amendments for the first time, the bureau of narcotics and dangerous drugs faced widespread disregard of drug laws by young people who

were not members of the underprivileged and criminal classes

metabolite

when enzymes in the liver act on a drug molecule, the _____ or product of the enzyme reaction on the drug, no longer has the same reaction as the drug molecule

when does a pharmaceutical company, desiring to introduce a new drug supply the FDA a notice of claimed investigational exemption for a new drug

when it is ready to study the effects of a compound o humans

when was the firs time that dealers and dispenser of opioids and cocaine in the us had to register annually, pay a small fee, and use special order forms provided by the bureau of internal revenue

when the harrision act was passed in 1914

drug disposition

when the use of a drug increases the drug's rate of metabolism or excretion, it is referred to as _____ _____ tolerance.

Thalidomide

which sedative and sleeping pill caused a disaster in the late 1950s that raised public awareness and congressional concern about ineffective medicines in the US causing major reforms to be implemented