Unit 1 Homework & Review
basic; proteins
Blood plasma is slightly ___________; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of ____________.
more widespread and long-lasting effects
Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has
intracellular; raising
Cortisol binds to _______________ receptors and has the effect of _________________ blood glucose levels.
decreased ability to convert lipids to glucose
Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in
increase
Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones. The levels of such hormones in the blood would therefore be expected to
destruction; plasmin
Fibrinolysis involves ____________ of the fibrin framework, and it involves the protein _______________.
activating second messengers and stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Glucagon works by
4
How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?
no effect
How would a decrease in the concentration of iron in the blood affect the process of hemostasis?
increases protein catabolism
Hyperthyroidism increases
sensor and integrating center
In a simple endocrine reflex, the endocrine cell is the
platelet repellant
Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid that acts as a
platelets and leukocytes
The "Buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of
found on the surface of erythrocytes
The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine ABO and Rh blood types are
posterior and superior
The base of the heart faces in the ________ directions.
all formed elements in the blood
The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of
erythrocytes in the blood
The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of
activating of a clotting factor that converts prothrombin to thrombin
The common pathway of coagulation begins with the
blood vessel constriction
The first phase of hemostasis involves
are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive
The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary
defend against pathogens
The main function of leukocytes is to
type 1 diabetes
The metabolic condition called _______________ results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response.
chordae tendinae
The papillary muscles attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by means of the
hypothalamus
The part of the brain that functions as a "master control center" of the endocrine system is the
ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone)
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids?
stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands
The primary function of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) is to
hemopoiesis
The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called
artery
The pulmonary trunk receives blood from the right ventricle and conducts it toward the lung. Then pulmonary trunk is a(n)
lack a nucleus & organelles
The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes
directly; indirectly
The viscosity of blood is _________ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and _______ proportional to the amount of fluid.
thyroglobulin
Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called _____________ by the follicular cells.
increase metabolic rate and body temperature via protein synthesis in target cells
Thyroid hormone's effects are to
are lipophilic and must bind to plasma proteins for transport to target cells
Thyroid hormones
hypothalamus and it increases release of TSH from anterior pituitary
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the __________________. What does it do?
gene transcription may increase or decrease
Typically, when steroid hormones bind to their receptors,
a molecule that binds a guanine nucleotide and helps traduce a signal inside a target cell
A G protein is
enhanced glucose synthesis and glycogen usage by live; suppression of immune system; high levels of fatty acids in blood
A rise in cortisol would cause (4 things)
transporting chemicals for clotting; contraction after clot formation; initiating clotting process; forming temporary patches in injured areas
4 functions of platelets.
a molecule that binds a guanine nucleotide and helps transduce a signal inside a target cell.
A G protein is
decreases; there is fluid retention in the interstitial space
A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure
action potentials fire spontaneously
An autorhythmic heart cell is one in which
water-soluble
Are protein hormones water- or lipid-soluble?
blood calcium levels will drop
During thyroid surgery, a surgeon mistakenly removes the parathyroid glands from his patient. Which of the following is a likely outcome in the patient?
e
Endocrine glands a. are the organs of the endocrine system b. are ductless glands c. help maintain homeostasis d. secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream e. all of the choices are correct
heme group is converted into biliverdin, iron ions in hemoglobin are removed & stored in liver, membrane proteins & globin proteins are broken down & reused
Events that occur during recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes, in no particular order.
increase; increase
Exercise causes a(n) ______ in growth hormone (GH) levels; a rise in amino acid levels or decrease in glucose levels causes a(n) __________ GH levels.
proplatelets
Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are
polar molecule and dissolves readily in plasma
Glucose is a
polar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma
Glucose is a
myeloid
In meopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the
negative feedback
In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. When the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. This is an example of regulation by
phospholipase C
In the signal transduction pathway that results in the formation of inositol triphosphate (IP3), the G protein directly activates
primary plexus - hypophyseal portal veins - secondary plexus
In which order would blood flow through these structures as it travels from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland: primary plexus, secondary plexus, hypophyseal portal veins.
increase; increase
Insulin causes a(n) _________ in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n) _____________ in lipogenesis in adipose tissue.
bind to DNA and initiate transcription
Lipid-soluble hormones, such as progesterone, exert their effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that
first synthesized as prohormones; interact with receptors on surface of target cell; remain in circulation for a relatively short time; can be activated before release via post-translational modification
List four true statements concerning peptide hormones.
liver and spleen
Old erythrocytes are phagocytize in the
down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate
Once a structure is fully grown and mature, it will probably
decrease
One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will
decrease
One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will
humoral stimulation
Parathyroid hormone release depends on blood levels of calcium. Such an endocrine reflex is said to be initiated by
55%
Plasma makes up about _________ of a centrifuged sample of whole blood
cholesterol
Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from
adrenal medulla
The endocrine gland that is a modified sympathetic ganglion.
release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium
The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by the
liver; 37
The globulins are synthesized in the _____________ and make up about ____________ percent of all plasma proteins.
permit the passage of blood in one direction
The heart valves
both oxygen and carbon dioxide
The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to
albumins
The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the
visceral layer of the serosal pericardium
The term "pericardium" is another name for the
neutrophil
The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n)
have a nucleus; no hemoglobin; may or may not contain granules
What are 3 characteristics of leukocytes?
enzymatic reaction rates; ion/molecule transport across cell membranes; gene expression and protein synthesis; electrical signaling pathways
What are four methods of hormone action?
systemic circuit
What circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions?
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, corticosteroids, gonadocorticoids
What hormone group(s) are secreted by the adrenal cortex?
SA node - through atria - AV node - AV bundle - bundle branches - Purkinje fibers - through ventricles
What is the sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle?
a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell,
erythrocytes
When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the
within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
Where is the pituitary gland located?
contraction of right ventricle
Which action leads to closure of right atrioventricular valve?
arrangement of cardiac muscle in the heart wall
Which feature permits the compression necessary to pump large volumes of blood out of the ventricles?
transportation
Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones?
glucagon
Without cortisol's permissive effect on _________, an animal would die.
hypersecretion of TH
You are "shadowing" an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient's obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient's problem?
hypersecretion of thyroid hormone
You are "shadowing" an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient's obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient's problem?
