Unit 1 Homework & Review

basic; proteins

Blood plasma is slightly ___________; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of ____________.

more widespread and long-lasting effects

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has

intracellular; raising

Cortisol binds to _______________ receptors and has the effect of _________________ blood glucose levels.

decreased ability to convert lipids to glucose

Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in

increase

Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones. The levels of such hormones in the blood would therefore be expected to

destruction; plasmin

Fibrinolysis involves ____________ of the fibrin framework, and it involves the protein _______________.

activating second messengers and stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Glucagon works by

4

How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?

no effect

How would a decrease in the concentration of iron in the blood affect the process of hemostasis?

increases protein catabolism

Hyperthyroidism increases

sensor and integrating center

In a simple endocrine reflex, the endocrine cell is the

platelet repellant

Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid that acts as a

platelets and leukocytes

The "Buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of

found on the surface of erythrocytes

The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine ABO and Rh blood types are

posterior and superior

The base of the heart faces in the ________ directions.

all formed elements in the blood

The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of

erythrocytes in the blood

The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of

activating of a clotting factor that converts prothrombin to thrombin

The common pathway of coagulation begins with the

blood vessel constriction

The first phase of hemostasis involves

are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive

The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary

defend against pathogens

The main function of leukocytes is to

type 1 diabetes

The metabolic condition called _______________ results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response.

chordae tendinae

The papillary muscles attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by means of the

hypothalamus

The part of the brain that functions as a "master control center" of the endocrine system is the

ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone)

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids?

stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands

The primary function of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) is to

hemopoiesis

The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called

artery

The pulmonary trunk receives blood from the right ventricle and conducts it toward the lung. Then pulmonary trunk is a(n)

lack a nucleus & organelles

The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes

directly; indirectly

The viscosity of blood is _________ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and _______ proportional to the amount of fluid.

thyroglobulin

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called _____________ by the follicular cells.

increase metabolic rate and body temperature via protein synthesis in target cells

Thyroid hormone's effects are to

are lipophilic and must bind to plasma proteins for transport to target cells

Thyroid hormones

hypothalamus and it increases release of TSH from anterior pituitary

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the __________________. What does it do?

gene transcription may increase or decrease

Typically, when steroid hormones bind to their receptors,

a molecule that binds a guanine nucleotide and helps traduce a signal inside a target cell

A G protein is

enhanced glucose synthesis and glycogen usage by live; suppression of immune system; high levels of fatty acids in blood

A rise in cortisol would cause (4 things)

transporting chemicals for clotting; contraction after clot formation; initiating clotting process; forming temporary patches in injured areas

4 functions of platelets.

a molecule that binds a guanine nucleotide and helps transduce a signal inside a target cell.

A G protein is

decreases; there is fluid retention in the interstitial space

A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure

action potentials fire spontaneously

An autorhythmic heart cell is one in which

water-soluble

Are protein hormones water- or lipid-soluble?

blood calcium levels will drop

During thyroid surgery, a surgeon mistakenly removes the parathyroid glands from his patient. Which of the following is a likely outcome in the patient?

e

Endocrine glands a. are the organs of the endocrine system b. are ductless glands c. help maintain homeostasis d. secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream e. all of the choices are correct

heme group is converted into biliverdin, iron ions in hemoglobin are removed & stored in liver, membrane proteins & globin proteins are broken down & reused

Events that occur during recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes, in no particular order.

increase; increase

Exercise causes a(n) ______ in growth hormone (GH) levels; a rise in amino acid levels or decrease in glucose levels causes a(n) __________ GH levels.

proplatelets

Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are

polar molecule and dissolves readily in plasma

Glucose is a

polar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma

Glucose is a

myeloid

In meopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the

negative feedback

In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by

phospholipase C

In the signal transduction pathway that results in the formation of inositol triphosphate (IP3), the G protein directly activates

primary plexus - hypophyseal portal veins - secondary plexus

In which order would blood flow through these structures as it travels from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland: primary plexus, secondary plexus, hypophyseal portal veins.

increase; increase

Insulin causes a(n) _________ in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n) _____________ in lipogenesis in adipose tissue.

bind to DNA and initiate transcription

Lipid-soluble hormones, such as progesterone, exert their effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that

first synthesized as prohormones; interact with receptors on surface of target cell; remain in circulation for a relatively short time; can be activated before release via post-translational modification

List four true statements concerning peptide hormones.

liver and spleen

Old erythrocytes are phagocytize in the

down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate

Once a structure is fully grown and mature, it will probably

decrease

One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will

decrease

One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will

humoral stimulation

Parathyroid hormone release depends on blood levels of calcium. Such an endocrine reflex is said to be initiated by

55%

Plasma makes up about _________ of a centrifuged sample of whole blood

cholesterol

Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from

adrenal medulla

The endocrine gland that is a modified sympathetic ganglion.

release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the

liver; 37

The globulins are synthesized in the _____________ and make up about ____________ percent of all plasma proteins.

permit the passage of blood in one direction

The heart valves

both oxygen and carbon dioxide

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to

albumins

The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the

visceral layer of the serosal pericardium

The term "pericardium" is another name for the

neutrophil

The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n)

have a nucleus; no hemoglobin; may or may not contain granules

What are 3 characteristics of leukocytes?

enzymatic reaction rates; ion/molecule transport across cell membranes; gene expression and protein synthesis; electrical signaling pathways

What are four methods of hormone action?

systemic circuit

What circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions?

glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, corticosteroids, gonadocorticoids

What hormone group(s) are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

SA node - through atria - AV node - AV bundle - bundle branches - Purkinje fibers - through ventricles

What is the sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle?

a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell,

erythrocytes

When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the

within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Where is the pituitary gland located?

contraction of right ventricle

Which action leads to closure of right atrioventricular valve?

arrangement of cardiac muscle in the heart wall

Which feature permits the compression necessary to pump large volumes of blood out of the ventricles?

transportation

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones?

glucagon

Without cortisol's permissive effect on _________, an animal would die.

hypersecretion of TH

You are "shadowing" an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient's obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient's problem?

hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

You are "shadowing" an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient's obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient's problem?